音乐治疗对脑瘫儿童交流障碍的影响

目的:观察音乐治疗对痉挛型脑瘫儿童语言/言语交流障碍的影响。方法:选取3~5岁伴发语言/言语交流障碍的痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童37例,随机分为2组,对照组18例给予语言/言语训练40min,观察组19例给予语言/言语训练和音乐治疗各20min,每天1次,每周治疗5d。治疗前后采用S-S语言发育迟缓检查法评估患儿的理解和表达能力;格赛尔发育诊断量表(GDDS)评估患儿的适应性、语言和个人-社交行为发育商;采用《构音语音能力评估词表》评估患儿的语音清晰度;复旦中文版沟通功能分级系统(CFCS)评估患儿的沟通能力。结果:治疗12周后,2组患儿语言理解和表达能力,适应性、语言和个人-社交行为发育商,语音清晰度及CFCS水平均较治疗前明显提高(均P<0.05),且观察组各项评分均优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:音乐治疗结合语言/言语训练较单纯语言/言语训练更有效改善痉挛型脑瘫儿童交流障碍。     

音乐对弱智儿童行为矫正的作用

根据弱智儿童对音乐的喜好 ,因势利导对其进行 5周集中强化的音乐训练 ,以探讨训练对弱智儿童注意短暂、兴趣易转移、纪律性差等行为的矫正 ,以及感知能力的协调、认识能力的改善等的作用     

浅谈脑性瘫痪儿童的语言障碍

脑性瘫痪是出生前到出生后一个月内发育时期的非进行性脑损伤所致的综合征。患有脑性瘫痪的儿童常常伴随有语言障碍。主要有发声障碍、共鸣和构音障碍、语言发育迟缓等。语言治疗需要早期治疗，也需要进行合作小组的集体治疗，这是十分重要的。语言治疗要有计划、分阶段进行。语言训练的主要内容为改善环境、交流训练、咀嚼、吸吮、咽下训练以及字训练等，脑性瘫痪儿的语言治疗及预后要依据所伴随的障碍的程度而定。     

浅谈脑性瘫痪儿童的语言障碍

脑性瘫痪是出生前到出生后一个月内发育时期的非进行性脑损伤所致的综合征。患有脑性瘫痪的儿童常常伴随有语言障碍。主要有发声障碍、共鸣和构音障碍、语言发育迟缓等。语言治疗需要早期治疗，也需要进行合作小组的集体治疗，这是十分重要的。语言治疗要有计划、分阶段进行。语言训练的主要内容为改善环境、交流训练、咀嚼、吸吮、咽下训练以及文字训练等，脑性瘫痪儿的语言治疗及预后要依据所伴随的障碍的程度而定。     

游戏在脑性瘫痪康复训练中的作用

根据小儿对游戏的喜好和脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)患儿肢体、智力、语言、行为及心理障碍的特点,编制了—套音乐儿歌游戏。将游戏应用于脑瘫患儿的训练中,以探讨游戏在脑瘫患儿康复训练中的作用。     

视频宣教联合回授法在脑胶质瘤患者术后肢体康复训练中的应用

目的 探讨视频宣教联合回授法在脑胶质瘤术后肢体运动障碍患者康复训练中的应用效果.方法 选取神经外科病房收治的30例功能区脑胶质瘤患者,采用视频宣教联合回授法进行肢体运动障碍康复训练,内容包括:患肢保持良肢位的方法、患肢的被动运动方法、如何进行体位变换、床到轮椅及轮椅到床的转移、坐位平衡训练、起坐立位训练、步行训练.结果 30例脑胶质瘤术后肢体运动障碍患者应用视频宣教联合回授法进行肢体康复训练的周期为4周,30例患者均配合完成康复训练内容.结论 对脑胶质瘤术后肢体运动障碍患者,康复训练时采用视频宣教联合回授法,患者肌力恢复较好,尤其是双下肢肌力恢复,改善患者日常生活能力.     

