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1.
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver in Budd–Chiari syndrome: CT and MR features 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We report the imaging findings of spiral computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR angiography in
a patient with nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver associated with Budd–Chiari syndrome. Spiral CT showed multiple
enhancing nodules during the hepatic arterial and portal venous phases. MR images showed multiple hyperintense nodules on
T1-weighted images and hypointense or isointense nodules on T2-weighted images. MR angiography showed thrombotic occlusion
of three hepatic veins, suggesting Budd–Chiari syndrome.
Received: 25 June 1999/Revision accepted: 22 September 1999 相似文献
2.
Heterotopic pancreas of the stomach: CT findings correlated with pathologic findings in six patients 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize the computed tomographic (CT) findings of heterotopic pancreas of the stomach.
Methods: CT scans of six surgically proven cases of heterotopic pancreas of the stomach were reviewed. Three were dynamic spiral CT
scans, with both arterial dominant and late phase scans. In other three, both unenhanced and contrast-enhanced scans were
obtained by using conventional techniques. Particular attention was given to the enhancement of the heterotopic pancreas.
Pathologic and surgical findings were correlated with CT findings.
Results: The locations were in the gastric antrum in five cases and in the mid-body in one. Size ranged from 1 cm to 3 cm (mean =
2.1 cm). Three cases showed homogeneous, strong enhancement similar to the pancreas and consisted mainly of pancreatic acini
with the same histologic features as the normal pancreas. Two cases showed poor enhancement and consisted mainly of ducts
and hypertrophied muscle; pancreatic acini were a minor component. In one case appearing as a cystic lesion on CT, a pseudocyst
was found with many ducts and some nests of pancreatic acini.
Conclusions: Heterotopic pancreas of the stomach showed a diverse spectrum of CT findings. Good understanding of these CT findings may
be helpful in making a correct diagnosis.
Received: 24 March 1999/Accepted: 19 May 1999 相似文献
3.
Spiral CT of the abdomen after distention of small bowel loops with transparent enema in patients with Crohn's disease 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
G. A. Rollandi P. F. Curone E. Biscaldi F. Nardi E. Bonifacino R. Conzi L. E. Derchi 《Abdominal imaging》1999,24(6):544-549
Background: To evaluate the capability of a computed tomographic (CT) technique that combines distention of the small bowel loops with
a transparent enema with contrast-enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen in patients with Crohn's disease.
Methods: We evaluated the abdomen with spiral CT after distention of the small bowel loops with a transparent enema of methylcellulose
in 40 patients consecutively referred for radiologic evaluation of Crohn's disease of the small bowel. Fluid was infused through
a nasojejunal catheter with a peristaltic pump. Ultrasonography was used to prevent bowel overdistention and detect arrival
of methylcellulose to the cecum. Contrast-enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen was then performed, and the degree of contrast
enhancement and the thickness of the walls of the involved loops were evaluated. A series of 10 patients with retrograde distention
of the last ileal loop from large bowel water enema was used as a control. The results of the CT were compared with those
of conventional radiographic small bowel studies.
Results: The normal small bowel wall was 1.9–2.5 mm thick (mean = 2.1 mm); density values of the normal enhanced wall varied between
25 and 60 HU (mean = 32 HU) and presented a homogeneous structure. Bowel segments involved by the disease were 4–12.5 mm thick
(mean = 9.2 mm), had density values of 75–150 HU (mean = 105 HU), and showed a multilayered appearance. Compared with conventional
radiography, CT detected longer lesions or additional segments involved by the disease process in 14 cases, 11 additional
fistulas, two abscesses, and mesenteric changes in 21 cases.
Conclusions: The small bowel CT enema technique provides good results in the study of patients with Crohn's disease and can be used to
evaluate patients with advanced lesions.
Received: 24 June 1998/Revision accepted: 27 January 1999 相似文献
4.
Background: To assess an optimal methodology of combined spiral computed tomographic (CT) angiography (CTA) and CT arterial portography
(CTAP) for detection and characterization of liver tumors.
