宁波市90株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株MLVA基因分型研究

目的研究宁波市结核分枝杆菌的可变数目串联重复序列(VNTR)的分型及分布特征。方法随机选取宁波市结核分枝杆菌临床分离株,常规培养,提取菌体基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)对15个VNTR位点进行检测,采用BioNumerics软件进行基因分型的聚类分析。结果 90株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的VNTR位点检测结果显示出明显的基因多态性,基因分型经聚类分析,分为4个基因群(Ⅰ群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群),84个基因型。Ⅰ群占11.1%,含有10个基因型,Ⅱ群占17.8%,含15个基因型,Ⅲ群占65.6%,含54个基因型,Ⅳ群占5.6%,含5个基因型。结论宁波市结核分枝杆菌VNTRs基因存在明显多态性得到初步证实,至少存在4个VNTR型,主要流行型为Ⅲ型。     

河南省部分地区结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位及多位点串联重复序列(MIRU-VNTR)基因分型技术的研究

[目的]初步探讨结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位(Mycobacterial interspersed repetitiveunits)和多位点串联重复序列(variablenumber of tandem repeats)技术基因分型技术在河南省结核病分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,初步了解河南省局部地区MIRU-VNTR基因型种类及其分布。[方法]2007年在河南省的嵩县、新密、扶沟、中牟4个县及南阳市的结核病防治机构实验室分离培养的317株结核分枝杆菌,设计引物,应用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术对结核分枝杆菌进行分型检测分析,基因分型聚类分析采用Bio-Numerics软件。[结果]对317株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的12个MIRU位点检测结果显示明显的基因多态性。经基因聚类分析,可分5个基因群(Ⅰ群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群和Ⅴ群),292个基因型。其中Ⅰ群占4.7%,含15个基因型;Ⅱ群占67.8%,含198个基因型;Ⅲ群占22.7%,含64个基因型;Ⅳ群1.8%,含4个基因型;Ⅴ群3.5%,含11个基因型。[结论]初步表明河南省结核分枝杆菌MIRUs基因存在明显的多态性,至少存在5个MIRU型,主要流行型为Ⅱ型。     

344株结核分枝杆菌的基因分型研究

目的研究间隔区寡核苷酸序列基因分型技术、结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位(MIRU),以及多位点串联重复序列(VNTR)在河南省结核病分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,了解河南省局部地区MIRU-VNTR基因型种类与分布,以及北京家族基因型在河南省的分布特征。方法应用2007年在河南省的嵩县、新密县、扶沟县、中牟县等4个县及南阳市的结核病防治机构实验室分离培养的344株结核分枝杆菌,设计引物,应用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术及间隔区寡核苷酸分型技术对结核分枝杆菌进行VNTR分型检测分析,基因分型聚类分析采用Bio-Numerics软件。结果对344株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的间隔区寡核苷酸分型结果显示,有299株为北京家族基因型,占86.9%;12个MIRU位点检测结果显示明显的基因多态性;经基因聚类分析,可分5个基因群(Ⅰ~Ⅴ群),292个基因型,Ⅰ~Ⅴ群分别占5.1%、67.8%、21.9%、1.4%、2.8%。结论河南省结核分枝杆菌MIRUs基因存在明显的多态性,存在≥5个MIRU型,主要流行型为Ⅱ型;北京家族基因型占主导地位,北京家族基因型与耐药无明显相关性。     

江苏省结核分枝杆菌14个VNTRs位点的基因分型研究

目的了解江苏省结核分枝杆菌的VNTRs基因分型,发现江苏省流行的结核分枝杆菌的优势菌株,及不同地区流行菌株的基因型别差异。方法选择结核分枝杆菌基因组中14个具有明显多态性特征的VNTRs位点,对江苏省13个市的235株结核分枝杆菌进行VNTR-PCR扩增,通过聚类分析对菌株进行VNTRs基因分型。结果235株结核分枝杆菌菌株共分为8个基因型(Ⅰ～Ⅷ),其中以Ⅱ型为主要的基因型,占49.4%,其次是Ⅰ和Ⅴ型,分别占总数的22.6%和18.7%。不同地区结核分支杆菌VNTRs基因型别分布有统计学意义(P<0.001),其中V型主要分布在苏北(占90.9%),而Ⅰ型在苏南的分布明显高于苏北。结论江苏省的结核分枝杆菌具有明显的VNTRs多态性,Ⅱ型为江苏全省流行的优势菌株,约占全部菌株的1/2,但不同地区流行菌株的基因型别存在明显差异。     

应用VNTR技术对绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌进行基因分型

目的应用数目可变串联重复序列(variable number of tandem repeats,VNTRs)分析技术探讨绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌的基因分型,为结核病的防治提供科学依据。方法选取绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分别对VNTR位点进行检测分析,应用BioNumerics 5.0软件进行聚类分析。结果共对79株结核分枝杆菌的15个VNTR位点进行了检测,结果显示明显的基因多态性。各个位点的分辨能力不同,QUB-11b位点的分辨指数(Hunter-Gaston index,HGI)最高,为0.880;ETR C的HGI最低,为0.234;总HGI达到1。经聚类分析,79株菌可分为7个基因群、79个基因型,以Ⅲ群和Ⅴ群所占比例较大,Ⅲ群含37株菌,占46.8%;Ⅴ群含33株菌,占41.8%,其他菌株呈散在分布。结论绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌VNTRs基因存在明显的多态性,主要流行菌群为Ⅲ群和Ⅴ群,应加强此两群菌株的监控。     