徵调干预配合语言训练对脑卒中失语症患者抑郁及语言康复效果的影响

目的 探讨徵调干预配合语言训练对脑卒中失语症患者抑郁及语言康复效果的影响.方法 将纳入的57例脑卒中失语症患者随机分为3组,徵调音乐组20例采用语言训练配合聆听五行音乐的微调,西洋音乐组18例采用语言训练配合聆听西洋音乐,空白对照组19例进行单纯的语言训练.实验4周后,采用中文版卒中后失语患者抑郁问卷(医院版)(SADQ-H)以及中国康复研究中心[《汉语标准失语症检查表》(CRRCAE)]对失语症患者的抑郁状况以及语言康复临床疗效进行评价.结果 实验后徵调音乐组SADQ-H评分较空白对照组降低幅度最大,徵调音乐组治疗效果明显优于西洋音乐组和空白对照组,差异有统计学意义.结论 徵调音乐配合语言训练干预脑卒中失语症患者,可以改善患者抑郁状态,提高语言训练的依从性和积极性,从而促进语言功能的康复,聆听徵调对脑卒中失语症患者康复具有积极作用,值得进一步推广应用.     

游戏在脑性瘫痪康复训练中的作用

根据小儿对游戏的喜好和脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)患儿肢体、智力、语言、行为及心理障碍的特点，编制了—套音乐儿歌游戏。将游戏应用于脑瘫患儿的训练中，以探讨游戏在脑瘫患儿康复训练中的作用。     

健美操教学中非语言艺术的内容与作用

目的:分析非语言艺术的内容及其在健美操教学与训练中的作用。方法:非语言内容在健美操教学与训练中运用与实践是按教学计划规定的内容进行,让学生在教师的指导和传授下,有计划、有目的培养学生的掌握非语言运用能力。采用3个阶段进行,第一学期进行服装与形体语言、面部表情与视线接触语言、手势与肢体语言的教学与训练,第二学期都进行空间语言、音乐与动作语言、队行与变化语言的教学与训练,第三学期对这6种语言的教学进一步的巩固并总结出语言教学效果和运用注意问题。结果:非语言艺术在健美操教学与训练中包括服装与形体语言、手势语言与肢体语言、面部表情与视线接触语言、空间语言、音乐与动作语言、队形与配合语言等特性。在健美操教学与训练中,贴身、得体色彩鲜艳、线条优美清晰的健美操服,可使教师向学生们的示范动作规范、准确、优美、学生看得清、模仿快,学习情趣高,学生做动作的规范性、准确性提高,发生错误减少。表情与[神的教学与训练可提高学生的表]能力;提高学生做动作时的激情和热情的目光所表现出的活力,达到表情、[神与动作情绪一致的效果。手势语的运用有减低声带受损,在各种环境中仍能保持有良好的沟通;用手握彩旗指挥大型团体操的表],使动作步调一致、整齐化一。空间语言是人际关系亲疏程度的重要标志。队形是健美操“艺术”窗口,给人们带来美好的艺术享受。音乐起着语言的指挥作用和练习中的口令作用。结论:在健美操教学与训练中合理采用非语言艺术,对于提高健美操课堂教学质量,优化教学效果,培养学生的实践与创新能力有重要作用。     

音乐治疗在残障患者康复中的应用

1针对智障者的音乐治疗 1.1历史背景 利用音乐来治疗智障的历史可以追溯到19世纪中叶。那时有一些公立和私立学校使用钢琴、吉他以及节奏乐器来促进智障儿童的语言、运动技能和社会能力，但只有少数家庭可以承受这种特殊训练的经济负担。到了20世纪，治疗智障儿童的机构人满为患，却缺乏包括音乐治疗师在内的相关专业人员。从1905年后，有关使用音乐来治疗智障儿童的文献不断出现，证实了音乐可以有效地引导情绪反应，     

Rhythm information represented in the fronto-parieto-cerebellar motor system

Rhythm is an essential element of human culture, particularly in language and music. To acquire language or music, we have to perceive the sensory inputs, organize them into structured sequences as rhythms, actively hold the rhythm information in mind, and use the information when we reproduce or mimic the same rhythm. Previous brain imaging studies have elucidated brain regions related to the perception and production of rhythms. However, the neural substrates involved in the working memory of rhythm remain unclear. In addition, little is known about the processing of rhythm information from non-auditory inputs (visual or tactile). Therefore, we measured brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging while healthy subjects memorized and reproduced auditory and visual rhythmic information. The inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum exhibited significant activations during both encoding and retrieving rhythm information. In addition, most of these areas exhibited significant activation also during the maintenance of rhythm information. All of these regions functioned in the processing of auditory and visual rhythms. The bilateral inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum are thought to be essential for motor control. When we listen to a certain rhythm, we are often stimulated to move our body, which suggests the existence of a strong interaction between rhythm processing and the motor system. Here, we propose that rhythm information may be represented and retained as information about bodily movements in the supra-modal motor brain system.     

