膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗进展

骨巨细胞瘤是一种具有局部侵袭性及溶骨性的交界性原发骨肿瘤,股骨远端及胫骨近端是最常见发生部位。该病好发于20～40岁人群,患者常主诉患肢疼痛、肿胀、无法负重。手术是治疗膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的主要手段,常见手术方式包括病灶内刮除及广泛切除。单纯病灶内刮除术后复发风险较高,联合各种辅助处理可有效降低术后复发率;广泛切除术后复发风险较低,但膝关节功能较差且并发症发生率增加。近年来涌现出许多针对该疾病的治疗方式,包括开发新型瘤腔填充材料、设计3D打印或个性化假体对瘤性骨缺损重建等。常用全身药物如双膦酸盐和地舒单抗的应用也为骨巨细胞瘤的治疗打开了新的局面。目前膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤仍是骨肿瘤领域的研究热点,本文就其外科治疗现状进行综述。     

脊柱原发肿瘤切除术后复发原因的探讨

目的探讨脊柱原发肿瘤复发在手术技术方面的原因。方法对1989至2002年间以广泛性肿瘤切除手术方法治疗的38例脊柱骨巨细胞瘤、骨母细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤和脊索瘤术前、术后X线平片、CT和MRI、手术记录以及随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果32例患者得到随访,平均随访5．1年,17例复发,复发率为53％。肿瘤生长的部位特殊(颈椎和颈胸段)和侵袭广泛程度是导致肿瘤切除不彻底乃至复发的原因;对于暴露简单、病变局限的肿瘤,或者通过增加辅助切口的方法,术后复发率低。结论对于部位特殊、范围广泛、暴露困难的肿瘤,切除前没能将肿瘤游离,广泛切除,是造成肿瘤复发的原因;肿瘤复发可能与分块切除无关;术前精确的手术设计,术中充分的显露是达到广泛切除范围的保证,其中入路的选择至关重要。     

四肢骨巨细胞瘤术后复发再次手术的疗效观察

目的探讨四肢骨巨细胞瘤术后复发患者再次手术术式选择及疗效。方法回顾1988年2月-2007年6月收治且获完整随访的79例骨巨细胞瘤术后复发再次手术患者临床资料。男42例,女37例;年龄15～72岁,平均33.1岁。初次行囊内刮除76例,整块切除3例;初次手术后2～176个月肿瘤局部复发。肿瘤病灶位于上肢14例,下肢65例。初次手术前影像学Companacci分级,Ⅰ级1例、Ⅱ级33例、Ⅲ级45例。再次手术37例采用囊内刮除植骨联合辅助灭活,42例采用肿瘤整块切除治疗。结果术后2例出现同种异体骨免疫排斥反应,导致切口不愈合;余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～221个月,平均68个月。其中12例于术后6～32个月局部再次复发,采用囊内刮除植骨联合辅助灭活措施者中再复发9例(24.3%,9/37),均再次行肿瘤整块切除;肿瘤整块切除再复发3例(7.1%,3/42),均截肢;两种术式复发率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.508,P=0.034);再复发患者术后随访3年均未见复发。结论复发性四肢骨巨细胞瘤可以通过囊内刮除植骨联合辅助灭活治疗,但肿瘤局部复发率高于肿瘤整块切除。对于肿瘤范围超过横断面50%预测不能彻底刮除及恶性复发性骨巨细胞瘤患者,建议采用肿瘤整块切除方法。     

四肢骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗

目的回顾性分析四肢骨巨细胞瘤不同手术方法的疗效。方法自1997年7月至2005年7月收治四肢骨巨细胞瘤128例，男65例，女63例；年龄17-64岁，平均32岁。股骨远端49例，股骨近端8例，胫骨近端37例，肱骨近端14例，桡骨11例，腓骨4例，跟骨2例，胫骨远端1例，尺骨1例，指骨1例。Campanacci分级Ⅰ级29例、Ⅱ级67例、Ⅲ级32例。根据肿瘤的不同部位、放射线分级及患者年龄，采取不同的手术方法。其中刮除后植骨或骨水泥填充37例，刮除后植骨内固定42例，腓骨代桡骨11例，瘤段切除人工关节置换33例，单纯切除不重建5例。结果随访期间未见严重并发症，3例出现切口渗液，3例出现假体迟发性感染。局部复发：刮除后植骨或骨水泥填充组5例（13．5％），刮除后植骨内固定组5例（11．9％），人工关节置换组2例（6．1％）。肺转移2例，均为肱骨近端骨巨细胞瘤，良、恶性各l例。1例股骨远端骨巨细胞瘤患者刮除术后10个月复发。结论对骨巨细胞瘤的治疗应根据肿瘤的部位、放射线分级及患者年龄采取不同的手术方法。囊内切除适合于CampanacciⅠ、Ⅱ级骨巨细胞瘤，符合肿瘤治疗原则，具有较好的术后功能、较低的局部复发率及术后并发症发生率。瘤段切除适合于Campanacci Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤，与囊内切除相比局部复发率低，但术后并发症发生率高，可用于切除后无须重建的肿瘤、大的侵袭性病变或复发的骨巨细胞瘤。     

