大鼠海马的血管构筑

用血管铸型法、动－静脉连续灌注法、组织化学ＤＡＢ法和生物体视学方法研究大鼠海马的血管构筑。结果表明：大鼠海马由大脑后动脉的分支──海马纵动脉供血，后者发出数支耙状分支进入海马。根据分支分布部位可分为海马内、外侧横动脉，它们经逐级分支移行为毛细血管，供应海马各区及齿状回。海马内毛细血管的分布具有与海马皮质分层相对应的层次性。海马各区及齿状回毛细血管的长度密度为齿状回＞ＣＡ＿３＞ＣＡ＿４＞ＣＡ＿２＞ＣＡ＿１。海马具有内侧及外侧两个静脉系统。本文对海马的血管构筑及其缺血敏感性和选择性损伤进行了讨论。     

幼儿海马血管构筑研究

本文采用色素明胶灌注后肉眼及光镜观察,铸型扫描及图像分析对31例幼尸的海马血管构筑进行了研究.人海马血管主要来源于大脑后动脉,分海马前、中、后动脉,由其进一步发出海马内侧及外侧横行动脉供应海马本部与齿状回.海马内部存在着广泛的毛细血管前徵血管吻合和毛细血管网.海马前部毛细血管密度高于后部;内部以CA_2,CA_3区锥体层密度最高.扫描电镜下可见徵静脉与徵动脉以1∶4的关系构成徵血管单位,并见毛细血管前后括约肌.     

成人海马结构微血管密度的形态计量学研究

用碱性磷酸酶血管染色法对成人海马结构内微血管密度进行了形态计量学研究。结果表明，海马皮质各层的微血管密度，以分子层最高，以下依次为锥体细胞层和多形细胞层，而腔隙层最低。海马皮质各区和齿状回的微血管密度，以ＣＡ２区最高，ＣＡ３和ＣＡ１区居中，ＣＡ４区次之，齿状回最低。微血管直径以海马锥体细胞层最大（８．２０±２．１μｍ），多形细胞层最小（７．１２±０．９μｍ）。ＣＡ２区的微血管直径最大（７．５９±１     

海马内部血管构筑—硷性磷酸酶显示法

本文用硷性磷酸酶示内皮法，对１５例ＳＤ系大鼠海马内部的微血管构筑在光镜下进行了观察，结果显示大鼠海马内部各区各层的血管分布与其神经组织构筑有明显的对应关系，即从血管的排列可辨认海马内部各层，ＣＡ１区锥体层血管密度最低，而其腔隙分子层血管密度最高，辐状层血管相互平行排列且与海马裂垂直。在ＣＡ２及ＣＡ３区交界处有恒定的小动脉及其分支出现，ＣＡ１与ＣＡ２区移行处锥体层硷性磷酸酶反应可明显差异，此外还观察     

大鼠海马毛细血管密度的体视学研究

用１８只大鼠海马分别制成连续切片，垂直切片和各向同性均匀随机切片，对海马各区，各层内毛细血管体积分数，表面积密度和长度密度进行计量，结果：海马各区的毛细血管密度以ＣＡ２区最高，其次为ＣＡ１，ＣＡ３，ＣＡ４区最低，但各区间无显著差异，各层中以锥体层毛细血管密度最高，次为多形层和分子层，腔隙层最低，各层具显著差异。     

人窦房结和房室结微血管的扫描电镜观察

本文用4例新鲜婴儿尸体,采用血管铸型扫描电镜法,观察人窦房结、房室结微血管的立体构筑。结果表明,窦房结的血管床是由微血管网构筑成一椭圆形网状结构,中央动脉贯穿于结的长轴,由此动脉向周围发出分支,逐级分为许多微动脉和毛细血管前微动脉,最后在结的浅部分成毛细血管网。毛细血管后微静脉的收集范围,则显示出按区收集的特点。而房室结微血管构型是一扁圆形的微血管网,结的浅部为一薄层比较细密的毛细血管网。透过网眼,可见有粗大的、彼此吻合的窦状静脉丛。房室结动脉由结一侧进入结内,向周围逐级分支,形成毛细血管前微动脉,穿行于静脉丛之间,在结的浅部连于毛细血管网。毛细血管后微静脉的始端有环形缩窄,为平滑肌压痕。     

