云南大学生心理健康的团体咨询实验

目的：改善大学生的心理健康状况。方法：采用团体咨询的训练方法针对大学生存在的心理问题进行人际关系训练，并在团体咨询结束4个月后进行随访。结果：实验组大学生SCL-90、SAD、SES量表的各项得分后切与前切相比发生了显著变化，而对照组没有发生明显变化；部分成员的人际交往行为有了明显改进。结论：团体咨询有效改善了大学生的心理健康状况。     

“三多”远离“退休综合征”

时下,很多老年人离岗后不同程度地患上了“退休综合征”。而父亲退休后却因拥有“三多”而远离了“退休综合征”,赢得了“三多老人’（爱好多、笑声多、粉丝多）的雅号。     

煤炭企业管理者退休初期心理状况与社会支持、应对方式的关系研究

目的了解退休初期煤炭企业管理者心理健康状况与社会支持、应对方式的关系,为有针对性地开展老年工作提供依据。方法采用整群抽样法抽取开滦集团386名退休煤炭企业管理者进行症状自评量表、社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷评估。结果①386名退休初期煤炭企业管理者中,30.9%的人可能存在心理问题,并且女性心理问题检出率明显高于男性(χ2=4.568,P<0.05);②消极应对、社会支持总分与退休初期煤炭企业管理者的心理健康显著相关,并且能够联合解释退休初期煤炭企业管理者心理健康4.7%的变异量,社会支持直接预测心理健康,消极应对在支持的利用度和心理健康之间起中介作用。结论 30.9%的退休初期煤炭企业管理者存在心理问题,男性心理问题低于女性;社会支持正向预测心理健康水平,消极应对在支持的利用度和心理健康之间起中介作用。     

应用团体咨询技术对医学院校新生心理素质的干预

目的应用团体咨询技术对医学院校新生心理素质进行干预，为大学生心理健康教育和高校团体心理咨询提供指导。方法采用症状自评量表对2007级392名在校大学新生进行筛查，通过对其中39名有不同程度心理问题的学生进行团体咨询，探讨大学新生心理状况及团体咨询对大学新生心理健康水平的影响。结果心理干预前后，干预组的SCL-90总分较实验前改善，强迫、焦虑、人际敏感、抑郁、恐怖、偏执6项因子有明显改善。结论团体咨询对大学新生的心理素质水平的改善具有一定的近期效应，可以有效解决大学新生的心理问题，在大学生心理健康教育工作中有着广阔的应用前景。     

退休后的五颗心

静心一些老年人从工作岗位上退下来后,内心十分空虚,心理上出现了不适应的症状,有个别老年人甚至不想出门见人,觉得退休是件“丢面子”的事。其实,退休如同人体的新陈代谢一样,是一种自然规律,根本谈不到丢不丢“面子”。老人自己要明白这个道理,家人也要做好老人的思想工作,解开老人心中的“纠结”。退休不是人生的终结,而是一种新生活的开端!     

离退休老年人生活质量及心理状态调查

目的：探讨离退休老年人的生活质量和心理状态。方法：采用老年人生活质量调查表及心理健康测查表对816例离退休老年人进行测查。结果：影响离退休老年人生活质量的因素依次为心理卫生，健康状 况，经济收入，社会交往等。不论男女其各分量表除HMA外，其余各量表离退休老年人与常模比较均有显著性差异（P＜0．01），离退休老年人各量表分明显高于常模，可能与离退休老年人躯体不适，精神活动不足和某些人心理压力及个性有关，而干部人员较工人人员的心理问题多，生活满意度低，结论：离退休老年人存在明显的心理问题，个性问题和生活质量问题，改善退休老年人的生活质量和心理有利于离退休老年人身心健康。     

退休可使人年轻,痛苦也会随之减轻

退休之后,工作压力的渐渐消除,会给人带来什么样的变化呢？ 一项研究采用了14,700名心身都健康的被试者,随访其退休前七年以及退休后七年。研究结果发现,在他们退休后,很多疾病及心理问题等都会减少甚至自动消失。     

