不同免疫状态下肺隐球菌感染25例临床分析

目的分析不同免疫状态下肺隐球菌感染(PC)的临床表现,治疗及随诊。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2009年6月北京协和医院确诊为PC患者的临床资料。结果确诊为PC共25例,其中免疫正常15例,免疫缺损(ICH)10例。咳嗽13例(52%)为最常见的临床表现,免疫正常组8例(53.3%),ICH组5例(50%);仍有8例(32%)无症状患者。结节影21例(84%)为最常见影像学改变,免疫正常组13例(86.7%),ICH组3例(80%)。根据不同免疫状态接受治疗,5例(33.3%)免疫正常者进行手术治疗;免疫正常组5例与ICH组3例采用手术联合氟康唑方案;单用药物治疗方案,免疫正常组5例,ICH组7例。免疫正常组14例(93.3%)患者症状改善及病灶消失多于ICH组5例(50%)(P=0.023);ICH组2例发展为隐球菌血症死亡。结论 PC发病隐匿;临床及影像学不特异,诊断依赖病原学及病理检查。治疗应根据不同患者的免疫状况采用合理的方法,免疫功能正常的PC患者预后良好。     

肺隐球菌病临床分析

目的　了解肺隐球菌病临床特点及治疗方法。方法　回顾分析北京协和医院 1 986～2 0 0 1年隐球菌病临床资料 ,并对肺隐球菌病例的性别、发病年龄、基础病、免疫状况、呼吸道症状、确诊方法、影像学资料、抗真菌药物及疗程、疗效及随诊经过进行分析。结果　隐球菌病共 30例 ,其中肺隐球菌病 7例 ,1例合并隐球菌脑膜炎 ,而隐球菌脑膜炎 1 8例 ;肺隐球菌病 :男 /女 =4/ 3 ,平均年龄41 8岁 ;均可排除人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染 ,6例免疫功能正常 ,1例有乙状结肠癌病史 ,并曾接受泼尼松治疗 ;均在起病后 1～ 2个月通过病理学及细菌学检查明确诊断 ;均接受了不同的抗真菌药物治疗 ,预后良好。结论　 (1 )临床诊断的肺隐球菌病远少于隐球菌脑膜炎 ;(2 )痰隐球菌培养、手术标本显微镜检粘卡染色、高碘酸希夫反应、六胺银染色是确诊依据 ;(3)免疫功能正常的肺隐球菌病患者预后良好 ;(4)治疗肺隐球菌病的药物及疗程值得进一步研究     

非免疫功能低下者肺隐球菌病11例临床分析

近年来非免疫功能低下者发生肺隐球菌病的报道渐增多[1],现将我院2001年5月-2009年3月确诊的11例肺隐球菌病临床资料报道如下.     

肺隐球菌病诊治进展

肺隐球菌病主要因新型隐球菌或格特隐球菌导致的肺部机会性感染,通常发生在免疫功能低下的患者,偶尔发生在免疫功能正常患者,且近年感染率有增加的趋势。肺隐球菌病的流行病学最新发现聚焦在因暴露环境的变化和宿主免疫危险因素的增加所致的爆发性流行。通过对隐球菌的基因结构和功能等分子病理学的研究,进一步提高对隐球菌可塑性和微进化能力的认识。患有肺隐球菌病的免疫抑制患者尤其是艾滋病患者通常存在诊断不足并缺乏适当的治疗,容易导致播散性隐球菌病。免疫正常肺隐球菌病患者常表现为病灶局限,病程自限的特点。肺隐球菌病的临床表现变化较大,从无症状到呼吸衰竭均可发生,影像学根据患者免疫基础不同而呈现出非特异性和多种多样的改变,侧流测定,一种简单、实用、即时、便宜的抗原检测试验,最近已经引入临床作为隐球菌病诊断的方法之一,具有替代乳胶凝集试验的潜力。对于症状严重和病变范围大的肺隐球菌病,治疗上推荐两性霉素 B 联合或者不联合氟胞嘧啶作为诱导治疗,氟康唑巩固和维持治疗;对于无症状至中度症状且病灶局限的肺隐球菌病患者推荐单用氟康唑治疗。     

肺结核合并肺隐球菌病8例分析

以往报道认为肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococ-cosis)多发生在免疫功能低下或缺陷患者,病情重、预后差,近年来在免疫力正常的患者中该病报道增多^[1]。肺隐球菌病被误诊为肺结核时有可见^[2],肺结核合并肺隐球菌病的报道却不多见,临床医生在诊断肺结核之后,对合并的肺隐球菌病认识不足或重视程度不够,常常导致肺结核合并肺隐球菌病的诊断延误^[3],本文报道肺结核合并肺隐球菌病8例。     

