补肾活血系列方对血管性痴呆小鼠脑海马病理组织学的影响

目的 探讨补肾活血方、补肾方、活血方对血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆能力及脑海马病理组织学的影响.方法 采用反复脑缺血再灌注法复制血管性痴呆小鼠模型,以尼莫地平为阳性对照组,观察补肾活血方、补肾方、活血方3组小鼠水迷宫法行为学及脑海马病理组织学的变化.结果 与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠学习与记忆能力下降,表现为游全程时间延长,错误次数增加(P＜0.01),脑海马明显缺血损伤改变;与模型组比较,各治疗组学习成绩和记忆成绩均明显提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),脑海马病理组织学表现明显改善;各治疗组比较,补肾活血组的学习和记忆成绩以及在改善病理组织学方面优于其他治疗组(P＜0.05或P＜ 0.01),补肾组和活血组组间差异无统计学意义.结论 补肾活血方、补肾方、活血方均可通过减轻脑海马缺血性损伤,改善血管性痴呆小鼠学习与记忆能力,且补肾活血方优于补肾方与活血方.     

二苯乙烯苷对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及脑海马自由基代谢的影响

目的 探讨二苯乙烯苷对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力及自由基代谢的影响.方法 实验分为假伤组(Sham组)、血管性痴呆大鼠模型组(VD组)、二苯乙烯苷处理组(TSG+VD组),后两组采用4血管阻断法(4-VO法)建立VD大鼠模型.假手术组麻醉及手术过程与VD模型组相同,但不电凝双侧椎动脉,不阻断双侧颈总动脉.水迷宫法评价行为学,并检测脑海马超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 与Sham组比较,VD组大鼠学习与记忆能力下降,表现为游全程时间延长,错误次数增加(P＜0.01),脑海马SOD活性明显降低,MDA含量明显升高(均P＜0.01);与VD组比较,TSG+VD组学习成绩和记忆成绩均有明显提高(P＜0.01),脑海马SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量明显降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 二苯乙烯苷可促进自由基代谢,改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习与记忆能力.     

补肾活血方对血管性痴呆小鼠脑组织BDNF和bFGF含量的影响

目的 探讨补肾活血方、补肾方、活血方对血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠学习记忆能力及脑组织脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)含量的影响.方法 采用反复脑缺血再灌注法复制VD小鼠模型,以尼莫地平为阳性对照组,观察补肾活血方、补肾方、活血方三组小鼠水迷宫法行为学及脑组织BDNF、bFGF含量的变化.结果 与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠学习与记忆能力下降,表现为游全程时间延长,错误次数增加(P＜0.01),脑组织BDNF和bFGF含量明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与模型组比较,各治疗组学习成绩和记忆成绩均有明显提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),脑组织BDNF和bFGF含量明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);各治疗组比较,补肾活血组的学习成绩、记忆成绩及脑组织BD-NF含量优于补肾组、活血组和阳性对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),脑组织bFGF含量高于活血组和阳性对照组(P＜0.05).结论 补肾活血方可通过提高脑组织BDNF和bFGF含量,改善VD小鼠学习与记忆能力,且补肾活血方在改善学习记忆能力和提高BDNF含量方面优于活血方和补肾方,提高bFGF含量优于活血方.     

两种血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆能力与海马自由基代谢的比较

目的 观察两种拟血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力及海马组织自由基代谢变化.方法 采用线栓法和双侧颈总动脉结扎法分别制备大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)和慢性脑低灌注型(CCA)VD模型,Morris水迷宫检测痴呆大鼠的学习记忆功能,生化法检测模型大鼠海马组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量变化.结果 在训练的1～4 d,MCAO模型和CCA模型大鼠逃避潜伏期和游泳路径延长(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),CCA模型出现逃避潜伏期和游泳路径延长的时间早于MCAO模型(P＜0.05,P ＜0.01);MCAO模型大鼠的dP/dT和穿环次数均明显减少(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);MCAO模型与CCA模型大鼠海马组织MDA含量明显增加,SOD、GSH-Px的含量则明显下降(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),两种模型MDA、SOD、GSH-Px含量变化无显著差别.结论 CCA模型大鼠空间记忆能力下降明显,而MCAO模型记忆保持能力较差,MDA、SOD、GSH-Px代谢参与了MCAO和CCA所致血管性痴呆的病理过程.     

