泰州市209例肺结核患者耐药情况分析

目的了解泰州市肺结核病耐药情况,为提高耐药结核病防治工作质量提供依据。方法收集本地区2012年结核病患者209株临床分离株,按WHO推荐的比例法进行药物敏感性试验和菌型鉴定。结果 209株临床分离株中检出结核分枝杆菌200株、非结核分枝杆菌9株。200株结核分枝杆菌总耐药率28.00%、耐多药率9.50%、广泛耐药率2.00%;9株非结核分枝杆菌全部为广泛耐药。200株结核分枝杆菌中,分离自初治患者的154株菌株总耐药率19.48%,耐多药率4.55%,无广泛耐药;复治患者46株菌株中总耐药率56.52%,耐多药率26.09%,广泛耐药率8.70%。初治患者总耐药率、耐多药率均低于复治患者,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.01)。200株结核分枝杆菌耐药率以耐异烟肼(H)最高(19.00%),耐卷曲霉素(Cpm)最低(6.50%),其他药物为7.50%~15.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论泰州市结核病初治患者的耐药情况明显好于全国,但复治患者耐药情况不容乐观,且结核分枝杆菌总耐多药率和广泛耐药率均较高,应引起高度重视。结核病患者以结核分枝杆菌感染为主,耐药水平与近年来相关报道数据基本一致。应采取多种措施,进一步降低结核病耐药水平。     

2004～2007年山东省部分结核分枝杆菌耐药情况检测分析

[目的]了解山东省结核病病原的耐药情况。[方法]对2004年5月至2007年12月山东省12个县级结核分枝杆菌防治所分离的2 637株结核分枝杆菌复合群的药敏检测情况进行分析。[结果]检测2 637株菌,对4种一线抗结核药物的总耐药率为18.85%,初始耐药率为17.83%,获得性耐药率为29.65%,耐多药率为2.43%。检测耐多药结核分枝杆菌中传代生长的41株菌株,对4种二线抗结核药物的总耐药率为72.61%,符合广泛耐多药定义的占17.07%。初治病人和复治病人耐药率和耐多药率,0~17岁组、40~59岁组、60岁以上组、18~39岁结核病病例分离的菌株间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]山东省12个县级结核病防治所分离的结核分枝杆菌复合群耐药和耐多药率均较高。     

河北省五市结核分枝杆菌耐药情况及耐多药菌株对利奈唑胺的敏感性

目的了解河北省结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,以及耐多药结核分枝杆菌对利奈唑胺的敏感性,指导临床治疗耐多药结核病。方法收集河北省五市六所医院2016年1—12月974例结核病患者分离菌株及患者临床信息,检测结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药物异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)、氧氟沙星(OFX)、卡那霉素(KM)的敏感性,采用分层随机法选取100株耐多药结核分枝杆菌,检测其对利奈唑胺的敏感性。结果结核病初治患者的耐药率和耐多药率分别为26.6%(200/753)和13.5%(102/753),复治患者的耐药率和耐多药率分别为59.7%(132/221)和53.4(118/221),复治患者耐药率和耐多药率均高于初治患者(χ~2值分别为83.7、93.5,均P0.01)。一线抗结核药物INH、RFP、SM和EMB的耐药率分别为25.8%、23.7%、16.7%和7.1%;二线抗结核药物OFX和KM的耐药率为4.7%(37/782)和4.0%(31/782);耐多药结核分枝杆菌对利奈唑胺的敏感率为80.8%(59/73)。结论结核病复治患者耐药率和耐多药率高于初治患者,利奈唑胺体外对耐多药结核分枝杆菌具有良好的抗菌活性。     

