经链球菌菌体制剂OK-432刺激的树突状细胞对自然杀伤细胞增殖及功能的影响

目的:探讨经链球菌菌体制剂OK-432刺激的树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)对自体自然杀伤细胞(Naturalkiller cells,NK)体外扩增和功能的影响。方法:将DC分为未成熟DC组和OK-432刺激的DC组,48小时后MTT法检测DC增殖情况,FCM检测DC表型CD80、CD83、CD86的表达情况;后将未成熟DC组和OK-432刺激的DC组分别与NK细胞以1∶1、1∶5、1∶10、1∶20、1∶40比例混合继续培养。0、2、4、6天时计算NK细胞扩增倍数;FCM检测NK细胞PFP、GraB、CD107a的表达;LDH释放法检测NK对HepG2细胞的杀伤活性。结果:OK-432(5μg/ml)使DC增殖达到最佳(30%),且能显著增强DC表型表达(P<0.05)。1∶5(OK-DC)组NK细胞扩增倍数达最大(P<0.05);1∶5(OK-DC)组能显著促进NK释放穿孔素(Pore-forming protein,PFP)、颗粒酶(Granzyme B,GraB)、CD107a(P<0.05);1∶5(OK-DC)组对HepG2细胞的杀伤活性(67.12±5.36)%达到最大(P<0.05)。结论:OK-432(终浓度5μg/ml)能促进DC增殖,并促进DC成熟;OK-DC与NK细胞共培养能以剂量依赖的方式增强NK细胞杀伤HepG2细胞功能,可能与增加NK扩增倍数和PFP、GraB、CD107a的表达有关。     

肾癌细胞冻融抗原负载树突状细胞瘤苗的活化

目的: 探索体外诱导DCs活化的方法和制备肾癌树突状细胞(DCs)瘤苗。方法: 制备肾癌细胞冻融抗原；取健康人新鲜血分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),应用GM-CSF+IL-4刺激，诱导PBMC为iDCs,然后进行分组，采用不同因子刺激iDCs转化为mDCs,其中Ａ组:冻融抗原负载；Ｂ组: TNF-α+冻融抗原负载；Ｃ组: IL-1β+冻融抗原负载；Ｄ组: TNF-α+IL-1β+冻融抗原负载。 结果:各组均可诱导iDCs的成熟,并高表达CD86、CD80和HLA-DR；相对于其它组，D组DCs 更显著上调CD83和CD54表达(P<0.05)和IL-12分泌(P<0.01)，且D组mDCs更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.05)。 结论: TNF-α+IL-1β与肾癌细胞冻融抗原协同可有效促进DCs成熟、增强诱导淋巴细胞活化的能力。     

淋巴细胞趋化因子增强肝癌树突状细胞融合瘤苗体外免疫作用

目的：观察淋巴细胞趋化因子(lymphotactin, Lptn)基因修饰的肝癌树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DC)融合瘤苗的体外生物学特征和免疫作用。方法： 以重组Lptn基因修饰小鼠骨髓来源的DC，在聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol，PEG)作用下与H22小鼠肝癌细胞融合，分别以RT-PCR及ELISA方法检测Lptn mRNA及蛋白水平表达，流式细胞仪分析细胞表面免疫分子表达。MTT法检测Lptn基因修饰的肝癌树突状细胞融合瘤苗(DCLptn/H22)对同种异体T淋巴细胞的体外刺激作用。LDH法检测DCLptn/H22融合瘤苗诱导产生的杀伤性T淋巴细胞活性。结果： Lptn基因修饰的DC能分泌较高浓度的淋巴细胞趋化因子，并且具有明显的趋化淋巴细胞功能。DCLptn/H22不但增强融合瘤苗刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖, 而且能增强杀伤性T淋巴细胞活性。结论： 淋巴细胞趋化因子基因修饰能增强融合瘤苗体外免疫刺激作用。     