15个VNTR位点用于87株丽水市结核分枝杆菌分离株的基因分型研究

目的:选取2008年-2010年间丽水市结核分枝杆菌临床分离株,通过多位点可变数目串联重复序列分型,了解丽水市结核分枝杆菌流行菌株基因分型情况。方法:对临床分离株进行常规培养,收集菌体,提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分别对15个VNTR位点进行检测分析,基因聚类分析采用BioN-umerics软件。结果:经聚类分析,87株结核分枝杆菌分为4个基因群(I群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群)69个基因型。其中Ⅳ群占74.7%,含49个基因型,I群占9.2%,含8个基因型,Ⅱ群占8%,含7个基因型,Ⅲ群占5.75%。含5个基因型。结论:丽水市的结核分枝杆菌存在基因多态性,其主要流行型为Ⅳ型。     

仙居县80株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株VNTR基因分型研究

目的了解仙居县结核分枝杆菌临床分离株不同基因型的分布情况,探讨该县结核病分子流行病学特征。方法收集2011年4月-2012年3月仙居县分离的80株结核分枝杆菌,采用15位点VNTR方法进行基因分型,用Bio Numerics 5.0软件对结果进行聚类分析。结果 15个VNTR位点中,MIRU26和Mtub21(HGI=0.827)多态性较高,ETRC(HGI=0.165)和ETRB(HGI=0.292)多态性较差;15位点VNTR分型方法的HGI指数为0.998。经Bio Numberics5.0软件聚类分析,可将检测到的78个基因型分为8个基因群(Ⅰ群~Ⅷ群),各群所含基因型分别为Ⅰ群7个,占8.97%;Ⅱ群8个,占10.26%;Ⅲ群43个,占55.13%;Ⅳ群5个,占6.41%;Ⅴ群2个,占2.56%;Ⅵ群7个,占8.97%;Ⅶ群4个,占5.13%;Ⅷ群2个,占2.56%。结论仙居县流行的结核分枝杆菌VNTR基因存在明显多态性,至少有8个VNTR基因群,主要流行群为Ⅲ群。     

山东地区结核分枝杆菌临床菌株基因型特征研究

目的 探讨山东地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株的基因型特征,评估不同基因型分布对于耐药结核菌近期传播的影响.方法 在山东地区选取13个结核病防治机构作为监测哨点收集临床分离菌株和相关信息,应用分枝杆菌散在重复单位(MIRU)技术分析结核分枝杆菌DNA多态性.结果 1年的研究期内共获得558株结核分枝杆菌,对12个MIRU位点进行检测共产生143个基因型,其中成簇基因型66个,成簇率86.2%.74.6%的菌株属于北京家族,177个(31.7%)菌株属于山东基因型.耐多药菌株的近期感染估计值明显低于敏感菌株.结论 山东地区结核分枝杆菌具有明显的基因多态性,山东基因型菌株在人群中具有较强的传播能力.     

结核分枝杆菌间隔区寡核苷酸分型法分析

目的应用间隔区寡核苷酸分型(spoligotyping)方法分析甘肃省结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的分子型别特征。方法用spoligotyping基因分型方法,对甘肃省兰州市肺科医院住院或门诊确诊患者分离的结核分枝杆菌进行分型,采用BioNumerics 4.5软件进行聚类(cluster)分析,对聚类结果与国际间隔寡核苷酸分型数据库(SpolDB4)对比。结果 215株临床分离株被分成3个基因群22种基因型,其中成簇菌株形成11个基因型共204株,独特基因型菌株11株;北京家庭基因型结核分枝杆菌占86.51%(186/215),T4占4.19%(9/215)、H1占1.86%(4/215)、MANU占1.40%(3/215)等基因型;Logistic多元回归分析结果表明,北京家庭基因型与患者性别、年龄、职业、抗结核治疗史、耐药、发病情况和菌种耐药性、来源地等均无关联。结论甘肃省结核分枝杆菌临床分离株基因具有多态性,北京家族基因型结核分枝杆菌为该地区主要流行株,其他罕见的基因型结核分枝杆菌也值得重视。     

河南省结核分枝杆菌间隔区寡核苷酸分型技术的应用研究

目的研究间隔区寡核苷酸序列(Spoligotyping)基因分型技术在河南省结核病分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,了解河南省基因型种类和分布以及北京家族基因型在河南省的分布特征。方法应用2007年在河南省结核病防治机构实验室分离培养的310株结核分枝杆菌,设计引物,应用PCR和间隔区寡核苷酸分型(Spoligotyping)技术对结核分枝杆菌进行分型检测分析,基因分型分析经http://www.miru-vntrplus.org/MIRU/index.faces网站分析,统计学数据经卡方检验。结果对310株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的Spoligotyping结果显示分为4个基因群(Beijing和Beijing近似群、T群、Manu群、S群),24个基因型,有267株为北京家族基因型,占86.1%,且北京家族基因型与MDR耐药有相关性;河南省较年轻人群(<60岁)感染的结核分枝杆菌中,北京家族基因型所占比例高于年老组(即>60岁组),北京家族基因型与年轻组的联系强于年老组;北京家族基因型的分布在不同的地区间有差异。结论河南省结核分枝杆菌以北京家族基因型为主要流行型,且与耐药及年龄、地域有相关性,重点监测北京家族基因型。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.