竹节参总皂苷对血管痴呆大鼠递质氨基酸及自由基代谢的影响

目的观察竹节参总皂苷(TSPJ)对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆功能和递质氨基酸、自由基代谢的影响。方法双侧颈总动脉结扎制备血管性痴呆大鼠模型;Morris水迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力;ELISA法测定海马组织谷氨酸(Glu)及γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的含量;生化方法检测海马组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果 TSPJ可明显改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆功能,提高海马组织GABA含量,降低Glu/GABA的比值,并可增加海马组织抗氧化酶GSH-Px、SOD活性,降低MDA含量。结论 TSPJ改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力与调节脑Glu和GABA含量,改善自由基代谢有关。     

不同时间电针对血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆能力与海马氧自由基的影响

目的通过观察不同时间电针对血管性痴呆(VD)模型小鼠行为学与海马超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的含量变化,探讨电针干预对VD的治疗效应及可能的作用机制。方法采用颈总动脉结扎缺血再灌注的方法复制VD模型,将小鼠随机分为两批,第1批于造模当日给予电针干预,第2批于造模第3天给予电针干预,并设假手术组、模型组进行对照。电针组选取双侧"足三里"、"膈俞"及"百会"、"大椎",针刺得气后接通电针仪,采用疏密波,频率2/80 Hz,每次治疗10 min,连续15 d,观察比较各组小鼠行为学与海马SOD活性及MDA、NOS含量的变化。结果与假手术组比较,各模型组学习和记忆成绩均显著下降(P0.01),海马SOD活性均明显降低(P0.01),MDA、NOS含量均显著升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,各电针组学习和记忆成绩均显著提高(P0.01),海马SOD活性均明显升高(P0.01),MDA、NOS含量均显著降低(P0.01),并且造模第3天治疗效果优于造模当日(P0.05或P0.01)。结论电针能够提高VD小鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制与对抗脑缺血损伤后氧化损伤有关,并初步发现介入干预时间不同,其治疗效应存在差异。     

补肾活血化痰法对血管性痴呆大鼠SOD、MDA的影响

目的:探讨补肾活血化痰方药对血管性痴呆大鼠的作用机制，为临床运用提供依据。方法：Wistar大鼠采取双侧颈总动脉持久结扎，复制慢性脑灌注不足模型，术后第3天取存活大鼠作穿梭箱实验，测定每只大鼠的潜伏期。凡潜伏期＞11．3s者均认为是血管性痴呆大鼠。在此基础上观察血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力，测定血清及脑组织雪氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力明显障碍，SOD活性显著下降，MDA含量明显升高，而经治疗后各灌药组MDA含量明显降低，SOD活性升高。结论：（1）补肾活血化痰方药能对血管性痴呆起防护作用，其机制可能是改善大脑局部的血循环，使神经细胞和神经胶质细胞能够得到充分的供血和供氧，减少梗死面积，减少毒性物质的释放和抗原的产生。（2）抗衰益智，提高SOD活性以及减少MDA的合成，提高下丘脑中单胺类神经递质水平，改善学习、记忆行为，抑制脑及全血胆碱酯酶的活性。     

智脑胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠行为学及脑组织SOD活性、MDA含量的影响

目的观察智脑胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆及脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。方法反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉（CCA）结合腹腔注射硝普钠制备拟血管性痴呆模型大鼠,检测模型大鼠学习记忆能力及脑组织SOD活性、MDA含量。结果与模型组相比,智脑胶囊组能明显改善模型大鼠学习记忆能力;智脑胶囊3剂量组均能提高脑组织中SOD活性,其中以中、高剂量组为著;智脑胶囊3剂量组、尼莫通组能够显著降低脑组织中MDA含量。结论智脑胶囊可改善实验性血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆障碍,提高脑组织SOD活性,降低MDA含量。     