Methods: We performed spiral CTAP only in five patients with 30–32% contrast (subset A), CTAP combined with preceding spiral CTA using
30–32% contrast in 19 (subset B), and CTAP combined with preceding spiral CTA with 60–64% contrast in seven (subset C). The
CT numbers of the aorta immediately before preceding CTA and subsequent CTAP and the CT numbers of malignant tumor and liver
parenchyma with CTAP were measured.
Results: The differences of the CT number between the malignant tumor and liver parenchyma on CTAP were 61.1–161.8 (mean ± SD, 114.5
± 39.3) HU, 50.7–164.8 (104.2 ± 31.2) HU, and 101.2–368.3 (219.5 ± 90.5) HU in subsets A, B, and C, respectively. Two cavernous
hemangiomas showed pathognomonic findings with preceding CTA.
Conclusion: Combination of preceding spiral CTA and subsequent spiral CTAP using 30% contrast with a 5-min interval is an optimal method
for detection and characterization of liver tumors.
Received: 14 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 February 1996 相似文献
5.
Preoperative evaluation of Klatskin tumor: accuracy of spiral CT in determining vascular invasion as a sign of unresectability 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cha JH Han JK Kim TK Kim AY Park SJ Choi BI Suh KS Kim SW Han MC 《Abdominal imaging》2000,25(5):500-507
Background: To assess the accuracy of spiral computed tomography (CT) in predicting the resectability of Klatskin tumor as determined
by vascular invasion.
Methods: Twenty-one consecutive patients with Klatskin tumor who had undergone laparotomy were included in this study. The preoperative
thin-section (5-mm-thick) spiral CT scans of these patients were assessed for the surgical resectability of tumor by evaluating
the vascular invasion. The criterion for vascular invasion indicating unresectability was the tumoral invasion of the proper
hepatic artery or main portal vein or simultaneous invasion of one side of the hepatic artery and the other side of the portal
vein.
Results: All nine patients with tumors thought to be unresectable on the basis of CT findings had tumors that were unresectable at
surgery (positive predictive value, 100%). Of 12 patients with tumors thought to be resectable, six had resectable tumors
(negative predictive value, 50%). Spiral CT failed to detect small hepatic metastasis (n= 1), lymph node metastasis (n= 1), extensive tumor (n= 2) and variation of bile duct (n= 2), which precluded surgical resection.
Conclusion: Spiral CT is a reliable method for detecting vascular invasion and unresectable tumors. However, it has limitations in detecting
variations of the bile duct or the intraductal extent of tumor.
Received: 24 November 1999/Accepted: 26 January 2000 相似文献
6.
J. A. Parellada J. Palmer J. M. Monill A. Zidan A. M. Giménez A. Moreno 《Abdominal imaging》1997,22(3):321-324
We present three cases of mycotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta that were initially diagnosed with computed tomography
(CT). The accuracy of CT as the first imaging technique in the diagnosis of this condition is reviewed in light of our results
and those reported in the literature.
Received: 7 November 1995/Accepted: 6 December 1995 相似文献
7.
Venous return by the paraumbilical and hepatic veins in case of superior vena cava obstruction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pseudolesion in segment IV of the liver is a well-known diagnostic pitfall during arterial portography or even spiral computed
tomography (CT) of the liver. It has suggested that this pseudolesion is the result of an abnormality in subsegmental perfusion.
We report a case of an early dense contrast enhancement of segment IV of the liver by epigastric and paraumbilical veins in
a patient with a superior vena cava obstruction. A pseudolesion in segment IV was observed in this patient on a spiral CT
of the liver obtained during the portal phase.
Received: 31 May 1995/Accepted: 6 July 1995 相似文献
8.
P. Garcia G. Genin P. M. Bret V. M. Bonaldi C. Reinhold M. Atri 《Abdominal imaging》1999,24(6):597-603
Background: To evaluate the relative effect of rate of injection and volume of contrast medium on aortic, portal, and hepatic enhancement
during computed tomography (CT).