沙培林联合肿瘤冻融抗原刺激的小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞瘤苗的抗胃癌效应

目的:观察沙培林(OK-432)对小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞(DCs)功能的影响,及由此产生的DCs对荷胃癌小鼠的抗癌效应.方法:OK-432联合肿瘤冻融抗原诱导小鼠骨髓源性DCs,ELISA法检测DCs分泌白介素12(IL-12)水平.建立荷胃癌小鼠模型,尾静脉注射DCs,观察其对肿瘤生长的抑制作用,RT-PCR法检测移植瘤IL-12mRNA表达情况,ELISA法检测移植瘤IL-12蛋白表达情况,免疫组织化学法检测移植瘤血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白表达情况.结果:OK-432联合肿瘤冻融抗原促进DCs分泌IL-12.OK-432联合肿瘤冻融抗原刺激的DCs抑制移植瘤生长,促进移植瘤IL-12mRNA和IL-12蛋白表达,抑制移植瘤VEGF蛋白表达.结论:OK-432联合肿瘤冻融抗原刺激能有效增强DCs瘤苗的抑瘤效应,其机制可能与纠正肿瘤组织免疫缺陷,促进肿瘤组织表达IL-12和抑制肿瘤组织表达VEGF有关.     

树突状细胞瘤苗治疗颅内胶质瘤的实验研究

目的：观察肿瘤细胞冻融裂解物致敏的树突状细胞(dendritic cell，DC)瘤苗对颅内胶质瘤免疫治疗的效果。方法：通过立体定向的方法接种C6胶质瘤细胞建立Wistar大鼠C6胶质瘤动物模型；自大鼠骨髓分离DC前体细胞，经重组大鼠粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rrGM—CSF) 白细胞介素4(rrIL-4)诱导培养、扩增获得功能性DCs；DCs经反复冻融的C6胶质瘤细胞裂解物体外致敏后皮下回输荷瘤大鼠体内，1次／周，共5次。观察荷瘤大鼠的存活期；以流式细胞仪检测循环血中CD8^ T淋巴细胞水平及体外细胞毒反应；ELISA法检测血清中IL-10及IFN-γ水平。结果：经肿瘤细胞冻融裂解物致敏的树突状细胞免疫治疗的荷瘤大鼠生存期明显延长，外周血中CD8^ T淋巴细胞比例增加；并且治疗组大鼠循环血中IFN-γ水平明显升高，而IL-10水平很低，甚至检测不到。结论：经肿瘤细胞冻融裂解物致敏的DC瘤苗对颅内胶质瘤进行免疫治疗能获得有效的治疗性保护作用。     

脐带血树突状细胞的免疫功能研究

目的： 探讨脐带血树突状细胞(DC)的免疫功能状况。 方法： 以CD34-Lin- HLA-DR+细胞群设门4色荧光分析方法检测20例脐带血和20例外周血DC前体细胞亚群pDC1/pDC2（CD11c+CD123-/CD11c-CD123+）比值；酶联免疫吸附法检测其血浆相关细胞因子IL-12p40、IL-10、IFN-γ、IL-4水平。 结果： 脐带血、成人外周血pDC1/pDC2比值无显著差异（P>0.05）；脐带血血浆IL-12p40水平显著高于成人外周血（P<0.01），两者IL-10、IFN-γ、IL-4水平无显著差异（P>0.05）。 结论： 脐带血DC功能发育比较完善。     