涂阳患者分离分枝杆菌的种类及耐药性

目的了解吴江市痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性（简称涂阳）患者分离分枝杆菌的种类及耐药状况,为今后结核病的防治工作提供参考依据。方法对新鲜痰涂阳性标本进行分离培养、菌种鉴定及药敏试验,比较不同菌种及初治与复治结核病患者的耐药性。结果纳入研究的分枝杆菌共103株,其中有13株为非结核分枝杆菌,其耐药率为100.00%,耐多药率为84.62%;结核分枝杆菌90株,其中人型结核分枝杆菌81株（90.00%）。结核分枝杆菌耐药率为35.56%,耐多药率为14.44%。70例初治涂阳结核患者中,耐药14例,耐药率为20.00%,耐多药率为4.28%（3/70）;20例复治涂阳结核患者中,耐药18例,耐药率为90.00%,耐多药率为50.00%（10/20）。结论该市涂阳患者分离菌株以结核分枝杆菌为主;非结核分枝杆菌耐药率及耐多药率均非常高。复治涂阳结核患者分离的结核分枝杆菌耐药率、耐多药率较初治结核患者高。     

南宁市住院结核病患者耐药情况分析

[目的]分析近年来南宁市住院结核病患者结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,为临床治疗和制订预防措施提供参考依据。[方法]回顾性研究某院1999年1月~2006年12月住院结核病患者结核分枝杆菌耐药性检验资料,并与2000年第四次全国结核病流行病学调查资料比较。[结果]结核分枝杆菌培养阳性2769株,总耐药率、初始耐药率和获得性耐药率分别为36.8%、25.1%、59.6%。总耐多药率,初始耐多药率和获得性耐多药率分别为15.6%、6.7%、32.6%。耐药株的耐药顺位由高到低依次为利福平(R)25.3%、异烟肼(H)22.0%、链霉素(S)17.4%、乙胺丁醇(E)13.0%。[结论]该区结核病耐药情况十分严峻,需进一步加强结核病治疗和管理。     

四川省自贡市结核分枝杆菌耐药性监测结果初步分析

目的了解自贡市结核分枝杆菌的耐药状况及其影响因素,为制定耐药结核的防治对策提供科学的依据。方法对全市各区县结核病防治机构2010年4月至2011年8月从肺结核患者分离培养的阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及采用比例法对8种抗结核药物(INH、SM、RFP、EMB、KM、AMK、CPM和OFLX)进行药物敏感性测定。结果本研究组共对285株结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株进行了药物敏感性检测,总耐药率为27.02%(77/285),其中初治患者菌株耐药率为21.94%(52/237),复治患者菌株耐药率为52.08%(25/48);总的耐多药率为11.58%(33/285),其中初治患者菌株耐多药率为6.33%(15/237),复治患者菌株耐多药率为37.50%(18/48),对8种抗结核药物INH、RFP、OFLX、SM、EMB、KM、AMK和CPM的耐药率分别为17.19%、12.98%、11.93%、11.23%、5.61%、0.35%、0.35%和0%;耐单药者31例(10.88%),耐2药20例(7.02%),耐3种及以上药者26例(9.12%)。结论本次耐药监测结果表明自贡市结核分枝杆菌耐药率处于较高的水平,耐药菌传播较为严重,应进一步加强耐药结核病的监测和防治。     

惠州市结核分枝杆菌的耐药状况及原因分析

摘要:目的　探讨惠州市人群结核分枝杆菌耐药状况及其影响因素,为临床合理用药及结核病有效控制提供参考。方法　选取2013年5月-2014年4月期间某院门诊病人及惠城区、惠东县、惠阳县、博罗县、龙门县及惠州市大亚湾地区送检的痰标本进行培养,经培养阳性的结核分枝杆菌,采用 1%比例法进行一线抗结核用药（INH、RFP、EMB、SM）药敏试验,统计药敏结果并分析原因。结果　共收集1 248株阳性分枝杆菌,其中1 179株（94.47%）为结核分枝杆菌。1 179株结核分枝杆菌中,799株（67.77%）对4种抗结核病药均有敏感性,即总体耐药率为32.23%,单耐药率为11.96%,多耐药率为7.89%,耐多药率为12.38%;获得性耐药率明显高于初始耐药率;结核分支杆菌对4种抗结核药物的耐药率为INH（12.27%）＞RFP（8.04%）＞SM（7.31%）＞EMB（4.86%）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,耐药的发生与户籍类型、抗结核治疗史有关（P均＜0.05）;耐多药的发生与年龄、性别、户籍类型、抗结核治疗史有关（P均＜0.05）。结论　惠州市人群结核分枝杆菌耐药率高,耐多药率高和获得性耐药率高,有必要加强抗结核药物耐药性的监测,指导临床合理用药,采取切实措施控制耐药结核的蔓延。     