Methods: Thirty-eight nonincremental CT examinations were performed in three mini-pigs by using a combination of three different volumes
(1.5, 2, and 3 mL/kg) and five different rates (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 mL/s) of contrast material injection. Time-density
enhancement curves of the aorta, portal vein, and liver were plotted over time for each rate of injection, each volume of
contrast, and each volume–rate combination. In addition, aortic, portal, and liver peak enhancements, time-to-peak enhancements,
optimal scanning intervals, and contrast enhancement indices were calculated for each volume–rate combination.
Results: Higher rates of injection increased peak aortic enhancement but had no effect on peak portal or hepatic enhancement. This
result may be explained by the dilution of the bolus of contrast medium in the splanchnic circulation. When the results of
a 6-mL/s injection of 1.5 mL/kg of contrast material were compared with a 3-mL/s injection of 2 mL/kg, maximum aortic enhancement
increased by 32%, whereas maximum liver enhancement decreased by 35%.
Conclusion: An increase in the rate of contrast injection results in an increase of peak aortic enhancement even when the total iodine
load is decreased. However, an increase of the rate of contrast injection does not increase maximum liver enhancement, which
is related to the total iodine dose injected. Therefore, one cannot compensate a decrease in the iodine load by an increase
in injection rate in contrast-enhanced CT of the liver.
Received: 3 September 1997/Revision accepted: 13 January 1999 相似文献
9.
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein secondary to tumor thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: spiral CT visualization of the collateral vessels 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Background: We investigated the constituting collateral vessels in cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) caused by tumor
thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic (CT) examination.
Methods: Fifty-four histopathologically proven HCC patients with tumor thrombosis-induced CTPV were retrospectively included and assigned
to cirrhosis negative (n= 31) and positive (n= 23) groups. Another 15 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension but no HCC and CTPV were used for comparison. Standardized
dual-phase contrast-enhanced spiral CT was performed for all patients. CT appearances of the collateral vessels of CTPV were
observed, and their visualization rates were analyzed.
Results: Biliary (cystic and paracholedochal veins) and gastric (left and right gastric veins) branches of the portal vein were the
most frequently visualized collateral vessels of CTPV. There was a marked difference in CT visualization rates for biliary
branches between patients with and without CTPV (83–94% vs. 0). No difference existed in visualization rates for gastric branches
across the three groups (77–87% for left gastric, 58–61% for right gastric vein).
Conclusions: Biliary and gastric branches of the portal vein are the major collateral vessels of CTPV. The intergroup differences in CT
visualization rates may provide clues to the roles that they might play in the hemodynamic adaptation process of CTPV.
Received: 13 October 1999/Accepted: 12 January 2000 相似文献
10.
Infected aortic aneurysm is an uncommon, life-threatening disease. Early surgical treatment is crucial to survival. An early
diagnosis could be made on CT in suspected cases, although CT features of infectious aortitis overlap with retroperitoneal
fibrosis, hemorrhage, and lymphadenopathy. We report the case of an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and describe the additional
potentially useful CT finding of early infectious aortitis, which helps localize the abnormality to the aortic wall.
Received: 7 August 1995/Accepted: 12 September 1995 相似文献
11.
Only scattered reports of portal vein and superior mesenteric vein aneurysms appear in the literature. Case reports of three
patients with portal vein and superior mesenteric vein aneurysms diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and gray-scale, color
Doppler, and duplex Doppler sonography are presented. In one case, an isolated portal vein aneurysm was demonstrated. In the
second case, an aneurysm of the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein resulting in biliary ductal dilatation was observed.
In the third case, an isolated superior mesenteric vein aneurysm was found. None of the patients had a history or clinical
evidence of underlying liver disease, pancreatitis, or other disease states that would predispose them to the development
of aneurysms. The clinical presentations, possible etiologies, and imaging features of portal vein and superior mesenteric
vein aneurysms are reviewed. The value of CT and sonography in the detection and characterization of these rare aneurysms
is discussed.