Enhanced functional networks in absolute pitch

Functional networks in the human brain give rise to complex cognitive and perceptual abilities. While the decrease of functional connectivity is linked to neurological and psychiatric disorders, less is known about the consequences of increased functional connectivity. One population that has exceptionally enhanced perceptual abilities is people with absolute pitch (AP) - an ability to categorize tones into pitch classes without reference. AP has been linked to exceptional talent as well as to psychiatric and neurological conditions. Here we show that AP possessors have increased functional activation during music listening, as well as increased degrees, clustering, and local efficiency of functional correlations, with the difference being highest around the left superior temporal gyrus. Our results provide the first evidence that increased functional connectivity in a small-world brain network is related to exceptional perceptual abilities in a healthy population.     

语言呼唤联合音乐促醒法在重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者中的应用

目的 探讨语言呼唤联合音乐促醒法对重型创伤性脑损伤（TBI）昏迷患者的清醒时间及治疗效果的影响。方法 采用方便取样法,将2005年7月～2007年11月收治的28例重型TBI昏迷患者作为观察组,在实施常规护理基础上加用语言呼唤联合音乐促醒法;将2004年11月～2005年6月收治的28例重型TBI昏迷患者作为对照组,实施常规护理。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后GCS评分、清醒率及清醒时间。结果 两组患者治疗后GCS评分、清醒率及清醒时间比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,其中观察组治疗后GCS评分和清醒率方面高于对照组,清醒时间则短于对照组。结论 语言呼唤联合音乐促醒法能促进重型TBI昏迷患者脑功能恢复,提高苏醒的成功率。     

Human complex sound analysis

The analysis of complex sound features is important for the perception of environmental sounds, speech and music, and may be abnormal in disorders such as specific language impairment in children, and in common adult lesions including stroke and multiple sclerosis. This work addresses the problem of how the human auditory system detects features in complex sound, and uses those features to perceive the auditory world. The work has been carried out using two independent means of testing the same hypotheses; detailed psychophysical studies of neurological patients with central lesions, and functional imaging using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging of normal subjects. The psychophysical and imaging studies have both examined which brain areas are concerned with the analysis of auditory space, and which are concerned with the analysis of timing information in the auditory system. This differs from many previous human auditory studies, which have concentrated on the analysis of sound frequency. The combined lesion and functional imaging approach has demonstrated analysis of the spatial property of sound movement within the right parietal lobe. The timing work has confirmed that the primary auditory cortex is active as a function of the time structure of sound, and therefore not only concerned with frequency representation of sounds.     

FMRI investigation of cross-cultural music comprehension

The popular view of music as a "universal" language ignores the privileged position of the cultural insider in comprehending musical information unique to their own tradition. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that listeners would demonstrate different neural activity in response to culturally familiar and unfamiliar music and that those differences may be affected by the extent of subjects' formal musical training. Just as familiar languages have been shown to use distinct brain processes, we hypothesized that an analogous difference might be found in music and that it may depend in part on subjects' formal musical knowledge. Using fMRI we compared the activation patterns of professional musicians and untrained controls reared in the United States as they listened to music from their culture (Western) and from an unfamiliar culture (Chinese). No overall differences in activation were observed for either subject group in response to the two musical styles, although there were differences in recall performance based on style and there were activation differences based on training. Trained listeners demonstrated additional activation in the right STG for both musics and in the right and left midfrontal regions for Western music and Chinese music, respectively. Our findings indicate that listening to culturally different musics may activate similar neural resources but with dissimilar results in recall performance.     

Music Modulation of Pain Perception and Pain-Related Activity in the Brain,Brain Stem,and Spinal Cord: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

The oldest known method for relieving pain is music, and yet, to date, the underlying neural mechanisms have not been studied. Here, we investigate these neural mechanisms by applying a well-defined painful stimulus while participants listened to their favorite music or to no music. Neural responses in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord were mapped with functional magnetic resonance imaging spanning the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. Subjective pain ratings were observed to be significantly lower when pain was administered with music than without music. The pain stimulus without music elicited neural activity in brain regions that are consistent with previous studies. Brain regions associated with pleasurable music listening included limbic, frontal, and auditory regions, when comparing music to non-music pain conditions. In addition, regions demonstrated activity indicative of descending pain modulation when contrasting the 2 conditions. These regions include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, periaqueductal gray matter, rostral ventromedial medulla, and dorsal gray matter of the spinal cord. This is the first imaging study to characterize the neural response of pain and how pain is mitigated by music, and it provides new insights into the neural mechanism of music-induced analgesia within the central nervous system.     

