Mohnarin 2009年度报告:肠杆菌科细菌耐药监测

目的 了解2009年度我国临床分离肠杆菌科细菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位,按照监测方案要求,收集临床肠杆菌科细菌,并进行药物敏感性测试;依照美国实验室与标准化研究所(CLSI)2009标准,判断敏感性;用Whonet 5.5软件处理数据.结果 全国六大地区的114家医院参加监测,共收集肠杆菌科细菌74412株.其中,大肠埃希菌分离量居第1,为33844株,占45%;其次为肺炎克雷伯菌,为22071株(30%);再次为阴沟肠杆菌,为7310株(10%).敏感性最高的抗菌药物为碳青霉烯类,除阴沟肠杆菌对美罗培南和弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率在5%以上外;其他肠杆菌科细菌,对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率都在3%左右或以下.大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌ESBLs产生株的分离率分别为65.51%,40%以上和26.69%.碳青霉烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌的ESBLs产生株和非产生株有良好的抗菌活性;酶抑制剂复方制剂对大肠埃希菌ESBLs产生株和非产生株都有良好的抗菌活性.ESBLs产生株对于其他各类抗菌药物的耐药率都显著高于非产生株.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对各类抗菌药物呈现不同程度耐药,有些具多重耐药特点;碳青霉烯类仍是肠杆菌科细菌最敏感的药物,但已出现碳青霉烯耐药菌,应引起重视.     

90例细菌性感染新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其耐药情况分析

目的:探究新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其药敏试验情况.方法:选取医院2018年3月-2020年6月儿科收治的细菌感染新生儿90例病历资料,统计其血、尿、痰、分泌物和其他标本中细菌培养、鉴定结果,分析其碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点、医院感染情况,以及碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌对常用抗菌药物临床治疗的影响.结果:90例细菌感染新生儿各标本中,分离出217株肠杆菌科细菌,检出前5位病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、产气肠杆菌;其中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌11株(大肠埃希菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌6株、阴沟肠杆菌4株);耐碳青霉烯类细菌主要定植在新生儿肺炎、呼吸窘迫综合征、湿肺、败血症、高胆红素血症和其他临床感染疾病患者中,标本中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌主要来自血液、尿液、痰液、分泌物等标本;碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌耐药的药物主要是亚胺培南(100.00％)、氨苄西林(81.82％)、哌拉西林和美罗培南(72.73％)、氨曲南(63.64％)、哌拉西林与头孢他啶(54.55％).结论:碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌在新生儿中的临床感染率较高,其中以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,其对多种抗菌药物耐药,而其对阿米卡星的敏感率较高.     

卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网2010年广东地区细菌耐药监测

目的 总结2010年广东地区细菌耐药性监测网所属25所医院临床分离株的耐药情况,明确广东地区的耐药特点.方法 各单位采用纸片扩散法和MIC检测方法对48365株临床分离株作药敏试验,并以CLSI 2010年标准判断结果.结果 48365株细菌中革兰阳性菌占42.1％,革兰阴性菌占57.9％.耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)和耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSCoN)的检出率分别为57.2％和81.9％.未发现万古霉素中介株(VISA)或耐药株(VRSA).肺炎链球菌(非脑膜炎分离株)对青霉素耐药率为0.肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类保持最低耐药性.对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率最低的依次是妥布霉素(8.8％)、左氧氟沙星(13.4％)和阿米卡星(15.2％).对不动杆菌属耐药率最低的依次是米诺环素(17.3％)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(22.8％).结论大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属对碳青霉烯类抗生素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦仍保持高度敏感性.不动杆菌属对碳青霉烯类耐药问题仍需注意.     

院内患者2007-2011年革兰阴性菌耐药监测

目的 监测2007-2011年北京大学第一医院住院患者临床分离革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性.方法 临床分离革兰阴性菌,采用常规进行菌种鉴定,细菌敏感性测定采用标准纸片扩散法或自动化临床微生物法,以WHO-NET5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 5年间共获得临床分离革兰阴性菌7546株,最常见的5种细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南仍高度敏感,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率分别为99.9％,99.8％.99％的肺炎克雷伯杆菌对碳青霉烯类敏感.对铜绿假单胞菌敏感率高于80％的药物仅有阿米卡星.铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类和氟喹诺酮类的敏感率约为70％.除亚胺培南(52.1％)、美罗培南(47.4％)和米诺环素(46.0％)外,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他被测抗菌药物的敏感率均低于45％.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍较为敏感,但已出现碳青霉烯耐药菌.铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率较高.     