胎儿和新生儿肾上腺的血管构筑

本文采用血管复型扫描电镜,注射墨汁切片光镜下观察和注射铅丹乳胶X线照像3种方法,研究了28例胎儿和新生儿肾上腺的血管构筑。发自膈下动脉、腹主动脉和肾动脉的肾上腺上、中、下动脉及其分支,在肾上腺囊表面和穿过囊的过程中逐级分支,最后形成毛细血管。动脉和毛细血管共同构成囊血管丛,从该丛发出的皮质动脉和髓质动脉,分别分支供给皮质和髓质。从囊血管丛发出的“V”型动脉在皮质中行一段距离后又返回囊中分支。永久性皮质毛细血管网是囊毛细血管的直接延续。在胎儿性皮质中,毛细血管有两个来源,其一是永久性皮质毛细血管的延伸;另一来源是由皮质动脉分支构成。它们共同构成胎儿性皮质毛细血管网。在胎儿性皮质的中部,毛细血管汇成小静脉。中央区的髓质由髓质动脉供血。在皮质中,正在迁移的髓质细胞团由与之伴行的动脉供应。在皮质中形成的小静脉呈向心性行走。其中一部分在近中央区又分为毛细血管,这些毛细血管相互吻合,最后入中央静脉的属支中。这种分布特点属于门脉形式的血管;另一部分属于中央静脉的第一级属支,它们逐级汇合后形成中央静脉主干。中央静脉系呈树枝状,其主干在腺的前面穿出腺后为肾上腺静脉。左侧肾上腺静脉人左肾静脉;右侧的人下腔静脉。而与动脉伴行的肾上腺上、中、下静脉的末级属支与囊毛细血管相连。本研究讨论了胎儿和新生儿肾上腺血管的分布规律,为胎儿内分泌学和肾上腺移植等方面提供了血管形态学基础。     

运动对小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的影响

用组织化学方法结合体视学测量研究小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的年龄变化以及长期适量运动（跑转笼）对胆碱能纤维的影响。以同年龄对照组心重／体重比率均值的２倍标准差作为运动有效标准。结果显示，老年鼠（２４月龄）海马ＣＡ１区、ＣＡ３区，齿状回分子层和运动、体感皮质第Ⅲ和Ⅴ层乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维密度明显低于成年鼠（１３月龄）和青年鼠（５月龄）（Ｐ＜０．０１），后两者间除海马ＣＡ３区分子层纤维密度成年鼠稍低外Ｐ＜０．０５），其它各区无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；５月龄小鼠经过８和１９个月运动后，被检各区ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维密度均显著高于同年龄对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明从青年开始的长期适量运动能够促进海马和皮质内胆碱能纤维的增生，延缓衰老时胆碱能纤维的丢失。     

人阴茎海绵体微血管构筑的研究

目的：阐明人阴茎海绵体微血管构筑及其生理意义。方法：阴茎血管铸型扫描电子显微镜下观察。结果：阴茎海绵体内纵行的动脉发出无数树状分支,其中部分分支为毛细血管,此毛细血管汇合后注入白膜下静脉丛;部分形成螺旋动脉,与海绵窦相交通。在阴茎海绵体表面,环动脉的分支亦部分与海绵窦相通,部分分为毛细血管。引流海绵窦血液的窦后小静脉相互吻合形成白膜下静脉丛,白膜下静脉丛汇合后形成导静脉。结论：①在阴茎海绵体内有营养性的毛细血管系统和功能性的螺旋动脉系统;②在阴茎海绵体表面存在白膜下静脉丛。     