Received: 29 February 1996/Accepted: 10 April 1996 相似文献
12.
Background: The purpose of the study was to describe the computed tomographic (CT) findings of the alimentary canal and mesentery in
amyloid infiltration of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to correlate the CT findings with histologic extent and distribution
and with amyloid subtype.
Methods: Abdominal CT scans performed between 1988 and 1997 on patients with pathologically proven amyloidosis of the alimentary canal
were reviewed for abnormalities of the alimentary canal and mesentery. Histology was graded for extent of mucosal, submucosal,
and muscularis propria involvement and for degree of interstitial and vascular distribution. CT findings were correlated with
histologic extent, histologic distribution, and amyloid histochemical type.
Results: Twenty-three patients were included. Four (17%) had bowel wall thickening, which was associated with a higher submucosal
extent and interstitial distribution than in patients with normal bowel by CT. Four (17%) patients had bowel wall dilatation
without thickening, which was not associated with statistically significantly different histology than in patients with normal
bowel by CT. There was no statistically significant correlation between CT findings and histochemical subtype. Mesenteric
soft tissue infiltration was seen in two patients, and mesenteric adenopathy was seen in one patient.
Conclusions: Normal bowel is a common abdominal CT finding in amyloidosis of the alimentary canal. When findings are present, GI wall
thickening and/or bowel wall dilatation without wall thickening may be seen. Bowel wall thickening on CT correlates with submucosal
extent and interstitial distribution of disease. Soft tissue infiltration and adenopathy are also occasionally seen.
Received: 15 January 1999/Accepted: 10 March 1999 相似文献
13.
Detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: relative value of arterial and late phases of spiral CT 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Background: Spiral computed tomography (CT) allows the pancreas to be imaged during peak contrast levels owing to the capability of fast
data acquisition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative value of the arterial and late phases of spiral
CT for detecting pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
Methods: Twenty-two patients with pathologically proved pancreatic adenocarcinomas underwent two-phase spiral CT. The CT scans were
performed with 5 mm collimation and 5 mm/s table speed. Images during the arterial and late phases were obtained at 30- and
180-second delays, respectively. The images of the arterial phase were compared with those of the late phase in terms of tumor
conspicuity from surrounding pancreatic parenchyma and tumor detectability by means of a 3-point grading system: 1 (poor),
2 (fair), and 3 (good).
Results: In terms of tumor conspicuity from surrounding pancreatic parenchyma, 16 lesions (73%) were good, 5 lesions (23%) were fair,
and 1 lesion (4%) was poor during the arterial phase, whereas 6 lesions (27%) were good, 9 lesions (41%) were fair, and 7
lesions (32%) were poor during the late phase (p= 0.0007). The arterial phase was superior to the late phase in 16 patients (73%) and equal in 6 patients (27%). For tumor
detectability, 18 lesions (82%) were good, 3 lesions (14%) were fair, and 1 lesion (4%) was poor during the arterial phase,
whereas 10 lesions (45%) were good, 7 lesions (32%) were fair, and 5 lesions (23%) were poor during the late phase (p= 0.0033). For detectability, the arterial phase was superior to the late phase in 14 patients (64%) and equal in 8 patients
(36%).
Conclusion: The arterial phase of spiral CT is superior to the late phase, which is equivalent to conventional CT for detecting pancreatic
adenocarcinoma.
Received: 1 August 1995/Accepted: 12 September 1995 相似文献
14.
Spiral CT for the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas: relative value of arterial- and late-phase scanning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Background: Spiral computed tomography (CT) can image the liver during arterial and late phases of contrast and optimize the evaluation
of hypervascular tumor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative value of arterial- and late-phase spiral
CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas.
Methods: Fifty-eight patients with hepatocellular carcinomas underwent two-phase spiral CT examination with 10-mm collimation at 10
mm/s table speed (Siemens Somatom Plus S), and 120 mL of contrast material (36 g iodine) was injected at the rate of 3 mL/s.
