糖尿病与非糖尿病血液透析患者血清甲状旁腺激素水平分析

目的：比较糖尿病与非糖尿病血液透析患者血清甲状旁腺激素水平(iPTH)差异。方法按照原发病,将86例维持性血液透析患者分为糖尿病组(A组)和非糖尿病组(B组)。A组34例, B组52例。比较两组血清甲状旁腺激素水平(iPTH)、血磷、血钙、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、每周活性维生素D3服药量和一般资料。结果两组性别比、年龄、SGA评分、血清白蛋白、血钙、血磷、ALP比较差异无统计学意义(t/χ2=0.007、0.085、0.098、1.126、0.942、1.271、1.154, P>0.05)。A组透析龄为(27.7±13.5)个月, iPTH为(178.3±89.5)ng/L,维生素D服用量(1.43±0.26)μg/周,均显著低于B组(t=18.439、25.948、4.756, P<0.05)。结论糖尿病血液透析患者iPTH较非糖尿病患者更低,血管钙化更为严重。     

透析液钙浓度对血液透析患者血钙和血磷及甲状旁腺激素的影响

目的 观察透析钙浓度对维持性血液透析患者血钙、磷及甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）的影响.方法 将北京安贞医院应用Ca^2＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液进行血液透析治疗的患者中血钙超过2.10 mmol/L的患者改用Ca^2＋＋1.25 mmol/L透析液,共107例,脱落6例.将患者应用Ca^2＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液时及应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液6个月后血钙、磷和iPTH的化验数值进行统计分析,并根据血iPTH水平进行分组分析.结果 110例应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液后较应用Ca^2＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液血钙升高[（2.39±0.22） mmol/L比（2.32±0.29） mmol/L]、血磷降低[（2.04±0.62） mmol/L比（2.19 ±0.71） mmol/L] （P ＜0.05）.血iPTH＜ 150 ng/L组20例,iPTH 150～300 ng/L组23例,301 ～600 ng/L组37例,iPTH＞ 600 ng/L组21例.血iPTH＜ 150 ng/L组应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液进行血液透析6个月后血iPTH均值＞150 ng/L,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;iPTH150～300 ng/L组应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L后较应用Ca^2＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液血磷下降[（1.87±0.55） mmol/L比（2.09 ± 0.70） mmol/L],但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;iPTH 301 ～ 600 ng/L组应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L后较应用Ca^2＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液iPTH和血磷略下降[（410±330） ng/L比（443 ± 92） ng/L,（2.03±0.55） mmol/L比（2.11 ±0.69） mmol/L],差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,血钙升高差异有统计学意义[（2.38±0.21） mmol/L比（2.26 ±0.22） mmol/L] （P ＜0.05）.结论 应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液不会降低患者血钙水平,iPTH＜ 150 ng/L或＞600 ng/L应用Ca^2＋＋浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液治疗会导致血钙水平偏高,血钙磷乘积明显升高;血iPTH＜ 150 ng/L应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液可刺激甲状旁腺使iPTH升高,对预防低转运骨病有益;应用Ca^2＋浓度1.25 mmol/L透析液可给含钙的磷结合剂治疗提供空间.     

血液透析滤过串联血液灌流治疗SHPT疗效分析

目的观察血液透析滤过串联血液灌流治疗维持性血液透析(MHD)患者并发继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的疗效。方法采取前瞻性队列研究, 选取安徽理工大学第一附属医院血液净化中心2021年2月至2023年3月收治的MHD并发SHPT患者40例, 采取随机数字表法分为对照组20例、观察组20例。对照组接受单一的高通量血液透析, 观察组采用血液透析滤过和血液灌流相结合的方法, 两组透析3个月。比较两组患者透析前后血红蛋白(Hb)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、血清钙(Ca2+)、血磷(P3+)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的变化。结果透析后, 观察组Hb为(119.45±5.27)g/L, 高于对照组的(106.30±6.52)g/L(t=-7.02, P < 0.001), P3+为(1.18±0.17)mmol/L, 低于对照组的(1.52±0.22)mmol/L(t=5.49, P < 0.001), PTH为(122.14±40.57)ng/L, 低于对照组的(168.78±78.27)ng/L(t=2.39, P=0.023)。结论运用血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗,...     

低钙透析在维持血液透析患者继发性甲旁亢治疗的应用

目的 探讨低钙透析在维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进行骨化三醇冲击治疗中的临床应用,方法采用浓度1.25mmol/L低钙透析液,观察32例维持性血液透析继发甲旁亢患者在骨化三醇冲击治疗中血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积、血清全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)等指标变化.结果 所有患者治疗期间的血钙与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进在骨化三醇冲击治疗中同时应用低钙透析是安全有效的.避免了高钙血症,降低了骨外软组织钙化的风险.     

低蛋白饮食联合复方α-酮酸对维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢的影响

目的 观察低蛋白饮食联合复方α-酮酸对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者钙磷代谢紊乱的影响.方法 MHD患者80例随机均分为两组:治疗组给予低蛋白饮食联合复方α-酮酸;对照组给予正常蛋白饮食.检测治疗前和治疗1、3个月血清钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、白蛋白(Alb)和前白蛋白(PA).结果 治疗组治疗1、3个月后的血磷分别为(1.81±0.12) mmol/L和(1.79±0.13) mmol/L,明显低于治疗前的(2.27±0.14) mmol/L和对照组的(2.31±0.09) mmol/L和(2.28±0.12) mmol/L(P＜0.05);治疗3个月,治疗组血清iPTH为(174.1±71.2) pg/ml,明显低于治疗前的(411.2±98.3)pg/ml(P＜0.05).结论 低蛋白饮食联合复方α-酮酸可有效降低MHD患者的血磷和血清iPTH.     

