眼轮匝肌蒂颞部皮瓣修复颜面部软组织缺损

目的探讨用眼轮匝肌蒂颞部岛状皮瓣修复颜面部、鼻部及下睑小面积软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法1994年～1999年设计以眼轮匝肌为蒂,以同侧颞区无毛发区为供区,皮瓣最大范围3cm×5cm.皮瓣带蒂岛状移位至颜面部创面,共修复下睑外翻、鼻部、面部瘢痕及色素痣切除后的组织缺损12例.结果术后12例皮瓣完全成活,随访2年,疗效良好.皮瓣宽在3cm以下时供区均可直接缝合,术后较少遗留瘢痕及继发畸形.结论眼轮匝肌是一个多元血管供血的肌肉,以其眶部肌肉为蒂的同侧颞部无毛区岛状小皮瓣是修复颜面部小面积软组织缺损的一个可行方法.但颜面部组织缺损面积较大时,供区缝合困难,应慎用.     

颞侧眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨用颞侧眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣修复眼睑及鼻部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法 设计以眼轮匝肌为蒂,以同侧颞区无毛发区为供区的皮瓣,移位并修复上下睑外翻及上下睑和鼻部肿瘤或瘢痕切除后、鼻外伤组织缺损共30例.皮瓣面积为1.0 cm×1.8 cm～2.5 cm×4.5 cm.结果 30例巾除5例早期皮瓣远端出现静脉淤血经保守治疗好转外,全部皮瓣均完全成活,随访3个月至1年,较少遗留瘢痕及继发畸形,功能及外观满意.结论 以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞侧岛状皮瓣是修复眼睑及鼻部小面积缺损的良好手术材料,具有易于转移、血供可靠、愈合快及供区隐蔽等优点.     

眼睑烧伤及创伤后瘢痕畸形的手术治疗

目的 探讨几种不同类型烧伤及创伤后所致瘢痕性眼睑畸形的手术修复及治疗效果.方法 瘢痕性眼睑畸形11例（16只眼）,分别行瘢痕松解及皮片移植手术4例（其中3例双眼,1例单眼）;1例行瘢痕松解及皮片移植,同时行同种自体体外培养角膜缘干细胞移植;2例（1例双眼）行Z成形皮瓣修复;1例行瘢痕松解＋带蒂皮瓣转位;1例行瘢痕松解＋眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣;1例（双眼）瘢痕松解＋睑板楔形切除＋双下眼睑成形术;1例眼睑球粘连分离角膜白斑切除＋同种异体角结膜移植＋结膜囊成形术.结果 全部患者手术后获得不同程度的外观改善和功能恢复.结论 在眼睑瘢痕修复时,只要能尽力使皮肤和结膜囊缺损得到完整性修复,眼睑功能及外观改善即可达到部分或全部令人满意的效果.     

应用携带眼轮匝肌的斧形皮瓣修复眼睑分裂痣

目的：探讨应用携带眼轮匝肌的斧形皮瓣修复眼睑分裂痣的方法及效果。方法：设计位于外眦部的携带部分眼轮匝肌的斧形局部旋转皮瓣,修复切除眼睑分裂痣后形成的创面。其中病变范围最小为0.4cm×1.5cm,最大为1.5cm×3.8cm。结果：本组患者16例,术后皮瓣均完全成活。12例患者随访6～12个月,切除区域的痣无复发,皮瓣颜色与周围皮肤一致,瘢痕轻微,效果满意。结论：应用携带部分眼轮匝肌的斧形局部旋转皮瓣修复眼睑分裂痣手术操作方便,血供良好,色泽协调,是修复眼睑分裂痣的良好选择。     

应用眼轮匝肌蒂颞部岛状皮瓣矫正睑外翻

目的探讨应用眼轮匝肌蒂颞部岛状皮瓣修复睑外翻的方法及效果。方法设计以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣,将皮瓣旋转180°移位至眼睑部瘢痕松解后的创面,修复瘢痕性睑外翻。结果术后12例患者,皮瓣完全成活,随访6个月,睑外翻无复发,供区瘢痕不明显。结论眼轮匝肌蒂颞部岛状皮瓣血供可靠,修复睑外翻可取得功能与外观双重修复的满意结果。     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复面部缺损