CT images of hepatic arterial and late phases were obtained with a 35-s and 180-s delay, respectively.
Results: In 58 patients, 111 hepatocellular carcinoma lesions were seen. The arterial phase detected 93 (84%) and the late phase 75
(68%) lesions (p < 0.01). The arterial phase detected more lesions in 11 patients, and the late phase dected more in two patients and an equal
number in 45 patients. If lesions larger than 2 cm are excluded, the arterial phase detected 40 (74%) and the late phase 21
(39%) of 54 lesions (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The arterial phase of spiral CT greatly improves the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with the late phase.
Received: 13 April 1995/Accepted: 22 May 1995 相似文献
15.
目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)技术在主动脉瘤诊断中的临床应用及其价值。方法:对21例主动脉瘤患者进行兴趣区域的螺旋CT增强扫描,用表面覆盖法(SSD)、最大密度投影法(MIP)、多平面投影法(MPR)、容积再现(VR)对轴位图像进行重建。结果:SSD、MPR可清楚显示病变全貌,动脉瘤的大小、范围、内膜片及其与邻近动脉分支的关系,并显示破口位置。MIP可显示血管管壁钙化和动脉瘤的范围、形态,对病变可进行任意角度重建和观察,清楚地显示瘤内血栓、破口。MPR能显示附壁血栓、夹层动脉瘤的真假腔和内膜片。结论:MSCTA技术为主动脉瘤病变患者提供一种安全可靠的诊断手段,对临床治疗具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
16.
Fascioliasis: US, CT, and MRI findings with new observations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kabaalioğlu A Cubuk M Senol U Cevikol C Karaali K Apaydin A Sindel T Lüleci E 《Abdominal imaging》2000,25(4):400-404
Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) findings in fascioliasis and to emphasize the impact of radiology in diagnosis.
Methods: Radiologic findings in 23 consecutive patients with fascioliasis were prospectively recorded. All patients had at least one
US and CT examination, and 10 of them were studied by MRI. All diagnoses were confirmed by serologic methods. In the first
three cases, initial diagnosis was reached by microscopic demonstration of the parasites' eggs in bile obtained by US-guided
gallbladder aspiration.
Results: In the hepatic phase of fascioliasis, multiple, confluent, linear, tractlike, hypodense, nonenhancing hepatic lesions were
detected by CT. On US, the parasites could be clearly identified in the gallbladder or common bile duct as floating and nonshadowing
echogenic particles. MRI showed the lesions as hypo- or isointense on T1-weighted images and as hyperintense on T2-weighted
images.
Conclusions: CT findings in the hepatic phase and US findings in the biliary phase are characteristic of fascioliasis. Because clinical
and laboratory findings of fascioliasis may easily be confused with several diseases, radiologists should be familiar with
the specific radiologic findings of the disease to shorten the usual long-lasting diagnostic process.
Received: 15 December 1999/Accepted: 26 January 2000 相似文献
17.
主动脉壁内血肿的16层螺旋CT检查评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的:探讨主动脉壁内血肿(IAH)的16层螺旋CT检查方法,分析其多层螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断意义。材料与方法:22例主动脉急症患者行16层螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描并诊断为IAH。使用16层CT获得层厚1.25mm的图像,重组方法包括多平面重组、曲面重组、最大密度投影和容积再现。结果:22例IAH中,A型1例,B型21例。6例IAH伴主动脉穿透性溃疡,11例有动脉粥样硬化,5例合并动脉瘤。结论:IAH的16层螺旋CT检查应包括平扫与双期增强扫描,图像观察以轴面为主。IAH主要CT表现为平扫时管壁内新月形高或混杂高密度影及内膜钙化移位,增强扫描无强化及无内膜片。IAH可合并主动脉其他病变,根据上述征象可与其他主动脉急症鉴别。 相似文献
18.
