某基层医院PASS系统对门诊不合理处方的监测情况

目的 分析新泰市人民医院药学部药师审方干预系统(PASS)对门诊不合理处方的监测情况及对临床合理用药的意义。方法 选取医院2021年7月—2022年3月采用PASS系统进行前置审核的门诊处方,分析其不合理处方数、不合理处方类型、不合理处方所在科室及不合理用药情况,探讨相应处理措施。结果 医院最主要不合理处方类型为超适应证用药(占33.40%);慢性病门诊是不合理处方出现次数最多的科室(占17.37%);中成药不合理问题较为显著,出现问题次数排名前4位的药物中有3种是中成药。结论 PASS系统极大提高了药师工作效率,便于统计分析处方/医嘱相关数据,可迅速发现问题并进行整改,对提高处方质量、保证用药合理性有积极意义。     

对49328张处方中不合理用药处方分析及措施

目的对门诊不合理用药情况进行分析。方法对我院2010年9月-2011年2月49 328张门诊处方中的不合理用药处方进行分析。结果不合理用药处方占所审核处方的8.6%;不合理用药主要体现在自然项目、皮试、用法用量、相互作用、诊断与用药不符等方面。结论应针对存在的问题制定相应对策,如:加强处方电子系统的及时更新和监管,定期把处方点评的结果反馈给临床医师,培养医务工作者的细致工作作风等。门诊药师加强处方审核有助于提升合理用药水平。     

我院肿瘤患者门诊处方存在的问题分析

目的：调研我院门诊肿瘤患者不合理用药情况并提出整改建议。方法：随机抽取门诊西药房2009年1~6月处方22 349张,进行用药合理性统计分析。结果：不合理用药处方占全部审核处方的3.68%,主要表现为选药不合理、联合用药不恰当、重复用药、用法用量和溶媒选用不合理等方面。结论：医院只有进一步加强药师审方制度和建立合理用药监督机制,才能有效解决门诊处方用药不合理问题。     

广东97家医院冠心病不合理用药处方分析及影响因素

目的：探讨冠心病处方不合理用药现状及影响因素,为药师处方审核提供参考,促进临床合理用药。方法：对广东省97家医院在2018年8-10月的1000张门诊冠心病不合理处方进行处方审核,分析不合理用药类别及影响因素。结果：1 000张冠心病不合理处方中,联合用药不合理占53%,用法用量不合理占37.3%,遴选药物不合理占23.5%。冠心病各类药物的不合理用药类别存在统计学差异（P<0.001）。处方中使用氯吡格雷、合并使用抗凝药物或合并房颤是导致抗血栓用药不合理的主要影响因素。结论：处方医师和审方药师需重视各类冠心病治疗药物的不合理用药情况,尤其是联合用药不合理和抗血栓药物使用不合理情况,保障患者用药安全。     

某院儿童心血管专业门急诊处方的用药点评与分析

目的:探讨首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院心血管专业门急诊处方用药现状,为临床合理用药提供参考。 方法:采用回顾性研究方法,收集 2021 年我院心血管专业门急诊处方在每日经合理用药软件审核后的所有阳性不合理处方,再经药师、医师双方复审判定的真阳性不合理处方,采用 Excel 软件进行统计分析。 结果:2021 年我院心血管专业门急诊处方共 84 821 张,经合理用药软件点评得到不合理阳性处方 335 张,包含 360 条药品信息条目,其中适应证不适宜 169 条(46. 94%)、用法用量不适宜 134 条(37. 22%)、重复用药 24 条(6. 67%)、药品遴选不适宜 17 条(4. 72%)、药物相互作用 10 条(2. 78%)、给药途径不适宜6 条(1. 67%)。 经儿童心血管专科临床药师、医师联合复审前置审核系统筛出的阳性不合理处方后,判定真阳性不合理处方166 张,占抽查处方的 0. 20%,涉及不合理用药条目共 171 条,其中适应证不适宜 88 条( 51. 46%)、用法用量不适宜 63 条(36. 84%)、药品遴选不适宜 17 条(9. 94%)、重复用药 2 条(1. 17%)、给药途径不适宜 1 条(0. 59%)。 帕累托图分析显示,适应证不适宜和 2 种用药量不适宜为主要因素,药品遴选不适宜为次要因素,3 种用法用量不适宜、1 种用法用量不适宜、重复用药和给药途径不适宜为一般因素。 不合理处方涉及的 62 种药品中,心血管专业极少存在用药问题。 结论:儿童心血管专业门急诊处方用药不合理情况较少,目前存在的不合理用药情况主要表现为适应证不适宜和用法用量不适宜。 为进一步优化儿童心血管专业门急诊的合理用药,在实施前置处方审核的基础上,应不断完善超说明书用药规范化管理和精细化用法用量系统规则,并针对现存的主要用药问题进行重点药学干预以进行持续改进与优化。     