目的面部缺损在临床上较为常见,因局部皮辦或皮下蒂皮辦是由皮下直接供血,皮瓣修复的区域受到限制。为此,进行了以面部表情肌为供血来源的皮辦探讨。方法通过对眼轮匝肌的血管及面神经颞支的解剖研究,扩大了以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣的应用范围。结果 18例面部软组织缺损修复均取得了满意的效果。结论眼轮匝肌颞区皮辦比局部或皮下蒂组织辦易于移转,且供区隐散蔽。     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复面部缺损

目的面部缺损在临床上较为常见，因局部皮瓣或皮下蒂皮瓣是由皮下直接供血，皮瓣修复的区域受到限制。为此，进行了以面部表情肌为供血来源的皮瓣探讨。方法通过对眼轮匝肌的血管及面神经颞支的解剖研究，扩大了以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣的应用范围。结果１８例面部软组织缺损修复均取得了满意的效果。结论眼轮匝肌颞区皮瓣比局部或皮下蒂组织瓣易于移转，且供区隐散蔽。     

颞侧眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣修复眼睑缺损

目的：探讨以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣修复眼睑缺损的临床应用。方法：在颞侧设计眼轮匝肌为蒂的皮瓣,将皮瓣向内推进或旋转1800修复睑缺损区。结果：7例眼睑缺损修复均取得了满意的效果,未出现并发症。结论：眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复眼睑缺损比局部或皮下蒂组织瓣易于移转,修复后外形满意且供区隐蔽,是修复眼睑缺损的良好选择。     

重睑成形术同时行眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣转移治疗轻度瘢痕性上睑外翻

目的探讨轻度瘢痕性上睑外翻的患者,如何在行同侧重睑成形术时,应用上睑眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣旋转后进行修复。方法行重睑成形术时,利用可去除的松弛皮肤及其深面的眼轮匝肌制成肌皮瓣,修复外翻松解复位后遗留的缺损创面。结果2003年2月至2005年12月,共修复轻度瘢痕性上睑外翻13例13只眼,除1例因蒂部略显臃肿,6个月后再次修整外,其余皮瓣外观平整自然,随访2周至6个月,效果满意。结论将重睑成形术中可去除的松弛皮肤及深面的眼轮匝肌重新利用,制成的眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣血运丰富,长宽比例最大可达6∶1,且转移灵活,供区切口隐蔽在重睑皱襞形成线上,无供区瘢痕。     

Technique for blepharoptosis correction using double-breasted orbicularis oculi muscle flaps

BACKGROUND: The technique that uses the orbicularis oculi muscle flap to elevate the upper eyelid has become a popular surgical alternative for blepharoptosis. This method is especially effective in cases of severe blepharoptosis with poor levator muscle function. In this technique, the superiorly based orbicularis oculi muscle flap (which is connected to the frontalis muscle anatomically) is advanced and attached to the tarsal plate, thus enabling dynamic elevation of the upper eyelid. However, a temporary period of lagophthalmos occurs with the original method. Although the problem is temporary, it typically lasts 2 to 6 months and may lead to serious eye emergencies. METHODS: We describe a modification that eliminates lagophthalmos, which is the main drawback of the original technique. Two orbicularis oculi muscle flaps are created, one superiorly based and one inferiorly based. The inferiorly based flap corresponds to the strip of pretarsal orbicularis oculi that is considered "excess" and is discarded in other methods. Our aim with this modified technique is to preserve as much of the pretarsal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle as possible, and thus enable immediate tight eyelid closure postoperatively and achieve dynamic, powerful eyelid-opening action. RESULTS: We have used this technique in 7 patients (11 eyelids total) during the past 5 years and have achieved favorable results. All 11 operated eyelids showed immediate tight closure postoperatively, as well as dynamic, powerful eyelid-opening action. CONCLUSION: This operation is a good alternative for patients with severe ptosis who have insufficient levator function and for cases that have recurred after operations with other methods. Local native tissues are used and dynamic correction is achieved with a single incision. The need for intensive eye care is eliminated and there is less risk of corneal damage in the early postoperative period. Above all, this technique yields predictable eyelid-opening action.     

眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣修复眼睑分裂痣切除后皮肤缺损

目的：采用眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复眼睑分裂痣切除后的皮肤缺损。方法：切除上、下睑病变区皮肤,上睑缺损可行全厚皮片移植或局部A-T皮瓣修复。下睑根据皮肤缺损面积于缺损缘左右两侧各设计眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣,酌情游离,向中间推进拼合,按睑袋术式缝合睑缘皮肤,Ⅰ期修复上、下睑皮肤缺损。结果：共治疗13例,皮瓣最大面积2cm×1.5cm,均Ⅰ期愈合,形态满意。结论：下睑双侧眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣可Ⅰ期修复中度大小的眼睑分裂痣,方法简单,疗效满意。     

Bipedicle Orbicularis Oculi Flap in the Reconstruction of the Lower Eyelid Ectropion

Background Lower eyelid ectropion is conventionally reconstructed with a local flap or full-thickness skin graft. However, scar contracture and recurrence of ectropion often occur. This article describes an effective surgical technique for lower eyelid ectropion repair using a bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid. Methods This study prospectively analyzed collected data on the bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid in reconstruction of lower eyelid ectropion between 1995 and 2004. The flap was used in 12 eyelid procedures for the correction of lower eyelid ectropion, in 10 cases with traumatic ectropion, and in 1 case with bilateral congenital ectropion. In these cases, a strip of orbicularis oculi muscle or a myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid with two pedicles attached in the medial and lateral canthus was advanced to the lower eyelid to suspend the eyelid and repair the skin defect. Results No problem of flap viability was encountered in any of the patients, and all healed well. Deformities were corrected, and evaluation showed satisfactory function and appearance during 0.5 to 6 years (average, 2 years) of follow-up evaluation. Eyelid malposition and bulkiness of the lower eyelid occurred in the early stages, but disappeared gradually about 3 months after the operation. There was no flap contraction, recurrent deformity, or significant donor site morbidity in the follow-up period. The incision scars were almost invisible. Conclusions The application of bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or a myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid in reconstruction of lower eyelid ectropion is effective and reduces postoperative morbidity.     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣解剖学研究

目的 探讨眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣的解剖学基础。方法 对15具成人尸体的30侧头面部进行解剖,对15例活体行颈部动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）、并观察颞浅动脉分支与眼轮匝肌营养血管的关系,将所得信息用计算机进行图像分析。结果 眼轮匝肌有多条血管在眼睑内形成动脉网,此动脉网与供应颞区皮肤的颞浅动脉分支;额支和颧眶动脉吻合,且颧眶动脉位置较恒定,口径平均在1.0mm以上。结论 颧眶动脉是眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣的主要营养血管,眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣可认为是以颧眶动脉为轴的轴型皮瓣。     

眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣修复睑皮肤缺损

探讨使用一种血供确实可靠、即时移转的皮瓣修复眼睑皮肤缺损。方法　采用以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颧部、颞部皮瓣修复同侧上睑或下睑皮肤缺损。结果　修复上睑或下睑挛缩瘢痕切除松解后创面 (8例 )、色素痣切除后创面 (4例 ) ,取得满意效果。结论　以眼轮匝肌为蒂的皮瓣具有确实可靠的血供、易于移转和供区可以直接缝合等优点 ,是一种修复眼睑皮肤缺损可供选用的方法。     

Correction of recurrent blepharoptosis using an orbicularis oculi muscle flap and a frontalis musculofascial flap

Thirteen patients underwent reoperation for recurrent blepharoptosis using the orbicularis oculi muscle flap or the frontalis musculofascial flap. The orbicularis oculi muscle flap and the frontalis musculofascial flap are a modification of direct transplantation of the frontalis muscle to the tarsal plate. This is based on an anatomic study showing that the frontalis muscle and its fascia are connected with the orbicularis oculi muscle at the eyebrow region. The patients' previous blepharoptosis operations were frontalis muscle suspension with autogenous or alloplastic material. Their follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 10 years. The average interval between the patient's first frontalis suspension to their reoperation was 8.09 years. The selection of the muscle flaps was based on the extent of levator function of the patient. When the eyelid excursion was moderate (>4 mm), the orbicularis oculi muscle flap was used. For patients with minimal or weak eyelid excursion (<3 mm), the frontalis musculofascial flap was used. Eleven patients (91.6%) gained levator excursion of more than 7 mm and reduced the height difference of both palpebral fissures by less than 2 mm after the reoperation. After an average follow-up of 20 months, 11 patients (14 eyelids) recorded satisfactory results. This is based on the criteria of Souther, and Jordan and Anderson. The overall results were more than satisfactory. Even though 2 patients reported poor results, there was no complete failure in this series. The authors' technique offers several advantages over conventional frontalis muscle suspension: it is a simple technique that has a good operative field, there is no donor morbidity and less complications, and asymmetrical supratarsal folding, eyelid notching, lagophthalmus, and abnormal eyebrow position that can occur after a frontalis muscle suspension can be avoided. In summary, the orbicularis oculi muscle flap or the frontalis musculofascial flap are considered for patients with recurrent blepharoptosis after frontalis muscle suspension.     