To musicians, the message is in the meter pre-attentive neuronal responses to incongruent rhythm are left-lateralized in musicians

Musicians exchange non-verbal cues as messages when they play together. This is particularly true in music with a sketchy outline. Jazz musicians receive and interpret the cues when performance parts from a regular pattern of rhythm, suggesting that they enjoy a highly developed sensitivity to subtle deviations of rhythm. We demonstrate that pre-attentive brain responses recorded with magnetoencephalography to rhythmic incongruence are left-lateralized in expert jazz musicians and right-lateralized in musically inept non-musicians. The left-lateralization of the pre-attentive responses suggests functional adaptation of the brain to a task of communication, which is much like that of language.     

Mozart,Music and Medicine

According to the first publication in 1993 by Rauscher et al. [Nature 1993;365:611], the Mozart effect implies the enhancement of reasoning skills solving spatial problems in normal subjects after listening to Mozart''s piano sonata K 448. A further evaluation of this effect has raised the question whether there is a link between music-generated emotions and a higher level of cognitive abilities by mere listening. Positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have revealed that listening to pleasurable music activates cortical and subcortical cerebral areas where emotions are processed. These neurobiological effects of music suggest that auditory stimulation evokes emotions linked to heightened arousal and result in temporarily enhanced performance in many cognitive domains. Music therapy applies this arousal in a clinical setting as it may offer benefits to patients by diverting their attention from unpleasant experiences and future interventions. It has been applied in the context of various important clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer pain, epilepsy, depression and dementia. Furthermore, music may modulate the immune response, among other things, evidenced by increasing the activity of natural killer cells, lymphocytes and interferon-γ, which is an interesting feature as many diseases are related to a misbalanced immune system. Many of these clinical studies, however, suffer from methodological inadequacies. Nevertheless, at present, there is moderate but not altogether convincing evidence that listening to known and liked music helps to decrease the burden of a disease and enhances the immune system by modifying stress.Key Words: Music, Mozart effect, Neurobiology, Positron emission tomography, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Emotion, Well-beingAll colours in music come from emotional states.Murray Perahia in ‘Play It Again’ by Alan Rusbridger     

Fiber density asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus in relation to functional hemispheric language lateralization in both right- and left-handed healthy subjects: a combined fMRI and DTI study

Previously reported leftward asymmetry in language-related gray and white matter areas of the brain has been proposed as a structural correlate of left-sided functional hemispheric language lateralization. However, structural asymmetry in non-left-sided functional language lateralization has as yet not been studied. Furthermore, the neuroanatomical basis of the reported volumetric white matter asymmetry is not fully understood. In 20 healthy volunteers, including 13 left-handers, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We studied the relative fiber density (RFD) of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), using DT-tractography, in relation to functional hemispheric language lateralization. Hemispheric language lateralization was right-sided in five left-handed individuals. We demonstrated an overall significant leftward asymmetry in RFD of the AF, irrespective of handedness or functional language lateralization. Furthermore, in right-handers, the degree of structural asymmetry was found to be correlated with the degree of functional lateralization. We conclude that structural asymmetry in the AF does not seem to reflect functional hemispheric language lateralization, as has been proposed previously. Our findings suggest that the previously reported white matter asymmetry may be explained by a structural asymmetry in the arcuate fasciculus. These findings have important implications for the understanding of the functional and structural lateralization of brain regions as well as for the clinical evaluation of language function.     

中重度皮层下失语的语言特征及训练疗效分析

目的筛查影响皮层下失语严重程度的因素,分析中重度皮层下失语患者语言障碍的特点及语言训练的疗效.方法选择皮层下失语症患者22例,其中中度10例,重度12例,于语言训练前后,分别采用汉语标准失语症检查法(CRRCAE)、波士顿失语症检查(BDAE)进行评估,筛查失语症严重程度的影响因素,分析语言障碍的特点及神经语言学特征,比较治疗前后各项语言能力差异.结果年龄、有无并发言语失用两个因素进入失语症严重程度的回归方程.皮层下失语症患者听理解、阅读理解、复述及出声读等语言能力相对保留.语言训练后,中度皮层下失语患者各项语言能力明显改善,重度皮层下失语患者听理解、复述、说、出声读、阅读等语言能力明显改善,书写能力改善不明显.结论年龄、是否并发言语失用可能是影响皮层下失语严重程度的重要因素.脑卒中后皮层下失语有特定的神经语言学特点,语言训练疗效显著,中重度皮层下失语患者语言训练疗效有差异.