海马皮质厚度和血管发育研究

用碱性磷酸酶染色，ＨＥ染色及墨汁灌注法，在光镜下观察３０例（６０侧）６个月胎儿至６岁儿童新鲜尸体大脑海马皮质厚度，皮质动脉分布皮质动脉管径，毛细血管密度和管径，结果表明，海马皮质厚度，血管分布，血管密度和管径均随年龄增长而增加，并且均以出生后变化明显。     

Arterial supply of the temporo-medial region of the brain significance for preoperative vascular occlusion testing

The mesiobasal limbic system is of particular significance in the surgical treatment of temporo-medial tumors and epilepsy. It consists of the uncus, amygdaloid body, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, fasciolar gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Knowledge of the vascular microanatomy is a key to the surgical treatment of pathologies in the region. The anterior choroidal artery was selectively injected in fresh brain specimens 50 specimens with a gelatinous ink mixture to demonstrate vascular territories in stereotactic brain slices, and 50 with a Biodur resin to obtain casts for microanatomical evaluation. The cast technique was also applied to 35 specimens injected into the posterior cerebral artery. The rostral third of the temporomedial region is mainly supplied by branches of the anterior choroidal artery. The occipital two thirds are supplied by hippocampal branches, the posteromedial choroidal artery and the inferior temporal branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Important vessel variations with significant implications for the preoperative Wada-test are presented     

短暂性前脑缺血再灌流后海马本部与齿状回cGMP反应细胞的差异

观察脑缺血再灌流后海马本部与齿状回 c GMP反应细胞的差异。钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型 ,应用免疫荧光组织化学方法。结果表明 :海马本部 c GMP合成增加 ,c GMP主要分布于 CA1 区的放射层及腔隙分子层 ,双重免疫荧光反应证实多数 c GMP阳性细胞是星形胶质细胞。齿状回与海马本部不同 ,较对照组增加了一些中小圆形的 c GMP阳性细胞 ,分布在齿状回各层。本实验结果揭示 ,短暂性前脑缺血再灌流可增加海马本部 c GMP的合成 ,多数 c GMP阳性细胞是星形胶质细胞。意味着星形胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌流早期扮演着重要角色。     

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer''s diseased brain

The number and topographic distribution of immunocytochemically stained parvalbumin interneurons was determined in the hippocampal formation of control and Alzheimer's diseased brain. In control hippocampus, parvalbumin interneurons were aspiny and pleomorphic, with extensive dendritic arbors. In dentate gyrus, parvalbumin cells, as well as a dense plexus of fibers and puncta, were associated with the granule cell layer. A few cells also occupied the molecular layer. In strata oriens and pyramidale of CA1–CA3 subfields, parvalbumin neurons gave rise to dendrites that extended into adjacent strata. Densely stained puncta and beaded fibers occupied stratum pyramidale, with less dense staining in adjacent strata oriens and radiatum. Virtually no parvalbumin profiles were observed in stratum lacunosum-moleculare or the alveus. Numerous polymorphic parvalbumin neurons and a dense plexus of fibers and puncta characterized the deep layer of the subiculum and the lamina principalis externa of the presubiculum. In Alzheimer's diseased hippocampus, there was an approximate 60% decrease in the number of parvalbumin interneurons in the dentate gyrus/CA4 subfield (P<0.01) and subfields CA1–CA2 (P<0.01). In contrast, parvalbumin neurons did not statistically decline in subfields CA3, subiculum or presubiculum in Alzheimer's diseased brains relative to controls. Concurrent staining with Thioflavin-S histochemistry did not reveal degenerative changes within parvalbumin-stained profiles. These findings reveal that parvalbumin interneurons within specific hippocampal subfields are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. This vulnerability may be related to their differential connectivity, e.g., those regions connectionally related to the cerebral cortex (dentate gyrus and CA1) are more vulnerable than those regions connectionally related to subcortical loci (subiculum and presubiculum).     