集中、封闭式团体咨询对提高大学生自信心效果的研究

目的:观察集中、封闭式团体咨询对大学生的自信心增强效果.方法:通过招募,对自愿报名的60名大学生进行"提高自信心"的团体咨询.采用"集中、封闭式"团体咨询,对学生进行连续20小时咨询.咨询前后,用自信心量表进行测试.结果:咨询前自信心均分21.38±5.44,咨询后自信心均分为23.55±5.30,自信心均分提高有显著性差异,t=3.82,P<0.05.对于咨询前自信心分值大于25的学生,团体咨询作用较小.结论:集中、封闭式团体咨询,能有效提高大学生的自信心.     

引申出来的爱

俗话讲甘蔗老头甜，越老越有嚼头。此话也可印证爱情。 我们夫妇今年已届70岁，1957年结婚。半个世纪来，由于历史的原因，我们坎坎坷坷，分分合合，但要说到爱情，那是始终如一的。特别是退休后，孩子成家立业，剩下我们老夫妻“留守”，相依为伴，感情更深。晚年夫妻的感情，我认为用一个“解”字来诠释最为恰当。     

不同领导者团体心理干预改善新兵应对方式的比较

目的比较咨询师团体干预组、班长团体干预组和对照组对新兵应对方式的改善情况。方法随机选取279名新兵,采用应对方式问卷测评后,分为3组,实验组分别在心理咨询师(88人)和班长(83人)的带领下按方案实施团体心理干预,对照组(87人)不实施任何干预,干预结束后3组进行复测,评估对新兵应对方式的改善情况及差别。结果①咨询师团体组干预前后解决问题(t=3.991,P<0.01)、自责(t=-2.370,P<0.05)、求助(t=3.705,P<0.01),幻想(t=-3.698,P<0.01)4个因子均有显著性差异。班长团体组干预前后解决问题(t=4.145,P<0.01)、求助(t=2.789,P<0.01)2个因子有显著性差异。对照组各个因子无显著性差异;②3组之间比较在解决问题上,咨询师团体组和班长团体组较对照组分数高(F=5.233,P<0.01);在自责方面咨询师团体组较班长团体组和对照组分数低(F=3.325,P<0.05);在幻想方面班长团体组较咨询师团体组分数高,而较对照分数要分数低(F=5.996,P<0.01)。结论专业和非专业团体干预均可以改善新兵积极的应对方式,但专业的心理咨询师结构式团体干预更能促进新兵消极应对方式的改善。     

Controlled evaluation of brief intervention by general practitioners to reduce chronic use of benzodiazepines.

BACKGROUND: It is recommended that long-term users of benzodiazepines in general practice be withdrawn from their medication where possible. AIM: A study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of minimal intervention delivered by general practitioners in helping chronic users of benzodiazepines to withdraw from their medication, and to determine the psychological sequelae on patients of such intervention. METHOD: Patients taking benzodiazepines regularly for at least one year were recruited by their general practitioner and allocated either to a group receiving brief advice during one consultation supplemented by a self-help booklet or to a control group who received routine care. The patients completed the 12-item general health questionnaire and a benzodiazepine withdrawal symptom questionnaire at the outset of the study and at three and six months after this. RESULTS: Eighteen per cent of patients in the intervention group (9/50) had a reduction in benzodiazepine prescribing recorded in the notes compared with 5% of the 55 patients in the control group (P < 0.05). In the intervention group, 63% of patients had a score of two or more on the general health questionnaire at baseline compared with 52% at six months. Of the 20 intervention patients reporting benzodiazepine reduction, 60% had a score of two or more at baseline compared with 40% at six months. Intervention patients had significantly more qualitative, but not quantitative, withdrawal symptoms at six months compared with baseline. Consultation rates were not increased in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The study indicates that some chronic users can successfully reduce their intake of benzodiazepines with simple advice from the general practitioner and a self-help booklet. This type of intervention does not lead to psychological distress or increased consultation.     