血清隐球菌荚膜抗原阳性与阴性的肺隐球菌病患者临床特征分析

目的 探究免疫功能正常(ICH)人群中疑诊肺隐球菌病(PC)患者在血清隐球菌荚膜抗原(CrAg)阴性时需进行病理活检诊断PC的临床依据。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2022年11月武汉大学人民医院确诊的免疫功能正常的肺隐球菌病(ICH-PC)患者的临床资料，根据首次血清CrAg检测结果，将患者分为CrAg阳性组和CrAg阴性组，比较两组患者临床资料。结果 87例ICH-PC患者中，55例(63.2%)患者血清CrAg阳性，32例(36.8%)患者血清CrAg阴性。CrAg阴性组ICH-PC患者合并肺部慢性疾病(12.5%vs 32.7%),出现发热(9.4%vs 29.1%)、胸痛胸闷(28.1%vs 52.7%)症状的比例低于CrAg阳性组(均P<0.05),而CrAg阴性组无症状(43.8%vs 10.9%)比例高于CrAg阳性组(P<0.05)。CrAg阴性组ICH-PC患者外周血中性粒细胞比例[(58.8±9.7)%vs(64.5±11.2)%]、血沉[(7.6±4.9) mm/h vs(31.0±31.3) mm/h)]均低于CrAg阳性组(P<0.05...     

肺隐球菌病的临床分析

目的 了解肺隐球菌病临床特点及治疗方法。方法 回顾分析北京协和医院1986－2001年隐球菌病临床资料，并对肺隐球菌病例的性别、发病年龄、基础病、免疫状况、呼吸道症状、确诊方法、影像学资料、抗真菌药物及疗程、疗效及随诊经过进行分析。结果 隐球菌病共30例，其中肺隐球菌病7例，1例合并隐球菌脑膜炎，而隐球菌脑膜炎18例；肺隐球菌病：男／女＝4／3，平均年龄41．8岁；均可排除人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染，6例免疫功能正常，1例有乙状结肠癌病史，并曾接受泼尼松治疗；均在起病后1－2个月通过病理学及细菌学检查明确诊断；均接受了不同的抗真菌药物治疗，预后良好。结论 （1）临床诊断的肺隐球菌病远少于隐球菌脑膜炎；（2）痰隐球菌培养、手术标本显微镜检粘卡染色、高碘酸希夫反应、六胺银染色是确诊依据；（3）免疫功能正常的肺隐球菌病患者预后良好；（4）治疗肺隐球菌病的药物及疗程值得进一步研究。     

免疫功能正常的肺隐球菌病1例并文献复习

正肺隐球菌病(Pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)是由新生隐球菌感染引起的急性、亚急性或慢性肺部真菌病。过去曾认为该病常见于免疫力低下者,近年来隐性感染及免疫功能正常的患者报道不断增多,由于该病临床表现及影像学呈多样化,误诊率高,给临床诊疗带来极大困扰。我院2016年5月收治了1例肺隐球菌病患者,现详述该患者诊疗及随访过程,旨在提高临床对免疫功能正常者肺隐球菌病的警惕,并为鉴别和诊治肺隐球菌病提供帮助。     

非免疫缺陷原发性肺隐球菌病21例临床分析

目的总结肺隐球菌病的临床资料,提高其诊疗水平。方法收集确诊的21例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,对临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、病理学检查及治疗进行回顾。结果男性15例,女性6例。有基础疾病4例,无基础疾病17例。肺部症状不典型,有咳嗽、咳痰、发热、咯血、胸痛等;其影像学表现常见结节影、块影、片影等,可伴有空洞、毛刺等;孤立结节影6例,病灶累及双肺15例。初期误诊为肺癌行手术切除7例,误诊为结核4例,误诊为普通肺炎7例。17例抗真菌治疗有效,4例抗真菌治疗后行肺叶切除。结论肺隐球菌病临床及影像学表现不特异,无明显免疫缺陷者也可发病,常误诊为肺癌、肺结核、肺炎,确诊多依赖病理活检。多数患者抗真菌治疗有效,少数需手术治疗。     

肺隐球菌病15例临床分析

近年来随着广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂、糖皮质激素的应用以及艾滋病患者的增多,肺隐球菌病的发病率逐年上升.肺隐球菌病播散引起的隐球菌脑膜炎的治疗十分棘手.免疫功能低下的人群易发病,但免疫功能正常的宿主原发性肺隐球菌病并不少见.     

Retrospective Analysis of 76 Immunocompetent Patients with Primary Pulmonary Cryptococcosis

Background  

Pulmonary cryptococcosis typically occurs in immunocompromised patients, but it can also occur in immunocompetent patients. Our objective was to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients.     