瘤体刮除术和瘤大块切除术用于膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的疗效观察

[目的]比较观察瘤体刮除术和瘤大块切除术两种肿瘤切除方式用于膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的疗效,探讨膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的临床特点和肿瘤切除方式对预后的影响.[方法]根据肿瘤部位和破坏大小分别选择瘤体刮除术和瘤大块切除术两种手术方法治疗43例膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤,35例采用瘤体刮除植骨术,8例采用瘤大块切除重建术(人工关节置换、大块异体骨移植).随访比较观察两组患者的术后并发症、肿瘤复发、肢体功能等疗效情况.[结果]两组术后并发症发生率,差异有显著统计学意义,P＜0.01;两组Enneking骨骼肌肉肿瘤术后功能评分结果比较,差异有显著统计学意义,P＜0.01;两组间术后局部肿瘤复发率,差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05;肿瘤复发与Jaffe组织病理学分级和X线Campanacci分期呈正相关系,P＜0.05.[结论]对膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤应根据肿瘤部位及其破坏的程度,分别选择瘤体刮除术或瘤大块切除术,而瘤体刮除术如能有效切除肿瘤又不影响骨支撑作用应作为膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗的首选手术方式.     

手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤复发原因分析

目的探讨手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤的好发部位，以及临床上出现骨皮质侵蚀，受累关节退行性改变与肿瘤复发的关系。方法回顾分析1993～2003年间32例手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤入院患者的病史、体格检查、影像学检查，所有病例均行手术治疗，并就其性别、年龄、肿瘤生长部位及出现骨皮质侵蚀，受累关节退行性改变进行分析。结果该肿瘤好发于青壮年女性，左手好发，好发部位为拇指和中指。复发病例中常见骨皮质侵蚀和关节融合的退行性改变。结论局部瘤体切除是治疗腱鞘巨细胞瘤的最佳治疗方案，对多次复发有恶变倾向者应行根治性手术。     

骨巨细胞瘤腔内切除与广泛切除术后复发因素分析（英文）

[目的]分析骨巨细胞瘤术后的复发情况,明确手术方式、辅助治疗对肿瘤复发率的影响。[方法]回顾性分析1985²005年本院治疗的骨巨细胞瘤117例,术后随访时间至少362005年本院治疗的骨巨细胞瘤117例,术后随访时间至少36²33个月,平均(108.4+43.7)个月,比较腔内切除术和广泛切除术两种术式的肿瘤复发率,分析影响复发率的因素。[结果]骨巨细胞瘤广泛切除术的复发率(5%)低于腔内切除术(25%)。对于腔内切除术,术中聚甲基甲丙烯酸盐重建的复发率低于单纯植骨重建(P<0.05),石炭酸的应用对骨巨细胞瘤术后复发无显著干预作用(P>0.05)。[结论]骨巨细胞瘤的首次治疗采用腔内切除结合聚甲基甲丙烯酸盐重建术可获得较低的复发率和满意的关节功能,潜在的肺转移可能性不能成为首次治疗采用广泛切除的适应证。     

囊内刮除骨水泥填充治疗长干骨骨巨细胞瘤

骨巨细胞瘤是一种好发于长骨骺端具有侵袭性的良性骨肿瘤.其治疗方法 包括囊内刮除、瘤段切除和放疗等.囊内手术后较高的局部复发率是骨巨细胞瘤治疗的一个难题.各种辅助手段被用来降低肿瘤的复发率,其中骨水泥是使用最多的一种材料.本文随访了1997年至2004年间在我院骨科接受长骨囊内刮除合并骨水泥填充的55例患者的术后情况,观察肿瘤的复发状况及关节功能,评价其治疗效果.     