Deprivation, psychological distress, and consultation length in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Recent research has shown the benefits of longer consultations in general practice. Approximately 40% of patients presenting to general practitioners (GPs) are psychologically distressed. Studies have shown that psychological morbidity increases with increasing socioeconomic deprivation. The combined effects of psychological morbidity and socioeconomic deprivation on consultation length are unknown. In addition, though it is known that doctors correctly identify half their distressed patients as such, the effect of consultation length on identification is unknown. AIM: To examine factors associated with presentation and recognition of psychological distress in GPs' surgeries and the interaction of these factors with consultation length. DESIGN OF STUDY: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Nine general practices in the West of Scotland, involving 1075 consultations of 21 full-time GPs. METHOD: The main outcome measures were patient psychological distress (measured by General Health Questionnaire-12), doctors' identification of psychological distress, consultation length, and Carstairs deprivation category scores. RESULTS: The mean consultation length was 8.71 minutes (SD = 4.40) and the prevalence of positive GHQ scores was 44.7%. Increasing GHQ (greater psychological distress) and lower deprivation category scores (greater affluence) were associated with longer consultations. Positive GHQ scoring increased with greater socioeconomic deprivation and also peaked in the 30 to 39 years age group. Recognition of psychological distress was greater in longer consultations (50% increase in consultation length associated with 32% increase in recognition). CONCLUSION: Increasing socioeconomic deprivation is associated with higher prevalence of psychological distress and shorter consultations. This provides further evidence to support Tudor Hart's 'inverse care law' and has implications for the resourcing of primary care in deprived areas.     

A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans

In this study, the authors examined the effect of retirement on psychological and physical symptoms in 404 older male veterans who were taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze symptom trajectories from preretirement, peri-retirement, and postretirement periods in veterans with either lifetime full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure only, or no traumatic exposure. As expected, the PTSD group experienced greater increases in psychological and physical symptoms during retirement, relative to the other groups. Retirement due to poor health in the PTSD group did not account for the findings regarding physical symptoms. Results indicate that clinicians should recognize and address the potential for older individuals with PTSD to experience difficulties during retirement.     

昆明市金星社区居民心理咨询知晓率调查

目的了解社区居民对心理咨询的知晓率,为开展心理卫生服务作决策依据。方法采用现场调查方法,使用自行设计的心理咨询知晓率调查问卷,共20条问题,由志愿者自己填写问卷。结果受访者女性多于男性,年龄多在40～59岁(71.43%),初中及初中以上的文化居多,多为退休及无工作的低收入者。59.52%主要通过报刊、书籍了解心理咨询,40.48%承认自己存在不同程度的心理问题,认为子女教育(26.19%),社会适应(19.05%)是当前最感到困惑和痛苦的问题,但愿接受心理咨询的人不多,47.6%认为现在寻求心理咨询不方便。多愿接受谈心式的心理咨询(40.48%),57.14%认为心理咨询师应由心理专业人员担任。结论居民有心理卫生保健的需求,但对心理咨询的认识不足,心理卫生的宣传和教育亟待加强。     

深圳593名新兵心理健康调查与干预

目的：了解新兵的心理水平及干预方式，方法：采用ＳＣＬ－９０症状自评量表对驻深圳边防某部９７年入伍的新兵５９３名进行了心理调查，并尝试用不同方式对其中两个连队进行了心理干预对照研究。结果：新兵有诸多因子分高于国内常模，应属心理问题高发人群。单纯用群体教育的方法对新兵已经发生的心理困扰无明显作用，而采用个别咨询为主的干预方法效果比较理想。部队各级医务人员掌握心理咨询和治疗的技能，对提高我军整体素质十分必要。     