The hippocampus in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a quantitative microanatomical study

The influence of hypertension on the morphology of hippocampus was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats of two, four and six months and in age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Values of systolic pressure were slightly increased in two-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats in comparison with age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats and augmented progressively with age in spontaneously hypertensive rats. No microanatomical changes were observed in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats of two months in comparison with age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats, whereas a decrease of white matter volume was observed in the CA(1) subfield and in the dentate gyrus of four-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. In the hippocampus of six-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats a reduction of grey matter volume both in the CA(1) subfield and in the dentate gyrus, a loss of neurons affecting to a greater extent the CA(1) subfield and an increase of glial fibrillary acid protein-immunoreactive astrocytes was found. The occurrence of apoptosis and/or necrosis identified using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick end labelling technique was also observed in the CA(1) subfield and to a lesser extent in the dentate gyrus. The only change noticeable in the CA(3) subfield of six-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats was a slight increase in the number of glial fibrillary acid protein-immunoreactive astrocytes.These findings indicate the occurrence of neuronal loss and of astrocyte changes in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats of six months, being the CA(1) subfield the area most affected. The relevance of these neurodegenerative changes in hypertension and the possible occurrence of apoptosis and/or necrosis as expression of hypertensive brain damage is discussed.     

Bilateral double axillary artery: embryological basis and clinical implications

An unusual bilateral variation in the arterial pattern of the axilla was observed in an embalmed cadaver. Each axilla contained two axillary arteries of similar origins but different patterns of branching and fate. The first part of each axillary artery was a single vessel as is the norm. It gave off a supreme thoracic artery and then bifurcated into two medium-sized arteries hence referred to as regular and variant. The variant artery ran in an antero-medial course, partly covered by the one axillary vein. The regular artery gave off the thoracoacromial and two posterior branches from its second part, the anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries from its third part, and then continued as the brachial artery with all the usual branches except the profunda brachii on the right side. The variant gave off five arteries from the second part, a thoracoacromial artery, two separate long thoracic arteries each with a branch that ran along the intercostobrachial nerve to the arm, and two posterior branches. In the third part of the variant, the subscapular artery arose with its usual branches plus a common origin for two additional humeral circumflex arteries. The variant terminated as the profunda brachii artery to the right side while on the left side it terminated in muscular branches to the triceps. Hence, the arterial blood supply to the upper limb, and the axillary region in particular, was shared on both sides by two major arteries instead of one. These two arteries emanated from the first part of the axillary artery and may represent persisting branches of the capillary plexus of the developing limb buds. The findings have an embryological basis and clinical relevance considering the frequency of procedures in this region.     

复方丹参对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马和齿状回神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨中药复方丹参对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马和齿状回神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2 mRNA表达的影响。方法:采用大脑中动脉内栓线法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,应用原位细胞凋亡检测和原位杂交技术检测大鼠海马和齿状回神经细胞凋亡和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达并做图像分析。结果:与假手术对照组比较,缺血再灌注组凋亡神经细胞主要位于缺血侧海马CA1、CA3区,齿状回凋亡细胞较少。3个区神经细胞Bcl-2mRNA的表达在缺血再灌注2 h后升高,随时间的延长逐渐增强。复方丹参组神经细胞Bcl-2 mRNA的表达明显强于缺血再灌组,而凋亡神经细胞数明显较低。结论:复方丹参可通过上调神经细胞Bcl-2 mRNA的表达,抑制神经细胞凋亡,从而减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠海马和齿状回的损伤。     

Age-related changes of dopamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: a light microscope autoradiography study