四氧嘧啶脑室内注射对小鼠脑组织自由基与胆碱能系统的影响

目的 研究四氧嘧啶脑室内注射对小鼠自由基与胆碱能系统的影响.方法 将小鼠随机分为3组,分别向侧脑室注射4 mg/kg四氧嘧啶(模型1组)、1.5 mg/kg四氧嘧啶(模型2组)、等量生理盐水(对照组).采用生化和ELISA方法测定小鼠脑组织内丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)含量的变化.结果 ①氧自由基:与对照组相比,模型组SOD活性均明显降低,模型2组MDA含量明显升高(P均＜0.05);模型组总GSH含量无明显变化,GSH-Px活性明显降低(P＜0.01).②胆碱能系统:模型组脑内AchE活性高于对照组,ChAT活性和Ach含量均低于对照组(P均＜0.05).结论 四氧嘧啶脑室内注射能可引起小鼠脑组织氧自由基增多、中枢胆碱能系统活性抑制,这可能是其痴呆认知和记忆障碍的作用机制.     

美满霉素增强血管性痴呆大鼠自由基清除

目的 观察美满霉素(minocycline)对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠脑组织和血清SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、LPO表达的影响,探讨其对血管性痴呆脑保护作用机制.方法 Wistar大鼠随机分组:正常组、假手术组、痴呆模型组、美满霉素治疗组.采用生物化学法检测大鼠脑组织和血清SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、LPO表达水平.结果 美满霉素组MDA、GSH-Px、LPO表达较模型组降低(P＜0.05),美满霉素组SOD表达较模型组增高(P＜0.05);美满霉素组SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、LPO表达较正常组和假手术组增高(P＜0.01);模型组SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、LPO表达较正常组和假手术组显著增高(P＜0.01).结论 美满霉素能降低VD大鼠脑组织和血清MDA、GSH-Px、LPO水平、增强SOD表达,通过清除VD大鼠自由基、抑制氧化应激效应发挥其脑保护作用.     

Effects of functional and surgical castration of white leghorn cockerels, and replacement therapy, on food intake, obesity, reproductive traits, and certain components of blood, liver, muscle, and bone

Basal hypothalamic bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in White Leghorn cockerels causing functional castration and obesity. Other cockerels were surgically castrated. Determinations were made of the reproductive traits, weight of abdominal adipose tissues, weight and fat content of livers, fat in muscles and bones, hematocrits, plasma calcium, triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid phosphorus before and after injections of chicken pituitaries (CP) into cocks bearing hypothalamic lesions (HL), and before and after injections of testosterone propionate (TP) into surgically castrated (SC) cocks. Treatment of HL cocks with CP partially restored reproductive behavior, but abdominal massage produced only seminal fluid without spermatozoa. The weight of the abdominal adipose tissue was used as a measure of adiposity since it varies directly with total body fat. Adiposity in HL cocks was 2.5 times greater than that of SC cocks. Injections of CP into HL cocks reduced adiposity by 60%. In contrast, injections of TP into SC cocks reduced body fat to normal. Injections with CP into HL cocks reduced moderately the weights of the hypertrophied fatty livers and reduced fat content toward normal, but livers remained abnormal. In surgically castrated cocks, livers remained normal. Functional or surgical castration depressed blood hematocrit values. Injections with TP restored hematocrit values in SC cocks. In contrast, injections of CP into HL cocks were virtually without effect upon the depressed hematocrit values.     

