健康教育与心理社会干预对2型糖尿病合并抑郁的影响

目的 :调查 2型糖尿病患者抑郁症状发生率并探讨健康教育及心理社会干预对抑郁症状及糖脂代谢的影响。方法 :采用Zung抑郁自评量表 (SDS)对 10 0例 2型糖尿病患者及 10 0例正常人群进行测评。将抑郁指数≥ 0 5的 5 9例患者随机分为研究组 30例 ,对照组 2 9例。研究组药物治疗的同时合并为期 3个月健康教育加心理社会支持治疗 ,分别于治疗前、治疗后进行抑郁自评量表及代谢控制水平评估。结果 :2型糖尿病并抑郁情绪检出率为 5 9% ,显著高于正常组 (P <0 0 1)。经健康教育加心理社会支持治疗 3个月后 ,观察组抑郁指数显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,糖脂代谢显著改善 (P <0 0 5 )。抑郁转归发生率高 ,与对照组比较有极显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :2型糖尿病患者常合并忧郁症状 ,健康教育加心理社会支持治疗可改善抑郁症状及糖脂代谢     

胰岛素联合心理治疗对初诊2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者疗效观察

目的观察胰岛素联合心理治疗对初诊2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者的疗效。方法将120例初诊的2型糖尿病合并抑郁症状患者随机分为两组,分别采用胰岛素联合心理治疗与单纯胰岛素治疗14天,观察患者空腹血糖、血糖波动、胰岛素用量以及低血糖发生率,并采用HAM D抑郁量表、HAMA焦虑量表和Zung抑郁自评量表评定抑郁症状的改善。结果胰岛素联合心理治疗比较单纯胰岛素治疗患者的日内血糖波动小（P〈0.01）、胰岛素用量少（P〈0.01）、低血糖发生率低（P〈0.05）,并能显著缓解患者的焦虑抑郁症状（HAM D测评：P〈0.01,HAMA测评：P〈0.05,Zung自评：P〈0.05）。结论糖尿病的早期治疗不仅胰岛素应用越早越好,且心理支持越早越好,胰岛素与心理支持的有机结合应成为糖尿病治疗的基本原则。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病伴发的抑郁情绪的社会心理支持治疗

目的通过调查型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者对不同治疗方案的反应,探讨社会心理支持对型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者的影响,为临床诊断治疗提供依据。方法对252例型糖尿病病例进行抑郁自评量表评分,严重指数≥0.50诊断为抑郁症。将61例抑郁患者随机分为两组：A组30例抗抑郁治疗,B组31例抗抑郁治疗＋社会心理支持治疗。结果1252例型糖尿病患者中61例合并抑郁症,占24.21%;2A、B两组患者治疗8周、12周后FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c均有明显降低,与治疗前相比有显著意义（P〈0.05）,但组间相比无显著性意义（P〉0.05）;24周后FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c组间比较出现差异,B组较A组FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c控制得更好,组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论对型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者在抗抑郁的基础上,实施社会心理干预治疗更有利于原发病的控制及并发症的产生。     

2型糖尿病患者生活质量与抑郁状态、社会支持的关系

目的评估2型糖尿病患者生活质量与抑郁状态、社会支持的关系。方法应用Zung氏抑郁自评量表(SDS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)与糖尿病特异性生活质量量表(A-DQOL)对临床确诊的82例2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果①男性忧虑程度Ⅰ得分较女性高(t=2.019,P<0.05);年龄<50岁者忧虑程度Ⅰ得分较≥50岁者高(t=2.286,P<0.05);②2型糖尿病合并抑郁状态发生率为69.5%,生活质量显著下降;③客观支持低者满意度、忧虑程度Ⅱ得分高(t=2.918,2.540,P均<0.05);④生活质量与客观支持呈负相关,与SDS评分呈正相关;⑤SDS评分及客观支持可以较好地预测满意度;SDS评分还可较好地预测影响程度、忧虑程度Ⅰ和Ⅱ。结论抑郁状态与客观支持是影响2型糖尿病患者生活质量的主要因素,SDS评分可以较好地预测生活质量。     

抗焦虑和抗抑郁治疗对2型糖尿病患者血糖水平的影响

目的 探讨抗焦虑和抗抑郁治疗对2型糖尿病患者血糖水平的影响.方法 将60例应用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)评定合并焦虑抑郁倾向的2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组及治疗组,对照组单纯降糖治疗,治疗组降糖联合抗焦虑抑郁治疗,比较治疗前后焦虑抑郁指数SAS、SDS以及血糖的变化.结果 与治疗前比较,对照...     