比较血液透析滤过和血液灌流串联血液透析对维持血透患者血钙、血磷和血清甲状旁腺素紊乱的改善

目的比较血液透析滤过和血液灌流串联血液透析对维持血透患者低血钙、高血磷、高血清甲状旁腺素的改善情况。方法将30例维持性血液析透患者随机分为2组,分别采用血液透析滤过（HDF）、血液灌流串联血液透析（HP＋HD）连续治疗3个月后观察血钙、血磷及iPTH的变化。结果HDF组治疗后血磷降至（2.47±0.78）mmol/L,iPTH降至（312.54±98.5）pg/ml;HP＋HD组治疗后血磷降至（1.77±0.2）mmol/L,iPTH降至（212±70.3）pg/ml;2组治疗后血磷及血iPTH水平均明显下降（P〈0.05）。此外,HP＋HD组血磷及iPTH清除率均明显大于HDF组（P〈0.05）。结论HDF及HP＋HD均能有效清除血磷和iPTH,而HP＋HD更有效。     

骨化三醇冲击治疗方案对中、重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进疗效观察

目的:观察维持性血液透析中、重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)患者对骨化三醇冲击治疗方案的疗效及安全性。方法:36例规律血液透析的患者按血清甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平分为中度iPTH升高组(iPTH600～1000pg/ml)和重度iPTH升高组(iPTH>1000pg/ml)两组,血清钙磷乘积均<4.04mol2/l2,均无高钙、高磷血症。两组均采用口服冲击治疗方案,每周口服两次,透析后服用,每月检测1次甲状旁腺激素,同时记录血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、血iPTH的变化。结果两组治疗第4周、8周、12周iPTH均有明显下降(P<0.05),治疗前后有显著差异。结论:骨化三醇冲击疗法对iPTH中、重度升高患者治疗安全有效。     

低钙透析联合碳酸钙治疗血透患者(HD)高磷血症疗效观察

目的观察应用低钙透析联合口服碳酸钙对血液透析患者(HD)高磷血症的治疗及对血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平的影响和副反应。方法选择2010年10月至2011年12月于我院血透中心治疗的HD患者34例,随机分成AB两组,A组常规透析组17例,B组低钙透析组(透析液Ca离子浓度为1.25mmol/L联合口服碳酸钙1.5g/d)17例。所有患者均透析4个月,观察血钙、血磷、血iPTH水平的变化。所有入选患者治疗前、治疗后每个月测血钙、血磷、血iPTH水平的变化。结果常规透析组透析4个月后,患者血钙水平无明显变化,血磷无明显下降趋势(P>0.05),iPTH亦无明显升高(P>0.05)。低钙透析组透析4个月后,患者血钙水平无明显下降趋势(P>0.05),血磷呈下降趋势(P<0.05),iPTH呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。低钙透析组不良反应发生率为4/34(11.76%),主要为肌痉挛和低血压。结论对合并高磷血症的血透患者(iPTH<300ng/L)阶段性采用低钙透析联合口服碳酸钙的方法可以降低血磷,能维持比较正常的血钙血磷浓度,值得临床推广使用。     

维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化情况及其相关因素分析

目的 应用腹部侧位X线平片检测维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化(AAC)情况,并探讨其相关因素.方法 收集82例维持性血液透析患者的临床资料,通过腹部侧位X线平片检测腹主动脉钙化的发生情况,同时检测患者的血常规、血糖、肾功能、血脂、血钙、血磷及全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平,依据是否发生腹主动脉钙化将患者分成AAC组与非AAC组,进行相关统计学分析.结果 82例血液透析患者中有55例(67.1％)发生腹主动脉钙化,钙化主要发生于L4,并且从L1向L4钙化发生逐渐加重.组间对比分析显示,AAC组患者的年龄较大(P＜0.05)且透析龄更长(P＜0.01),低密度脂蛋白及钙磷乘积水平明显高于非AAC组(P＜0.05),此外原发病为糖尿病肾病患者的腹主动脉钙化发生率高于非AAC组(P＜0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者有较高的腹主动脉钙化发生率,其发生可能与年龄、低密度脂蛋白、钙磷乘积水平、透析龄及原发病为糖尿病等因素有关.     

维持性血液透析患者骨密度测定与相关指标分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者腰椎骨密度情况以及相关指标分析.方法:对维持性血液透析患者36例和健康对照者20例血白蛋白、钙、磷、iPTH和腰椎T值进行测定,采用SPSS进行统计分析.结果:维持性血液透析患者较健康对照组腰椎T值和血钙明显下降(P＜0.05),而血磷、iPTH明显上升(P＜0.05).骨质疏松患者与非骨质疏松患者相比,透析时间更长,女性所占比例更大,血磷更高,而iPTH较非骨质疏松者低(P＜0.05).结论:维持性血液透析患者腰椎T值较健康人群明显下降,骨质疏松患病率高,具有独特机理,应给予针对性治疗.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.