树突状细胞对脐血来源细胞因子诱导杀伤、自然杀伤细胞杀伤活性及CD45RO表达的影响

目的:探索同一来源脐血树突状细胞(DCs)对细胞因子诱导杀伤(CIK)、自然杀伤(NK)细胞杀伤活性和CIK细胞上CD45RO表达的影响。方法:通过细胞因子组合诱导、扩增脐血来源的DCs、CIK和NK细胞,杀伤效应细胞分为两组:A组为接受DCs共孵育6d刺激的CIK、NK细胞,B组为未接受任何刺激的CIK、NK细胞,了解DCs对相应效靶比下CIK、NK细胞杀伤K562、HL-60细胞株细胞毒活性的影响;通过流式细胞术检测两组CIK细胞上CD45RO、CD45RA的表达率。结果:随着效靶比的升高,脐血CIK、NK细胞对肿瘤细胞株的杀伤力增加。在20∶1、10∶1效靶比下,A组CIK、NK细胞对HL-60的杀伤率分别为76.77％±5.76％、55.87％±2.09％,B组为61.14％±3.72％、49.96％±1.51％,A组对HL-60的杀伤明显高于B组;在20∶1效靶比下,A组对K562的杀伤明显高于B组;而在10∶1效靶比下两组之间的杀伤活性未见显著差异;A组CIK细胞上CD45RO表达率显著高于B组。结论:DCs与CIK、NK细胞共孵育可提高CIK、NK细胞的细胞毒活性及增加CIK细胞上CD45RO的表达。     

致敏树突状细胞活化细胞毒性T细胞抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的：研究树突状细胞（DCs）激活的细胞毒性T细胞的抗肿瘤及预防肿瘤发生的作用。 方法： 细胞因子诱生人PBMC未成熟DCs，加入肿瘤细胞抗原提取物致敏DCs产生成熟DCs；通过细胞形态、表面标记鉴定成熟DCs，MTT法测成熟DCs活化的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)的体外杀伤活性；裸鼠体内注射活化CTL观察其抑制移植瘤生长及发生的作用。 结果： 经过7 d培养，获得大量形态典型、具有强烈刺激增殖能力、高表达CD80(63.5%)、CD83（67.6%）和CD3/ HLA-DR(83.2%)的DCs。其活化的CTL在20∶1效靶比时对抗原来源细胞株自身的杀伤率达75%以上，对同系细胞株的杀伤活性为35%-45%，对其它种系肿瘤细胞仅有微弱杀伤力（P<0.01）。CTL对裸鼠结肠癌HT-29移植瘤有特异性的生长抑制和预防生成作用（P<0.05）。CTL治疗组肿瘤组织中PCNA表达水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论： 肿瘤细胞抗原活化的DC诱导CTL对肿瘤有特异性的杀伤作用，体内应用可特异性抑制移植结肠癌的生长或预防小鼠结肠癌移植瘤的发生。     

肝细胞癌患者树突状细胞免疫功能的研究

 目的：研究肝细胞癌患者树突状细胞(DCs)的免疫功能变化。方法：从人外周血中分离单个核细胞（PBMC），用GM-CSF和IL-4体外诱导、培养和扩增DCs，流式细胞仪测定DCs表面分子的表达，分别用ELISA、ELISPOT、MTT法测定HCC患者和健康人的DCs分泌IL-12；T淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ和T淋巴细胞的增殖反应。结果：GM-CSF和IL-4能成功地体外诱导、培养和扩增DCs。HCC患者DCs的CD86表达明显低于健康对照者（91.7％ vs83.5%, P<0.05）。HCC患者DCs分泌IL-12与健康者差异不显著［（324.6±171.0）ng/L vs（436.5±142.7）ng/L, P>0.05］，接受内毒素LPS刺激后，差异更明显［（478.6±142.7）ng/L vs（630.0±151.9）ng/L, P<0.05］。DCs刺激T淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ 的量在HCC患者明显低于健康者［（133.4±51.2）103U/L vs (183.0± 60.2)103U/L, P<0.05］，DCs刺激T淋巴细胞的增殖能力在HCC患者明显低于健康者（2.3±0.7 vs3.5±0.8, P<0.01）。CTL杀伤实验表明，当效靶比为 10∶〖KG-*2〗1 和 20∶〖KG-*2〗1 时，HCC组的CTL对肝癌细胞Hep G2的杀伤活性明显低于健康组。结论： HCC患者DCs功能和T淋巴细胞功能低于健康者，HCC患者DCs诱导的CTL杀伤活性亦明显低于健康者。     