Levels of Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Androstenedione, and Estradiol in Canalicular, Saccular, and Alveolar Mouse Lungs

Androgens and estrogens are known regulators of fetal and postnatal lung development, but their levels in the developing lung have never been determined. We present here, for the first time, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) quantification of dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol in canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stage lungs of both sexes. Testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol were observed in all the analyzed lung samples from gestation day (GD) 16.5 to postnatal day (PN) 30, totalizing 383 individual mice. Levels of these three steroids decreased between birth and PN 5. In contrast, dihydrotestosterone was detected only in male samples on GD 19.5, PN 0, and PN 30. A significant sex difference was observed for testosterone and androstenedione but not for estradiol. Steroid levels were also determined in skinned hind legs for comparison. Three-way analysis of variance revealed that tissue (lung or leg) had a significant effect on testosterone levels for both sexes, but not on androstenedione and estradiol levels. Low but significant testosterone and androstenedione levels were observed in all the females and in prepubertal male samples. These levels must be sufficient to induce androgen receptor activation, as suggested by our recent report showing the presence of androgen receptor in the nucleus of several lung cells in corresponding developmental ages and sexes.     

Comparative evaluation of FGF-2-, VEGF-A-, and VEGF-C-induced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vascular fenestrations, and permeability

Several endothelial growth factors induce both blood and lymphatic angiogenesis. However, a systematic comparative study of the impact of these factors on vascular morphology and function has been lacking. In this study, we report a quantitative analysis of the structure and macromolecular permeability of FGF-2-, VEGF-A-, and VEGF-C-induced blood and lymphatic vessels. Our results show that VEGF-A stimulated formation of disorganized, nascent vasculatures as a result of fusion of blood capillaries into premature plexuses with only a few lymphatic vessels. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that VEGF-A-induced blood vessels contained high numbers of endothelial fenestrations that mediated high permeability to ferritin, whereas the FGF-2-induced blood vessels lacked vascular fenestrations and showed only little leakage of ferritin. VEGF-C induced approximately equal amounts of blood and lymphatic capillaries with endothelial fenestrations present only on blood capillaries, mediating a medium level of ferritin leakage into the perivascular space. No endothelial fenestrations were found in FGF-2-, VEGF-A-, or VEGF-C-induced lymphatic vessels. These findings highlight the structural and functional differences between blood and lymphatic vessels induced by FGF-2, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C. Such information is important to consider in development of novel therapeutic strategies using these angiogenic factors.     

Pharmacokinetics, central nervous system uptake, and lipid solubility of propranolol, acebutolol, and sotalol

The relation of in vitro lipophilicity, based on octanol:buffer partition ratio and on reverse-phase liquid chromatographic retention, to in vivo pharmacokinetics and central nervous system entry was evaluated for the beta-blockers propranolol, acebutolol, and sotalol. Anesthetized cats received single intravenous doses, following which plasma kinetics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kinetics and brain tissue uptake were determined over the next 4 h. Propranolol, by far the most lipophilic beta-blocker in vitro, had the highest in vivo metabolic clearance and volume of distribution (Vd), the most rapid entry into CSF, and the highest brain:plasma uptake ratio (38.0). Sotalol, the most hydrophilic drug in vitro, had the lowest in vivo clearance and Vd, the slowest CSF entry, and the lowest brain:plasma ratio (0.52). Acebutolol had slightly greater in vitro lipophilicity than sotalol, intermediate values of in vivo plasma kinetics and CSF entry rate, and a slightly greater brain:plasma uptake ratio (0.71). Thus, differences among beta-blockers in lipid solubility are associated with predictable differences in plasma kinetics, and rate of entry into CSF. Furthermore, the relative extent of entry into brain is lower for hydrophilic as opposed to lipophilic beta-blockers.     

Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora and molecular clocks.

Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from primates, rodents, lagomorphs, artiodactyls, carnivores, and birds strongly suggests that the order Rodentia is an outgroup to the other four mammalian orders and that Artiodactyla and Carnivora belong to a superordinal clade. Further, there is strong evidence against the Glires concept, which unites Lagomorpha and Rodentia. The radiation among Lagomorpha, Primates, and Artiodactyla--Carnivora is very bush-like, but there is some evidence that Lagomorpha has branched off first. Thus, the branching sequence for these five orders of mammals seems to be Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora. The branching date for Rodentia could be as early as 100 million years ago. The rate of nucleotide substitution in the rodent lineage is shown to be at least 1.5 times higher than those in the other four mammalian lineages.