非理性认知替代干预对乳腺癌术后患者社会支持及锻炼依从性的影响分析

目的:研究乳腺癌术后患者应用非理性认知替代干预对其社会支持及锻炼依从性的影响.方法:选取2018年1月至2020年10月我院收治的108例乳腺癌患者为研究对象.随机分为对照组和观察组,各54例.两组均行乳腺癌根治术治疗,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用非理性认知替代干预.对比干预后1 m两组锻炼依从性、社会支持度、心理状态.结果:观察组锻炼依从率(96.30％)显著高于对照组(75.93％)(P<0.05).观察组社会支持评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05).观察组干预后焦虑自评量表评分、抑郁自评量表评分均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05).结论:乳腺癌术后患者应用非理性认知替代干预,可改善患者心理状态,提高社会支持及锻炼依从性.     

心理干预对神经症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的探讨心理干预对神经症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响。方法将46例神经症患者随机分为研究组24例,对照组22例,两组均给予常规药物治疗及常规精神科护理,研究组在此基础上联合心理干预。观察8周。于心理干预前及心理干预8W末采用焦虑自评量表评定焦虑抑郁情况。结果心理干预前两组患者焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表总分均高于正常值,心理干预8周末,两组均较心理干预前有显著下降（P＆lt;0.01或P＆lt;0.05）,但研究组下降更显著（P＆lt;0.01或P＆lt;0.05）。结论心理干预可增强神经症患者的自信心,消除不良行为,提高治疗依从性,显著改善其焦虑抑郁情绪。     

高三学生认知方式与焦虑、抑郁的关系研究

目的研究认知方式与焦虑、抑郁的关系.方法用镶嵌图形测验(EFT)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、自评抑郁量表(SDS)对273名高三学生进行调查.结果①文、理班高三学生认知方式、焦虑和抑郁之间没有显著差异(P>0.05).②理科班男女生认知方式差异显著(P<0.05),男生更倾向独立.③高三男女生焦虑、抑郁有显著性差异(P<0.05),女生更加焦虑、抑郁.④认知方式与焦虑、抑郁相关较为显著(P<0.01).结论高三学生认知方式与焦虑、抑郁有较密切的关系.     

中老年2型糖尿病患者合并抑郁症现状调查

目的了解中老年2型糖尿病患者合并抑郁症的患病情况。方法采用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)对某社区境内的276例2型糖尿病患者及227名健康中老年人群进行心理健康状况评定并比较分析。结果糖尿病患者的抑郁症发生率为31%,明显高于对照组的14.5%(χ2=18.83,P<0.01)。结论中老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁症发病率显著高于正常人群。     

心理剧治疗对2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者述情障碍的影响

目的:探讨心理剧治疗对2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者述情障碍的影响。方法:随机数字法将108例2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者分为观察组与对照组,每组54例。对照组常规药物治疗及心理干预,观察组在对照组基础上加以心理剧治疗,比较各组治疗前后血糖指标[空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)]、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TSA-20)及36条目简明量表(SF-36)情况。结果:观察组治疗后FPG、2h PG、HbAlc水平均显著低于对照组(t=-6.599,-6.135,-5.192;P0.05);观察组治疗后HAMD评分显著低于对照组的(t=-5.884,P0.05);观察组治疗后TAS-20量表中因子二、因子三评分及总分均显著低于对照组(t=-5.501,-4.065,-5.659;P0.05);观察组治疗后SF-36总分显著高于对照组的(t=5.260,P0.05)。结论:心理剧治疗能明显改善2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者抑郁症状及述情障碍,有利于血糖控制及患者生活质量提高。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.