四肢长骨骨巨细胞瘤手术治疗

目的比较不同手术方法治疗四肢长骨骨巨细胞瘤的临床效果。方法回顾分析1998年11月至2006年4月手术治疗的37例四肢长骨骨巨细胞瘤。结果37例患者均获得随访，随访时间8个月至7年2个月，平均2年11个月。病灶刮除＋酒精灭活＋骨水泥填充术21例，肿瘤复发3例；病灶刮除＋酒精灭活＋骨水泥填充植骨术12例，肿瘤复发3例；瘤段切除人工假体置换术4例，肿瘤复发0例。病灶刮除组总复发率18．2％，瘤段切除组织复发率为0。结论病灶刮除＋酒精灭活＋骨水泥填充术和肿瘤瘤段切除术均是治疗骨巨细胞瘤的可靠方法。     

不同术式治疗四肢大关节部位骨巨细胞瘤疗效分析

[目的]比较四肢大关节部位骨巨细胞瘤不同手术方法对肢体功能、局部复发及并发症的影响。[方法]分析1998年1月～2005年11月间共43例有完整随访资料的四肢近大关节部位骨巨细胞瘤病例。其中男22例，女21例；年龄15～51岁，平均30．6岁。Campanacci分级：Ⅰ级1例，Ⅱ级28例，Ⅲ级14例。[结果]43例患者随访时间为15～108个月，平均50个月，总复发率为9．4％。刮除植骨复发率为11．7％，并发症发生率为10．5％；广泛切除组复发率为9．1％，并发症发生率为33．3％。[结论]病灶刮除植骨仍是骨巨细胞瘤基本的外科治疗方法，局部辅助处理措施如高速磨钻磨削、石炭酸等化学腐蚀剂局部烧灼可达到安全的外科治疗边界，从而大大降低病灶刮除术后的复发率；广泛切除适用于Companacci Ⅲ级、反复复发、伴有病理性骨折的病例，虽复发率较低，但重建后的并发症相对较多；加强随访可早期发现骨巨细胞瘤复发。     

Neue Therapieansätze beim Riesenzelltumor

Background

Giant cell bone tumors (GCT) are benign but partially locally aggressive osteolytic tumors which typically occur around the knee joint in the epiphysis and metaphysis of long bones after maturation of the skeleton is completed. Due to the locally aggressive growth behavior with destruction of the bone structure, the rare possibility of pulmonary metastases in recurrent cases and a very rare possibility of malignancy, GCTs were previously also described as semimalignant bone tumors.

Therapy

The established therapy of these tumors at the typical locations consists of intralesional curettage, extension of resection margins using a high speed trephine and defect reconstruction with bone cement. The local recurrence rate is high (10–40?%) and lowest after using thermal extension of resection margins with a high speed trephine and defect reconstruction with bone cement. For uncommon localizations, such as the spinal column and the sacrum as well as in cases of recurrence, surgical treatment is more complicated.

Histology

Histologically, GCTs consist of osteoclastic giant and oval-shaped stromal cells which show a high expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and decisively contribute to the osteolytic activity of the tumor. Novel pharmaceutical therapy approaches with human monoclonal RANKL antibodies interfere in this osteodestructive process in an inhibitory manner and can represent alternative treatment options just as the osteosupportive therapy with bisphosphonates.

Conclusion

After unsatisfactory attempts at surgical treatment of GCT patients, the new treatment option with denosumab is a promising alternative due to its effect as a monoclonal RANKL inhibitor. Nach unbefriedigenden chirurgischen Therapieversuchen bei RZT-Patienten ist Denosumab durch seine Wirkung als monoklonaler RANKL-Inhibitor als neue Behandlungsoption eine vielversprechende Alternative.     

Sustained long-term complete regression of a giant cell tumor of the spine after treatment with denosumab

Background contextAlthough giant cell tumors (GCTs) are histologically benign, they may become locally aggressive bone tumors. As these lesions tend to respond poorly to radio- and chemotherapy, currently the standard surgical paradigm for the treatment of spinal GCTs involves en bloc surgical resection. Denosumab is a newly developed monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) which has already been demonstrated to induce marked radiographic responses on GCTs of the appendicular skeleton. Nevertheless, the role of denosumab in the treatment algorithm of GCTs of the spine has not yet been defined.PurposeTo describe the first case of sustained long-term complete clinical and radiographic regression of a GCT of the spine after treatment with the new RANKL antibody denosumab.Study designCase report and literature review.MethodsThe authors describe the case of 22-year-old female patient, harboring a GCT involving the C2 vertebral body and odontoid process, who was treated in monotherapy with denosumab, resulting in complete long-term clinical and radiographic tumor remission.ResultsThere were no major side effects associated with the long-term pharmacological treatment with denosumab. From the clinical standpoint, the patient demonstrated complete remission of the disease while under treatment. The 16-month radiographic follow-up demonstrated complete disappearance of the osteolytic process and intense new cortical bone formation with restoration of the bone integrity of the C2 vertebral body.ConclusionsThis is the first report of sustained long-term complete clinical and radiographic regression of a GCT of the spine after treatment with the new RANKL antibody denosumab. Although future long-term follow-up studies are still necessary to establish important key points regarding the best therapeutic protocol with such a new drug (such as the optimal time frame to keep the patient under treatment), denosumab promises to bring major changes to the current therapeutic paradigm for GCTs of the spine, which, up to now, has strongly relied on en bloc surgical resection.     