眼睑部眼轮匝肌皮下蒂皮瓣修复眼睑皮肤软组织缺损

目的:探讨用眼睑部眼轮匝肌皮下蒂皮瓣修复眼睑皮肤软组织缺损的方法与效果。方法:设计眼睑部眼轮匝肌皮下蒂皮瓣,远端携带有部分皮肤软组织,转移修复眼睑病变组织切除术遗留创面,供区直接缝合。结果:本组患者15例,术后皮瓣全部存活,随访3个月~1年,效果良好,术后无明显瘢痕及眼睑继发畸形,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤一致,效果满意。结论:应用眼睑部眼纶匝肌皮下蒂皮瓣修复眼睑小面积皮肤软组织缺损灵活方便,血供可靠,是一种良好的手术方法。     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复中颌面部缺损的临床应用

目的探讨以眼轮匝肌为血供的皮瓣修复中颌面软组织缺损的可行性。方法通过对30例动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人头颅标本，解剖观察研究眼轮匝肌形态及血供，以此为基础，设计眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣的修复中颌面部缺损12例。结果12例中鼻颊沟，鼻旁及鼻尖基底细胞癌4例，面颊部黑痣恶变2例，鼻旁血管瘤1例，上睑外伤性瘢痕外翻2例，下睑外伤性瘢痕外翻3例，软组织缺损面积最小1.0cm×1.5cm，最大面积为3.5cm×2.5cm，12例中1侧皮瓣远端发生静脉回流障碍致部分坏死，约0.8cm×1.5cm大小，经换药治疗痊愈，余11例均成活，随访2个月～4年，效果满意。结论以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣是修复中颌面部小面积缺损的可供选用的手术方法。     

Lower eyelid reconstruction preserving symmetry of bilateral palpebral fissure

Summary A method for lower eyelid reconstruction is reported. The lower lid defect is reconstructed with a composite flap including skin and orbicularis oculi muscle from the ipsilateral upper eyelid. To cover the donor eyelid defect, a composite graft (skin and the orbicularis oculi muscle) is taken from the contralateral upper lid. The width of the graft is half of that of the flap so that the resulting contour of the bilateral palpebral fissures is symmetrical. The donor scar is invisible being placed in the natural lid fold. The color and texture match of the reconstructed lower lid is excellent. This is a simple technique which can be done as an outpatient.     

Electrophysiological study of the denervated orbicularis oculi muscle in dogs

This study investigated the electrophysiology of the denervated orbicularis oculi muscle and its clinical application. Orbicularis oculi muscle denervation was achieved by complete transection of the seventh nerve in ten dogs. The parameters studied were the electrical requirements needed to cause a minimal perceptible contraction (twitch) and a complete eyelid closure (blink). Twitch and blink curves were generated. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) Minimum intensities for direct twitch of denervated orbicularis oculi muscle were significantly lower than intensities of normal orbicularis oculi muscle twitch (p less than 0.01) when long stimulus duration (5 to 400 ms) was used. (2) Minimum intensities for direct blink of denervated orbicularis oculi muscle were not significantly different from stimulus intensities for blink of normal orbicularis oculi muscle if long stimulus duration (5 to 400 ms) was used. Twitch and blink curves could be used to clinically follow the orbicularis oculi muscle movement return after operations performed in patients affected by lagophthalmos.     

Use of orbicularis oculi muscle flap for undercorrected blepharoptosis with previous levator muscle resection

Based on the detailed anatomy, the orbicularis oculi muscle and the orbital septum are the continuation of the frontalis muscle and its fascia. Therefore, the shortened orbicularis oculi muscle and orbital septum would transmit the frontalis muscle action more effectively. The superior-based orbicularis oculi muscle and orbital septum flap, as a single flap, were advanced and attached to the tarsal plate for the correction of blepharoptosis. Six patients with undercorrected blepharoptosis were included in this study. Each patient had undergone more than two levator resection procedures by ophthalmologists or plastic surgeons. Conventionally, the frontalis suspension procedure was the next choice in these cases. The shortened orbicularis oculi muscle and orbital septum flap was used in these cases. Postoperative results were satisfactory after 3-year follow-up.