解放军第181医院2012年6月—2014年6月处方点评与分析

目的:了解解放军第181医院(以下简称"我院")门诊处方差错情况,对处方存在的问题提出建议,以提高药师的药学服务水平,促进合理用药。方法:对我院2012年6月—2014年6月门诊药房审核登记的2 016张不合理处方进行统计分析。结果:2 016张不合理处方中,不规范处方1 126张,占不合理处方总数的55.85%,主要表现为缺临床诊断或诊断不全,处方前记、正文、后记缺项等;用药不适宜处方849张,占不合理处方总数的42.11%,主要表现为用法与用量不适宜、遴选的药品不适宜、重复给药等;超常处方41张,占不合理处方总数的2.03%,主要表现为无适应证用药、超药品说明书用药等。结论:开展处方审核体现了药师的价值,药师工作的重点应该逐步转向对用药合理性的审核,应提高药学服务水平,不断改进服务模式,保障临床合理用药。     

某院2018年—2019年355张门诊处方用药不合理用药的原因分析及其干预对策的效果评价

目的:分析医院门诊处方不合理用药的原因,评价其干预对策的效果.方法:收集医院2018年1月—12月(干预前)和2019年1月—12月(干预后)门诊药房调配处方199 788张,其中2018年为97 405张,2019年度为102 383张;比较与分析干预前后不合理用药处方的构成比、处方用药不合理原因类型的构成比以及患者对药学服务的满意度.结果:干预前门诊处方用药不合理原因以用法用量不合理、超说明书用药、溶媒选择不适宜等为主;经干预后门诊不合理用药处方构成比低于干预前(P＜0.05),用法用量、超说明书用药构成比明显低于干预前(P＜0.05),而患者对药学服务的满意度评分值均高于干预前(P＜0.05).结论:医院门诊处方用药不合理主要表现为用法用量不合理、超说明书用药、溶媒选择不适宜和重复用药等,这可能与医师疏忽、药师专业能力欠缺或医师与药师缺乏有效沟通有关,实施针对性干预对策有效减少了不合理用药处方的再现,确保了患者用的合理性和安全性.     

69所医疗机构儿科不合理用药处方分析

目的:分析69所医疗机构儿科不合理用药处方现状,提升药师处方审核能力,促进临床合理用药.方法:对2020年7月～2020年9月期间69所医疗机构的500张儿科不合理处方进行点评,分析儿科处方用药不合理类型.结果:500张不合理处方中,其问题主要是超适应症用药、用法用量不适宜,其次是重复用药及儿童用药禁忌;涉及的药品类别...     

某院系统审核+药师复核模式下处方前置审核的应用效果与典型病例分析

目的 评价某院系统审核+药师复核模式下处方前置审核的应用效果。方法 以《临床用药须知》《医院处方点评管理规范（试行）》《陈新谦新编药物学（第18版）》及药品说明书、相关临床指南等构建个性化的审核规则库,对门诊用药医嘱进行精准审核和有效拦截不合理医嘱。分别收集某院经合理用药监测系统（PASS）审核（实施前,2021年10月至2022年1月）与系统审核+药师复核（实施后,2022年2月至5月）的门（急）诊处方47 787张和45 277张,进行处方点评,并对典型病例进行分析。结果 实施后,医师修改后处方合理率从96.34%升至99.00%(P <0.05),系统审核后医师修改率从0.74%升至62.74%(P <0.05)。不合理用药类型主要为超适应证、给药途径不适宜、联合用药不恰当、特殊人群用药禁忌、给药剂量不合理、重复用药。结论 系统审核+药师复核模式下处方前置审核能促进审方药师与医师的沟通,提高临床合理用药水平,保证患者用药安全。     

不合理处方分析

目的分析不合理处方及其产生原因,促进合理用药。方法从某医院2010年全年处方中抽取5000张处方进行调查和分析。结果不合理处方197张,占所抽查处方总数的3.94%,不合理用药主要表现在选用剂型和给药途径不恰当、用法用量不合理、临床诊断和用药不符、药物的联合使用不合理、抗生素使用不当及重复用药等方面。结论药师应该积极参与临床用药过程,加强审核处方的力度,确保合理安全的用药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.