用CD133免疫磁珠分离脐血内皮祖细胞的实验研究

目的：从脐血中分离、培养血管内皮祖细胞,研究内皮祖细胞的生长特性和诱导分化条件。 方法： 应用MACS磁球抗体标记法纯化脐血中的CD133+细胞，通过流式细胞仪、免疫细胞化学、免疫荧光等技术及形态学（光镜、电镜）观察研究内皮祖细胞；将细胞接种于添加（或未添加）VEGF、bFGF、干细胞因子（SCF）的含20％胎牛血清（FBS）的IMDM培养基中,观察内皮祖细胞的生长特性。 结果： 分离新鲜脐血所得CD133阳性细胞占单个核细胞的(1.41±1.14)%,经流式细胞仪鉴定CD133+细胞纯度为75%-85%；将分离细胞接种于纤维连接蛋白包被的24孔板内，培养1-2 h即有细胞贴壁，7-10 d可见贴壁细胞呈铺路石样排列；14 d后细胞出现小圆形、梭形等多样性变化，可见毛细血管管腔样结构，电镜观察可见胞浆内典型的Weibel-Palade小体；在VEGF、bFGF、SCF存在条件下,检测贴壁细胞培养14 d后细胞表面抗原表达情况：与培养开始时相比，祖细胞标志CD133和CD34阳性率呈明显下降趋势，分别由(77.0±3.3)%和(93.1±4.7)%降至(1.6±2.2)%和(37.4±4.9)%，P<0.05，内皮细胞特异性标志Flk-1表达明显增加，由(22.3±3.3)%增至(94.3±4.1)%，P<0.05，同时vWF抗原呈强阳性表达，阳性率为(77.9±3.3)%。 结论： 根据细胞表面特异性分子标志（CD133+/CD34+/Flk-1+）可以从脐血中分离出EPCs，EPCs可在体外一定的诱导因子作用下，培养7-10 d分化为成熟内皮细胞。     

Percutaneous treatment of renal cysts with OK-432 sclerosis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate OK- 432 sclerotherapy efficacy for treatment of simple renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with 25 symptomatic or large simple cysts were treated by ultrasonography (US)-guided percutaneous aspiration and injection of OK-432 (8 men and 12 women, mean age 63.6 years, SD 9.5). Six patients presented with flank pain, 14 presented with renal mass; renal cyst location was right, left, or bilateral sided in 9, 8, and 8 kidneys, respectively. Patients were evaluated by clinical assessment, US, or CT scan 3 months following the procedure. Complete and partial success was defined as symptom resolution with either total cyst ablation or greater than 70% reduction, respectively. Failure was defined as 30% of cyst size recurrence and/or persistent symptoms. RESULTS: Average reduction was 93.0%. Complete and partial resolution occurred in 11 (44.0%) and 13 (52.0%) cysts, respectively. One case was defined as failure, with a 64.2% size reduction from 10.9cm to 3.9cm (volume reduction rate 95.4%). Renal pain improved in all patients, regardless of complete or partial resolution. Minor complications occurred in 3 patients, 2 developed leukocytosis and 1 had mild fever (< 38.5 degrees C) following aspiration and sclerotherapy. Successful treatment was achieved with conservative measures and NSAID therapy. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous treatment of simple renal cysts with OK-432 sclerotherapy was found to be a safe, effective and minimally invasive procedure.     

Augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity by a streptococcal preparation,OK-432, in patients with malignant tumors

Recently, a streptococcal preparation, OK-432 has been used successfully as an immunopotentiator for immunotherapy in patients with malignant tumors in Japan. In this paper, we report that the administration of OK-432 augments the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphoid cells against a natural killer (NK) cell-sensitive erythroleukemic cell line, K562, in tumor patients. In patients before or after surgery, sufficient amounts of OK-432 strongly augmented the cytotoxic activity within 3 days after the initial administration of OK-432. Thereafter the levels of cytotoxicity declined rapidly. The administration of a lower dose of OK-432 gave a lower increase in cytotoxicity. Enhanced cytotoxicity occurred with the reintroduction of OK-432 but remained at lower levels of activity. Characterization and fractionation of OK-432-induced effector cells revealed that the augmented cytotoxicity seemed to be carried mainly by NK cells. A low titer of interferon was detected in 3 of 10 patients within 72 hr after the first inoculation of the agent. Furthermore, we discuss the potency of OK-432 for the induction of interferon in detail.     