Intratumoral steatosis in focal nodular hyperplasia coinciding with diffuse hepatic steatosis: CT and MRI findings with histologic correlation 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Mortelé KJ Stubbe J Praet M Van Langenhove P De Bock G Kunnen M 《Abdominal imaging》2000,25(2):179-181
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign tumorlike condition that is thought to be a hyperplastic response to increased
blood flow in an arterial malformation rather than a true neoplasm. Radiologically, FNH usually shows typical findings on
unenhanced and enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance images (MRI), with atypical features being the exception
rather than the rule. We report an unusual case of FNH with extensive fatty infiltration of the lesion illustrated on CT and
MRI and proven by histopathology.
Received: 21 December 1998/Revision accepted: 5 May 1999 相似文献
19.
Intestinal malrotation as an incidental finding on CT in adults 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
R. Zissin V. Rathaus A. Oscadchy E. Kots G. Gayer M. Shapiro-Feinberg 《Abdominal imaging》1999,24(6):550-555
Background:Intestinal malrotation in adults is usually an incidental finding on computed tomography (CT). We present the CT findings
of 18 adult patients with malrotation and discuss the clinical implications.
Methods: Abdominal scans of 18 patients (12 women, six men; age range = 15–79 years) with intestinal malrotation were reviewed. Special
attention was directed to the location of the superior mesenteric vessels, the location of the small and large bowels, the
size of the uncinate process, the situs definition, and additional anomalies.
Results: The malrotation was an incidental finding in all but one patient. The malrotation was type Ia in 17 patients and IIc in the
one symptomatic patient. The superior mesenteric vessels were vertically oriented in 10, inverted in two, normally positioned
in four, and mirror imaged in two cases with situs ambiguus. All patients had aplasia of the pancreatic uncinate process,
five had a short pancreas, and two had a preduodenal portal vein. Fourteen patients had a normal situs and four had heterotaxia.
Seven patients had polysplenia, six of which with associated inferior vena cava anomalies.
Conclusions: Intestinal malrotation can be diagnosed on CT by the anatomic location of a right-sided small bowel, left-sided colon, an
abnormal relationship of the superior mesenteric vessels, and aplasia of the uncinate process. Awareness of these abnormalities
is necessary to diagnose this anomaly. It should be sought in patients with a situs problem, inferior vena cava anomalies,
polysplenia, or preduodenal portal vein. Although usually an incidental finding, it is important to diagnose such a malrotation
because it may cause abdominal symptoms. Also, knowledge of associated vascular anomalies is important when abdominal surgery
is planned.
Received: 1 October 1998/Revision accepted: 27 January 1999 相似文献
20.
Synchronous mucinous tumors of the ovary and the appendix associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei: CT findings 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Background: To present the computed tomographic (CT) findings of synchronous mucinous tumors of the ovary and the appendix associated
with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP).
Methods: Imaging studies, mainly abdominal CT scans, of three women aged 49–75 years were reviewed. Attention was directed to the
ovarian masses, peritoneal seeding, and the presence of an appendiceal mucocele.
Results: The ovarian tumors and the appendiceal mucocele were clearly demonstrated in two cases, and they were part of the extensive
PMP in the third patient. Ascites was found in all cases, with internal septation in one. Associated scalloping of the liver
margins and hypodense peritoneal implants, with extensive bowel involvement, were seen in another one. Pathologically, there
was one case of right ovarian mucinous cystadenoma and villous adenoma of the appendix, one case of right ovarian and appendiceal
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and one case of bilateral metastatic ovarian implants of appendiceal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.
PMP was found in all. In the case with benign tumors of the ovary and the appendix, the PMP was classified as a benign mucinous
spillage. This patient returned 33 months after surgery with PMP, in which epithelial cells were found.
Conclusions: Radiologists should be familiar with the clinical occurrence of synchronous mucinous tumors of the ovary and the appendix
associated with PMP and with the typical CT findings of the latter two entities. Alternatively, when the imaging findings
suggest ovarian cystic tumor with PMP, the radiologist should be alerted to the probability of a clinically unsuspected appendiceal
mucocele and should search for it.
Received: 10 August 1999/Accepted: 22 September 1999 相似文献