2021年河南省1277株结核分枝杆菌耐药特征分析

目的 了解河南省结核分枝杆菌耐药特征，为结核病临床治疗和防控提供数据支持。方法 收集2021年河南省30个县（市、区）初诊涂阳肺结核患者分离鉴定的结核分枝杆菌，采用结核分枝杆菌比例法固体药敏试验法，开展对异烟肼（INH）、利福平（RFP）、链霉素（SM）、乙胺丁醇（EMB）、氧氟沙星（OFX）、左氧氟沙星（LFX）、卡那霉素（KM）、莫西沙星（MFX）、阿米卡星（AM）9种抗结核药物的敏感性试验并分析耐药性。结果 共获得结核分枝杆菌1 277株，总耐药率23.88%(305株)、单耐药率11.35%(145株)、耐多药率5.17%(66株)、多耐药率7.36%(94株)、准广泛耐药率0.47%(6株)、广泛耐药率0.31%(4株)；结核分枝杆菌耐一线药物最高为SM(14.72%,188株)、其次为INH(12.53%,160株)，耐二线药物最高为OFX(5.4%,69株)、其次为LFX(4.23%,54株)；从初治肺结核患者分离结核分枝杆菌对9种药物的耐药率均低于复治患者（P均<0.05）。66株耐多药结核分枝杆菌的耐药谱中占比最高的前3种是RFP+INH+SM(12.12%,8...     

龙岩市308株分枝杆菌鉴定及药敏试验结果

目的了解龙岩市结核病耐药情况,为临床诊治提供依据。方法对2015年1月至2016年6月结核病定点医院采集、改良性酸性罗氏培养基培养的308株分枝杆菌进行菌种鉴定及药敏试验,分析耐药情况。结果 308株分枝杆菌标本中,结核分枝杆菌占95.5%(294/308),非结核分枝杆菌占4.5%(14/308)。非结核分枝杆菌对一、二线抗结核药的耐药率均为100.0%(14/14),结核分枝杆菌分别为19.4%(57/294)和12.9%(38/294);非结核分枝杆菌的耐多药率78.6%(11/14),高于结核分枝杆菌的7.8%(23/294);广泛耐药率78.6%(11/14),也高于结核分枝杆菌的3.4%(10/294)。结论对结核病患者进行痰培养、菌种鉴定和药敏试验非常必要,可为结核病非结核分枝杆菌病的临床诊治提供更为合理的方案。     

2014年长沙市155株耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药结果分析

目的 分析长沙耐多药结核分枝杆菌(MDR-TB)菌株对抗结核药物的敏感性,为防治耐多药结核病提供科学依据。 方法 采用绝对浓度间接法检测2014年长沙市155株耐多药结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对一二线抗结核药物的耐药性,回顾性分析其耐药情况。 结果 155例耐多药结核分枝杆菌分离株对一二线抗结核药物耐药率从高到低为:链霉素(S)＞乙胺丁醇(E)＞左氧氟沙星(OFL)＞ 对氨基水杨酸钠(PAS)＞丙硫异酰胺(TH)＞卡那霉素(K)= 吡嗪酰胺(PZA),耐药率依次为:70.32%、36.13%、20.65%、12.90%、8.39%、3.87％、3.87%。耐两种药的耐药株达46株,其中以链霉素与乙胺丁醇为主,其耐药率达29.68%;耐三种药的耐药株达18株,其中以链霉素、乙胺丁醇与左氧氟沙星为主,其耐药率达11.61%;耐四种药的耐药株有5株,其中以链霉素、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星及丙硫异酰胺为主,耐药率为3.23%;耐五种药和六种药的各有1株和2株。 结论 2014年长沙市MDR-TB对一线甚至二线抗结核药耐药严重,为MDR-TB防治带来巨大挑战。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.