Giant cell tumors of the distal radius: resection: reconstruction by long avascular fibular graft (a case report)

Giant cell tumors (GCT) are locally aggressive tumors with a preference for epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones. They represent 5%-10% of all primary bone tumors. They affect mostly young adults between 20 and 40. Their origin remains uncertain. GCT is a purely lytic tumor, recurrent and can even lead to fracture. The distal radius is the third location after the distal femur and proximal tibia. Tumors are benign on histopathology, but "benign" lung metastases can sometimes be seen. Their treatment remains controversial because of the high rate of recurrence; oncological resection of the diseased bone segment with reconstruction reduces the rate of recurrence. Several techniques of resection and reconstruction of the wrist have been proposed. We report a case of giant cell tumor of the distal radius treated by resection and reconstruction by avascular fibular graft to a length of 12cm, and we evaluate the use of this reconstruction to salvage the wrist with this pathology.     

Bisphosphonates reduce local recurrence in extremity giant cell tumor of bone: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign but locally aggressive tumor that is characterized by the presence of mononuclear stromal cells and multinucleated giant cells. Although topical adjuvants have been used in the past, local recurrence following intralesional excision of GCT of bone continues to remain a problem. The use of bisphosphonates as an anti-osteoclastic agent in the management of osteolytic bone metastases is well accepted. Furthermore in vitro studies have shown that bisphosphonates also induce apoptosis in GCT stromal cells. Therefore our clinical study aims to investigate whether the administration of bisphosphonate as an adjuvant can further decrease local recurrence following the surgical treatment of GCT of bone. METHOD: A retrospective case-control study was performed between 1988 and 2004. Forty-four patients with histological diagnosed appendicular GCT were included. Intralesional curettage or wide excision of the lesions was followed with cementation or biological reconstruction. Additional intravenous and oral bisphosphonates were given peri-operatively to 24 patients who were treated between 1998 and 2004. The average follow-up of the control group was 115 months while that of the treatment group was 48 months. RESULTS: In the bisphosphonate treated group, 1 of 24 patients (4.2%) developed local recurrence. In the control group, 6 of 20 patients (30%) developed local recurrence. The difference in the recurrence rate was statistically significant between the bisphosphonate treatment group and the control group (Log Rank test p=0.056). The effect of reduction of local recurrence was significant in patients with stage III diseases. Patients treated with bisphosphonate did not report any untoward effects. CONCLUSION: Clinical use of bisphosphonates as an adjuvant therapy for giant cell tumor of bone demonstrated a lower local recurrence rate. The clinical response seems to be more promising in stage III diseases.     

地诺单抗联合手术治疗桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤——外科降级及预后

目的 评估地诺单抗治疗桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor of bone, GCT）的疗效和安全性,分析地诺单抗对手术方式及预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年4月,在围手术期接受地诺单抗治疗的复杂桡骨远端GCT病人7例的临床资料。其中,男4例,女3例;年龄为23~33岁,平均28.43岁。所有病人均有明确GCT病理诊断,2例为手术后复发。病人术前接受120 mg 地诺单抗皮下注射3~4次,术后根据实际手术类型安排用药。比较病人应用地诺单抗前后手术方案的差异,监测用药过程中的不良反应;随访病人的肿瘤学预后及术后功能恢复。结果 病人均按计划用药,用药总次数为4~10次（平均7.71次）,用药期间无死亡病例,未见下颌骨坏死,实验室指标未见异常,RECIST评估结果显示：部分缓解5例、疾病稳定2例;6例病人（85.71%）实现外科手术降级（行囊内刮除术5例,瘤段广泛切除2例）,术后病理结果提示组织学巨细胞清除率为85.71%（6/7）;随访20~41个月,平均26.71个月,7例病人随访期内均未见肿瘤复发;病人术后的肌肉骨骼肿瘤学会（MSTS）93功能评分平均为27.86分（得分率为92.87%）,平均臂肩手功能障碍（DASH）评分为7.43分,平均疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分为1.00分。结论 地诺单抗是治疗桡骨远端GCT的有效手段,围手术期用药可降低手术难度,从而实现外科降级并降低复发风险。     

Giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor GCT of bone remains a difficult and challenging management problem because there are no absolute clinical, radiographic, or histologic parameters that accurately predict the tendency of any single lesion to recur or metastasize. Enneking's and Campanacci's radiographic classifications and surgical staging are helpful in planning the initial surgical treatment, because they have observed that a number of the active (Stage 2) lesions and most of the aggressive (Stage 3) lesions have a higher incidence of local recurrence when treated by curettage alone. The bad reputation of curettage and bone grafting is undeserved and arose because of the indiscriminate application of this technique to lesions irrespective of their surgical stage. The ideal aim in the management of GCT is to eradicate the tumor and still save the joint. Curettage, possibly with adjuvant chemical or thermal cauterization, and with bone grafting or polymethyl methacrylate instillation, maintains the structural integrity of the bone and allows for early function. Good results with these techniques when applied to Stage 1 and many Stage 2 lesions may be expected in 70%--80% of the cases. Repetitive freezes with liquid nitrogen, though resulting in a lower recurrence rate, carry with them a not insignificant risk of local complications, require prolonged bracing, and incur the risk of late fracture. When GCTs occur in expendable bones, en bloc resection is the treatment of choice. En bloc resection of major joints requires a facility with reconstruction techniques including the use of allografts, large autogenous grafts and fusion, or custom arthroplasty. These are technically difficult procedures with many early and late complications. Patients have restricted function, and may require prolonged bracing even when uncomplicated. These techniques are therefore reserved for the Stage 3 and selected Stage 2 lesions. Hand lesions have been ineffectively treated by curettage and grafting, and are best treated by early en bloc or ray resection. Multicentric lesions should be handled as individual primary tumors would be in those locations. Radiation therapy has its major role in the treatment of giant cell tumors of the spine and sacrum that are not amenable to complete surgical resection, though long-term sarcomatous change must be looked for. Because of the complex management problem this rare tumor presents, it is recommended that management of giant cell tumor of bone, including the biopsy, the definitive surgery, and the follow-up examination, be carried out by individuals and institutions familiar with this entity.     

The outcome of surgical treatment for recurrent giant cell tumor in the appendicular skeleton

BackgroundThe treatment for recurrent giant cell tumor (GCT) remains controversial. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of surgical intervention for recurrent GCT.MethodTwenty-seven patients (14 males and 13 females) with recurrent GCT were recruited. Their primary GCTs were all treated with intralesional surgery. Among these recurrent GCTs, 9 grade III and 1 grade II tumors were treated with en bloc resection and endoprosthetic replacement, whereas 16 grade II and 1 grade III tumors were treated with intralesional curettage and PMMA bone cement filling.ResultsThe mean interval between initial surgery and first recurrence was 28.8 months (range 7–97 months). About 70 % of first recurrences affected bones around the knee, 44 % in the proximal tibia and 26 % in the distal femur. Of 27 patients, 3 women treated with intralesional procedures suffered second recurrences in the proximal tibia. No second recurrence was found in patients with en bloc resection. Two grade III re-recurrence GCTs were treated with en bloc resection, and 1 grade II was treated with an intralesional procedure. One patient with en bloc resection developed tumor metastasis in both lungs. Compared to patients with intralesional treatment, the functional score was significantly decreased in patients with en bloc resection (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe re-recurrence risk of grade III GCTs can be significantly decreased by wide en bloc resection and endoprosthetic replacement. However, intralesional treatment is a good option for less aggressive (相似文献   

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Risk Factors for Recurrence

Background  

Many surgeons treat giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) with intralesional curettage. Wide resection is reserved for extensive bone destruction where joint preservation is impossible or when expendable sites (eg, fibular head) are affected. Adjuvants such as polymethylmethacrylate and phenol have been recommended to reduce the risk of local recurrence after intralesional surgery. However, the best treatment of these tumors and risk factors for recurrence remain controversial.     

Giant cell tumor of the humeral head treated by denosumab: Implication to shoulder surgeons

Giant cell tumor is a benign bone tumor that is commonly encountered. The optimal treatment of a giant cell tumor which causes extensive bony destruction is controversial. Recent studies on the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand antagonist denosumab may offer a new treatment option for these patients. We presented a patient with giant cell tumor of the humeral head. He was initially treated with denosumab and subsequently with the operation. The shoulder joint was successfully salvaged. But there are potential difficulties that surgeons may face in patients treated with denosumab.