Inhibition of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice with serum from streptococcal preparation (OK-432)-injected mice.

We have recently reported that systemic and chronic administration of recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as streptococcal preparation (OK-432), inhibits development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in NOD mice and BB rats, models of IDDM. In this study we examined whether serum containing endogenous TNF induced by OK-432 injection could inhibit IDDM in NOD mice. Treatment twice a week from 4 weeks of age with OK-432-injected mouse serum, which contained endogenous TNF (75U), but not IL-1, IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) activity, reduced the intensity of insulitis and significantly inhibited the cumulative incidence of diabetes by 28 weeks of age in NOD mice, as compared with the incidence in non-treated mice (P less than 0.01) and in mice treated with control serum (P less than 0.02). This inhibitory effect of the serum was diminished, although not significantly, by neutralization of serum TNF activity with anti-mouse TNF antibody. In the mice treated with the serum from OK-432-injected mice, Thy-1.2+ or CD8+ spleen cells decreased (P less than 0.01) and surface-Ig+ (S-Ig+) cells increased (P less than 0.05), whereas the proliferative response of spleen cells to concanavalin A (P less than 0.01) and lipopolysaccharide (P less than 0.05) increased. The results indicate that the inhibition by OK-432 treatment of IDDM in NOD mice was partially mediated by serum factors including endogenous TNF.     

Biological response modifier enhances the activity of natural killer cell against human cytomegalovirus-infected cells

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from two human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative donors and eight CMV-seropositive donors were cultured for 3 days with or without the biological response modifier OK-432 and examined for lysis of K562 cells and CMV-infected MRC-5 cells. OK-432-stimulated PBL exhibited significantly greater natural killer (NK) activity than did unstimulated PBL. There was no difference in activity of NK cells in PBL prepared from CMV-seronegative and -seropositive donors. Antibody-complement depletion studies suggested that OK-432-stimulated NK activity was associated with Leu-7-positive cells. The ability of OK-432 to sustain the NK activity in PBL was decreased when the CD4-positive population of lymphocytes was eliminated by antibody-complement depletion prior to OK-432 stimulation. The ability of OK-432 to sustain the NK activity of PBL was also significantly decreased in the presence of monoclonal antibody against recombinant human interleukin-2. The results suggest that the activity of human NK cells against K562 and CMV-infected MRC-5 target cells can be sustained in vitro by OK-432-stimulated T-helper cells and that the effect of the T-helper cells is mediated, at least in part, by interleukin-2.     

Combination chemo-immunotherapy of murine solid tumor with OK-432, G-CSF,IL-2, and chemotherapeutics

An experimental tumor model was previously established in which BALB/c mice could survive the otherwise fatal intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of BAMC-1 fibrosarcoma cells if the mice were treated with five sequential i.p. injections of OK-432 (a potent BRM) starting 2 days after tumor inoculation. In the present study, although a single i.p. injection of OK-432 alone on day 2 was not enough to cure the tumor-bearing mice, a combination therapy, an injection of OK-432 (5 mg/kg) on day 2 followed by injection of G-CSF (50 μg/kg) on day 3, could eradicate the tumor cells in more than 80% of the mice. In contrast to this ascites tumor model, solid tumors induced by intradermal transplantation of BAMC-1 tumor cells were resistant to the combined treatments with OK-432 and G-CSF, dying within 60 days. However, when these mice received a combined chemoimmunotherapy with cisplatin, OK-432, G-CSF and IL-2, starting on day 4, the tumors had regressed, and were completely eradicated. When the same treatment was started as late as day 8, no significant therapeutic effect was observed. Even at this advanced stage, however, it was found that a similar chemo-immunotherapy protocol using CAP-D (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and DWA2114R) in lieu of cisplatin was extremely effective, achieving the eradication of tumors in more than 70% of the mice. These results indicated that the combination therapy with OK-432, G-CSF, IL-2, and chemotherapeutics could achieve a potent anti-tumor effect against the solid tumor, even at the advanced stage. Subsequent experiments using athymic nude mice transplanted with the tumor cells revealed that the same combination therapy showed weak tumor-regressing effects without achieving a complete cure. These results suggest that T-cells are key effectors in this type of chemo-immunotherapy of malignant tumors.     