免疫功能正常宿主肺隐球菌病的临床表现及影像学特点分析

目的分析免疫功能正常宿主患肺隐球菌病的临床症状及影像学特点，提高该病的早诊、早治率。 方法选择2006年1月至2018年10月空军军医大学唐都医院收治的经手术或活检后病理证实的47例免疫正常肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料，对其临床症状及影像学表现进行回顾性分析。 结果免疫功能正常的肺隐球菌病患者好发于40～60岁(85.10%)中老年人，临床症状无明显特异性，影像学表现主要包括单发结节肿块型(48.94%)，多发结节肿块型(19.15%)，肺炎型(23.40%)，混合型(6.38%)和不典型者(2.13%)。典型CT征象常伴"晕征"、"边缘平直征"、"胸膜凹陷征"、"细小毛刺征""蘑菇兄弟征"和"近端支气管充气征"；在单发结节肿块型、多发结节肿块型和肺炎型三者中，"晕征"、"边缘平直征"、"胸膜凹陷症"和"细小毛刺征"多见于前两者，三者比较差异有统计学意义(78.26%、66.67%、27.27%，P＝0.019；82.61%、77.78%、18.18%，P＝0.001；56.52%、44.44%、0%，P＝0.003；39.13%、33.33%、0%，P＝0.037)；"近端支气管充气征"多见于后者，三者比较差异有统计学意义(34.78%、33.33%、81.82%，P＝0.029)；"蘑菇兄弟征"主要见于多发结节肿块型(77.78%)。与HIV感染等免疫抑制宿主相比较，免疫功能正常宿主肺隐球菌病CT征象伴空洞和胸腔积液者少见。 结论免疫功能正常宿主肺隐球菌病临床症状无明显特异性，其影像学表现与HIV感染等免疫抑制宿主不尽相同，但易与肺炎、肺结核、肺癌等混淆，其中"晕征"、"蘑菇兄弟征"和"近端支气管充气征"具有一定特异性。     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis: comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We compared the clinical characteristics and imaging findings between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients in whom pulmonary cryptococcosis had been diagnosed to define the role of serum cryptococcal antigen (sCRAG) and radiographs during a follow-up period of up to 1 year. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: The clinical records, chest radiographs, and CT scan findings of 13 immunocompetent and 16 immunocompromised patients with a diagnosis based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, sCRAG titers, and cytologic or histologic confirmation of the presence of pulmonary cryptococcosis were reviewed during the course of the study. Two thoracic radiologists reviewed chest radiographs and CT scans for morphologic characteristics and the distribution of parenchymal abnormalities, and a final reading was reached by consensus. The correlation between serial radiographs and sCRAG titers was examined in 9 immunocompetent and 10 immunocompromised patients. MEASUREMENTS: Serum or CSF cryptococcal antigen. RESULTS: The most common clinical symptom was cough, which was present in 24 patients (82.8%). Pulmonary nodules were the most frequent radiologic abnormality. Cavitation within nodules and parenchymal consolidation were significantly less common in immunocompetent patients compared to immunocompromised patients (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). Immunocompromised patients tended to have a larger extent of pulmonary involvement than immunocompetent patients, the changes seen on their serial radiographs were more variable, and their corresponding sCRAG titers were higher (> 1:256). In the immunocompetent patients, the radiographic characteristics of lesions usually improved with a corresponding decrease in sCRAG titers over time. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that pulmonary cryptococcosis usually follows a benign clinical course in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients often undergo an evolution to cavitary lesions that represent a more aggressive disease nature. Serial radiographic changes and changes in sCRAG titers reliably reflect disease progression and the response to therapy.     

非获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者肺隐球菌病42例影像学特征及诊断方法

目的 提高非AIDS肺隐球菌病(PC)的临床诊断水平.方法 收集2003-2008年复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科确诊的42例非AIDS的PC资料,总结分析其临床表现、胸部CT征象和诊断方法 .结果 42例非AIDS的PC患者均无禽鸟或其粪便接触史,免疫健全者占71.4%(30/42).影像学以多发性结节病灶(67.9%)最常见,胸膜下分布为主(67.9%),可伴空洞形成(50%).亦可见团块和(或)实变(31.4%)或斑片(2.9%)病灶.无创检查如痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)、支气管镜吸出物阳性检出率分别为4.3%、8.3%、6.3%,有创检查包括经支气管镜肺活检、经皮细针穿刺肺活检、手术切除肺组织活检阳性检出率则分别达64.7%、64.3%、100%.14例经病理或培养确诊的PC,同时行血清乳胶凝集试验,结果均阳性.结论 PC在免疫健全者中常见.禽鸟或其粪便接触史对此病的鉴别诊断意义不大.影像学表现多样化且变化较慢,除胸膜下多发性结节外,尤其应警惕团块和(或)实变或斑片表现.创伤性检查如经支气管镜或经皮肺穿刺活检可提高非手术病例的临床诊断率.血清隐球菌抗原检测是PC较理想的早期无创性诊断及病情随访和疗效评价的重要手段之一.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis really coexist in immunocompromised host