Mohnarin2009年度报告：东北地区细菌耐药监测

目的 调查分析东北地区2009年临床分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 对2009年度收集东北地区9家医院临床分离细菌进行药敏试验,依据2009年CL3I标准分析,用WHONET 5.5软件统计.结果 共收集细菌29570株,其中革兰阴性菌21779株(73.7％);革兰阳性菌共7791株(26.3％).MRSA和MRSE检出率分别为57.8％和72.5％;未检测到万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌;未发现利奈唑胺耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的发生率分别为57.6％和46.5％.亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌仍保持较高的敏感性(＞95％).铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星的敏感率仍保持在70％以上;鲍曼下动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率在45％以上.结论 加强抗菌药物合理使用以降低耐药性,并采取有效措施控制其传播.     

我院肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:为临床合理使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物提供参考。方法:收集我院2014年1月-2015年12月检出的肠杆菌科细菌,采用半自动微生物测定仪进行菌株培养、鉴定及药敏试验,采用改良Hodge试验和纸片扩散法进行产肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC)和产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)耐药菌株的确证。结果:我院2014-2015年共检出肠杆菌科细菌1035株,其中大肠埃希菌732株,肺炎克雷伯菌157株、阴沟肠杆菌136株、黏质沙雷菌10株,未检出枸橼酸杆菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的敏感率较高,而对大部分头孢菌素类抗菌药物的敏感率较低。共检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌64株(6.18%),其中耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌31株(4.23%)、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌30株(19.11%)、耐碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌1株(0.74%)、耐碳青霉烯类黏质沙雷菌2株(20.00%);耐药菌株主要来源于痰液和尿液标本,且主要集中于新生儿内科和重症医学科。64株耐药菌株中,产KPC的有59株(92.19%)、产ESBLs的有3株(4.69%)。结论:我院肠杆菌科细菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌和耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的检出数量较多。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性可能与其产KPC和ESBLs有关。临床应遵循用药指征,结合药敏试验结果合理选用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

2011-2013年我院碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药情况分析

目的 分析该院2011-2013年碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药情况,为今后医院临床合理用药提供参考.方法 用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感试验,参照CLSI2012标准,用WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析.结果 革兰阴性菌中肠杆菌科细菌大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、产酸克雷伯菌等对碳青霉烯类敏感率为100％;非发酵菌鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率在不断升高.结论 非发酵菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药性在不断升高,应严格管理碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的临床应用.     

2017年四川省细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解四川省细菌耐药监测网成员单位临床分离菌对临床常用抗菌药的敏感性和耐药性。方法 对75所四川 省细菌耐药监测网成员单位临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验。按CLSI M100-27th版判断 结果。结果 收集2017年1月—12月上述医院临床分离菌共176576株,其中革兰阳性菌51314株,占29.1%,革兰阴性菌125262 株,占70.9%。金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)中甲氧西林耐药株的平均检出率分别为26.8%和79.9%。甲氧 西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对绝大多数测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现万古霉素耐药 株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株。肺炎链球菌非脑 膜炎株儿童株对青霉素的耐药率为1.2%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,耐药率低于9%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺 培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为56.6%和59.8%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为13.5%和11.8%。结论 临 床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药性仍较高,尤其是肠杆菌科细菌各菌属均出现碳青霉烯类耐药菌株,临床应加强细菌耐药监 测,遏制耐药细菌的进一步流行播散。     

2011年益阳市中心医院细菌耐药性监测分析

目的 了解益阳市中心医院2011年1~11月临床分离获得的主要抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供可靠依据.方法 采用VIEK32细菌鉴定仪及GNS448药敏板进行药敏试验.结果 2011年1~11月我院共分离获得细菌菌株1500株,其中革兰阴性菌(G-)984株(65.58%),革兰阳性菌(G+)516株(34.42%);分离获得的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分别居前3位.肠杆菌科中的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株检出率分别为61.27%和20.04%;分离获得的菌株对美洛培南等碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率最低,对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对各种受试抗菌药物的耐药率均超过18%.结论 我院分离获得的病原菌以院内感染的常见病原菌为主,加强细菌耐药监测对抗菌药物的临床应用和控制细菌耐药性传播具有重要意义.     

卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网2011年痰标本来源细菌耐药监测

目的 总结我国2011年临床痰标本来源细菌耐药状况.方法 常规方法培养分离痰标本中的细菌,用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.6进行分析.结果 痰标本来源分离出细菌105135株,前3位菌种为铜绿假单胞菌(17.1％),鲍曼不动杆菌(16.5％)和肺炎克雷伯菌(16.2％).青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌比例为11.5％,葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林的金葡菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCON)分别占70.9％和86.9％.肺炎链球菌和葡萄球菌对大环内酯类耐药达70％以上.嗜血杆菌属对β内酰胺类,大环内酯类耐药率＜10％,对喹诺酮类耐药率为15％～20％.肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率为＜6％,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为30.1％和57.3％.结论 痰标本中肺炎链球菌和革兰阴性细菌耐药率较高.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.