脐血干细胞移植干预妊娠期高血压模型大鼠的作用

BACKGROUND:With the depth understanding of mesenchymal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells are found to exert a prominent effect on immune regulation and anti-inflammation. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the therapeutic effect of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation on endotoxin-induced hypertension in pregnant rats. METHODS:Twenty-four pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups with eight rats in each group: control, model and experimental groups. Endotoxin-induced hypertension models were made in the model and experimental groups. Meanwhile, rats were given intravenous injection of umbilical cord blood stem cell suspension (1 mL) in the experimental groups and the same volume of normal saline in the control and model groups. Therapeutic effects of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation were observed through detection of systolic blood pressure, urine protein level, serum white blood cell quantity and Ang II and ET-1 expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, the systolic blood pressure, urine protein level and serum white blood cell quantity of rats were increased significantly in the model group, and over time, endotoxin continuously promoted these parameters in the model group. After cell transplantation, a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, urine protein level and serum white blood cell quantity of rats was found in the experimental group compared with the model group (P < 0.05). After modeling, the expression levels of Ang II and ET-1 were decreased significantly, while these levels were increased significantly after cell transplantation (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation may have a certain therapeutic effect on gestational hypertension in rats, which may be realized by regulating the secretion of endothelial injury-related factors.     

Platelet-derived growth factor enhances expansion of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells in contact with hematopoietic stroma

Stem cell expansion remains an elusive but highly desirable goal. Here we show that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), along with cultured endothelial or stromal cells, significantly enhances expansion of human CD34+ cells in vitro. In media supplemented with thrombopoietin, stem cell factor, flt-3 ligand, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, CD34+ cells, as well as CFU-GM, BFU-CFU-E, CFU-GEMM, and CFU-MK, increased by 34.3-, 138-, 59.7-, 38.4-, and 86.0-fold, respectively. Co-culturing of CD34+ cells with cultured stromal cells or human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) greatly enhanced expansion efficiency. The presence of PDGF (50 ng/ml) further augmented expansion, such that increases of 77.0-, 262-, 90.0-, 93.0-, and 200-fold, respectively, were achieved. Six weeks after infusion of expanded cells into NOD/SCID mice, human CD45+ cells were detected in recipients' bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. Our results provide a rationale for development of a stem cell expansion protocol for clinical applications.     

静脉移植人脐血细胞促进家兔急性心肌梗死血管再生

目的 探讨静脉移植人脐血细胞(HUCBCs)对家兔急性心肌梗死(AMI)血管再生的影响。方法 家兔随机分为,(1)假手术组:冠状动脉左前降支穿线不结扎;(2)模型组及(3)细胞移植组:结扎左前降支建立急性心肌梗死模型,各组均 15只。造模后24h,细胞移植组经耳缘静脉注入含2×107个人脐血单个核细胞的细胞悬液0.5mL;假手术组、模型组同法注入等量生理盐水。移植后1、2和4周超声检测心功能;免疫组化检测心肌BrdU阳性细胞及VIII因子染色检测血管新生;RT-PCR检测心肌组织VEGFmRNA表达。结果 移植组心功能明显改善,左室短轴缩短率及左室射血分数均明显升高(P＜0.05);移植组心梗区毛细血管密度显著增加(P＜0.01),BrdU阳性细胞分布于其梗死周边区域;移植后心肌组织VEGFmRNA表达显著上调(P＜0.01)。结论 促进血管再生是脐血细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死的主要机制之一。