Fungal infections develop slowly in immunocompetent patients and rarely a severe disease, however, they progress rapidly and usually prove fatal in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections is essential to survival of immunocompromised patients. We report a 33-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing immunotherapy infected with combined invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis diagnosed by video-assisted thoracic surgery lung biopsy and she was successfully treated as a result of early diagnosis and treatment.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is the consequence of the inhalation of Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast, from various environmental sources. It is commonly accepted that the acquisition of the disease occurs early in life and that the disease is mostly related to a reactivation from a pulmonary site in immunocompromised hosts such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical and radiological presentations of the disease are nonspecific and are more severe in immunocompromised hosts with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, fulminant forms have also been reported in apparently immunocompetent hosts. C. neoformans has rarely been responsible for colonization of the respiratory tract; this usually occurs in immunocompetent hosts with preexisting pulmonary disease. Diagnosis of pneumonia is obtained by either analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage in AIDS patients or by the histology/mycological analysis of a pulmonary nodule. In any case, a careful work-up for diagnosing dissemination should always be performed. Antifungal treatment has to be given in most of the immunocompetent hosts and always in those with any kind of immunodeficiency with isolated pulmonary cryptococcosis.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, also occurring in other immunosuppressed patients and occasionally those with no apparent immunocompromise. The majority of cases are caused by the ubiquitous encapsulated yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, whereas Cryptococcus GATTII accounts for a smaller proportion of cases, often in immunocompetent patients. Severe meningoencephalitis is the commonest presentation; however, pulmonary cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individuals is underdiagnosed and without appropriate treatment leads to severe disseminated disease. The natural history of pulmonary cryptococcal infection in other immunosuppressed patients is also of dissemination and progression in the majority of cases, whereas immunocompetent patients may present with more localized, self-limiting disease. The presentation is usually with nonspecific respiratory symptoms, although severe respiratory failure has been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Radiological presentations are varied and nonspecific, influenced by the underlying immune status of the patient. Diagnosis is based on isolation of Cryptococcus from, or detection of cryptococcal antigen in, a pulmonary specimen, coupled with appropriate clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings. Antifungal treatment with amphotericin B +/- flucytosine is recommended for severe disease, whereas fluconazole is the treatment of choice for mild and localized infections.     

原发性肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的探讨免疫功能无异常的原发性肺隐球菌病患者cT征象及CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院经病理证实的12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果（1）12例患者的CT征象均为单肺叶发病,其中单发结节4例,局限性多发混杂的结节和（或）肿块和（或）肺实变8例,此外还可见支气管充气征／小泡征（9例）、空洞（2例）和“晕”征（4例）。（2）9例行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,其中7例病理学确诊。（3）12例患者中7例行手术切除,术后2例行氟康唑治疗,余5例未用药,其中1例术后5个月发生隐球菌性脑膜炎;另5例用氟康唑治疗。结论免疫功能无异常者时有发生肺隐球菌病的可能;肺隐球菌病的临床症状与影像学表现明显不相称;大多数肺隐球菌病的CT主要征象为局限性多发混杂的结节和（或）肿块和（或）肺实变,如同时有支气管充气征／小泡征、晕征,则具有特征性;尽早采用CT引导下经皮穿刺活检将有助于该病的早期诊断;氟康唑治疗该病效果好,有助于预防严重并发症的发生。     

Clinical features and high-resolution CT findings of pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients

The objective of this study was to clarify clinical and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) characteristics in non-AIDS patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. We analyzed the medical records and HRCT scans in 22 patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis from 1988 to 2003. Thirteen patients (59%) were immunocompetent and nine (41%) were immunosuppressed, seven of whom had diabetes mellitus. No patients exhibited extrapulmonary involvement. Nineteen patients (86%) were asymptomatic. Radiography revealed incidental chest abnormality in all but two patients. The typical HRCT findings were solitary or multiple nodules in the subpleural area. Cavitation was present in 30% of the patients who had nodules. The most frequently applied and reliable diagnostic procedure was video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Treatment included antifungal therapy alone in 11 patients, surgery alone in eight including four treated by VATS, surgery plus antifungal therapy in two and none in one. Patients who underwent surgery alone did not develop any relapse. The majority of non-AIDS patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis present with incidental chest radiographic abnormalities. The most common HRCT findings are solitary or multiple nodules with or without cavitation in the subpleural areas of the lung. VATS is a useful tool for both diagnosis and treatment of isolated pulmonary cryptococcosis.