Hippocampus is a brain region involved in learning and memory and is particularly sensitive to ageing. It is supplied with a dopaminergic innervation arising from the midbrain, which is part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system is probably involved in the pathophysiology of psychosis and behavioural disturbances occurring in the elderly. The present study was designed to assess the density and localisation of dopamine D1- and D2-like receptor subtypes in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months (young), 12 months (adult) and 24 months (old). Dopamine D1-like receptors, labelled by [3H]-SCH 23390, in young rats displayed a dentate gyrus-CA1 subfield gradient. The expression was increased in the cell body of dentate gyrus, CA4 and CA3 subfield of old rats compared to younger cohorts, as well as in the neuropil of dentate gyrus. A decreased density of dopamine D1-like receptors was found in the stratum oriens of CA1 and CA3 subfields. Dopamine D2-like receptors, labelled using [3H]-spiperone as radioligand, were expressed rather homogeneously throughout different subfields of the hippocampus. In old rats, the density of dopamine D2-like receptors was decreased in the dentate gyrus, unchanged in the CA4 and CA1 subfields and increased in the CA3 subfield. The above results indicate the occurrence of inhomogeneous changes in the density of dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors in specific portions of hippocampus of old rats. These findings support the hypothesis of an involvement of dopaminergic system in behavioural abnormalities or psychosis occurring in ageing.     

前脑缺血再灌流后大鼠海马 NMDA受体亚单位NR1蛋白的表达变化

目的　观察大鼠前脑缺血再灌流后海马各区域NMDA受体亚单位NR1表达的变化和差异 ,探讨NR1在缺血性脑损伤中的作用。　方法　免疫组织化学和图像处理技术。　结果　 1 在前脑缺血再灌流后早期 ,海马各区域NR1的表达水平显著下降 (P <0 0 5 )。CA1区 ,下降趋势持续存在且不可逆 ,直至再灌流后第 7d ,NR1在该区域的染色强度降至对照组的 17% (P <0 0 5 )。CA3区及齿状回 ,NR1的表达下降是可逆的 ,再灌流后 72h ,齿状回的表达恢复正常 ,再灌后第 7d ,CA3区的表达也恢复到对照组的 96 % ,两组间染色强度无显著差异。 2 在迟发性神经元坏死出现前的缺血再灌流的早期 ,NR1在CA1区、CA3区及齿状回表达下降的幅度不一致 ,再灌后 6h以前 ,CA1区的下降幅度明显小于CA3区及齿状回 (P <0 0 5 ) ,再灌后 12h ,CA1区的下降幅度仍低于CA3区 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　短暂性前脑缺血后 ,NR1在海马CA1区、CA3区及齿状回表达下降的幅度和可逆性存在显著差异 ,这种差异可能是造成CA1区缺血敏感性的重要原因。     

Cerebral hypoperfusion yields capillary damage in the hippocampal CA1 area that correlates with spatial memory impairment.

The impact of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on cognitive function and cerebral capillary morphology in the hippocampus was examined. Young adult Wistar rats were subjected to permanent ligation of both common carotid arteries (two-vessel occlusion). One month after vascular occlusion, a small but non-significant impairment in the acquisition of spatial information was registered compared with sham-operated controls. Two months after surgery, the occluded animals displayed an impaired performance throughout the training period. One year after surgery, the acquisition curves demonstrated a significant attenuation of the learning rate in the occluded rats group, whereas no significant differences in long-term retention were observed. Thus, chronic hypoperfusion induced by two-vessel occlusion gave rise to impairment of spatial memory. Following behavioural testing, the rats were killed at the age of 17 months, and capillaries in the CA1 and dentate gyrus were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Typical age-related capillary abnormalities such as degenerative pericytes and thickened basement membranes (with or without fibrosis) were detected in the hippocampus of sham animals. In occluded rats, the occurrence of capillaries displaying such abnormalities almost doubled in the CA1 region, but was similar in the dentate gyrus, compared with sham controls. A highly significant correlation was found between the last Morris maze performance and the percentage of capillaries with deposits in the basement membrane in the hippocampal CA1 area of occluded rats, which was not present in the sham animals. We conclude that a long-term hypoperfusion accelerated the development of age-related ultrastructural aberrations of capillaries in the hippocampal CA1 area, but not in the dentate gyrus. Thus, not only neurons, but also capillaries in the hippocampal CA1 area are sensitive to an impaired microcirculation. Moreover, the cognitive performance of hypoperfused rats correlated closely with the condition of the capillaries in the CA1 area, suggesting that capillary integrity is one of the important determinants of brain function in conditions that compromise cerebral microcirculation.