Patients'' experiences of GP consultations for psychological problems: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND: The vast majority of patients with psychological problems are seen solely by their GP, but little is known about patients' perspectives regarding the variety of consultation skills that may be used in routine GP consultations with these patients. AIM: To identify which aspects of GP consultations patients presenting with psychological problems experience as helpful or unhelpful. DESIGN: Qualitative study. SETTING: Nine general practices in north central London. METHOD: Twenty patients, who had discussed psychological problems as a significant part of their index GP consultation, were asked in detail using the tape-assisted recall (TAR) method, about aspects of the consultation they had experienced as helpful or unhelpful. RESULTS: All patients described how the relationship with the GP helped or hindered them in discussing their problems; this was central to their experience of the consultation. An underlying attitude of genuine interest and empathy, within a continuing relationship, was highly valued. Patients also described how the GP helped them make sense of, or resolve their problems, and supported their efforts to change. CONCLUSION: These patient accounts suggest that routine GP consultations for psychological problems can have a powerful impact, at least short-term. The GP role in providing a safe place where patients feel they are listened to and understood should not be underestimated, particularly in the mental health context. Further research is required to investigate the longer-term impact of different GP behaviours on patient health outcomes. The TAR method has potential applications in primary care research and in the training of GPs and other health professionals.     

Patients' reasons for not presenting emotional problems in general practice consultations.

BACKGROUND: Patients commonly do not mention emotional problems in consultations, and this is a factor in general practitioners' (GPs') difficulty in identifying psychological morbidity. AIM: To investigate patients' self-reported reasons for not disclosing psychological problems in consultations with GPs. METHOD: From nine general practices, a sample of patients with high General Health Questionnaire scores, who planned to present only somatic symptoms to the GP, were interviewed after their consultation with the GP. The interview covered their reasons for not mentioning emotional problems. A patient satisfaction questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients were interviewed. Sixty-four patients confirmed that they had not mentioned emotional problems in the consultation; 23 (36%) of these gave primarily realistic reasons for not presenting emotional problems (e.g. able to cope with distress), 29 (45%) gave reasons related to psychological embarrassment or hesitation to trouble the GP, and 12 (19%) were mainly deterred by the doctors' interview behaviours. The latter group had significantly lower satisfaction scores than patients in the other two groups. In addition, patients in all groups commonly reported perceptions of lack of time (48%) and that there is nothing doctors can do to help (39%) as barriers to mentioning emotional problems. CONCLUSION: An understanding of patients' reasons for not disclosing emotional problems can assist in identifying subgroups of patients with different management needs.     

贫困大学生心理健康教育模式的实证研究

目的：探索高校贫困生心理健康教育模式的实施和效果。方法：将贫困生分为干预组（43名）和对照组（37名）,干预组进行了近一年的心理健康教育,开展心理健康讲座、团体辅导、个别辅导、人际交往训练四种教育活动,干预前后分别用五种心理量表进行测试。结果：心理测试各项指标明显降低,心理健康水平显著提高。结论：心理健康教育对贫困大学生心理健康水平改善是有效的。     

Pain location and psychological characteristics of patients with chronic pain

The authors assessed psychological characteristics of 140 medical outpatients with chronic non-malignant pain referred for psychiatric consultation. Subjects completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), and Counter-dependency Scale (CDS). The only psychological measure able to differentiate the chronic pain group from the control subjects was the CDS. However, SSAS scores were significantly higher in subjects having pain involving the head, chest, abdomen, or pelvis than in subjects having pain only in their backs or extremities. The latter subgroup had significantly higher CDS scores. The findings suggest that there are discrete subgroups within the chronic pain population defined by pain location and specific psychological characteristics.     

Psychological well-being in retirement: the effects of personal and gendered contextual resources

Although prior research points to the gendered nature of work and private routines, surprisingly few studies have explored the influence of gender on the sources of psychological well-being in retirement. Drawing on resource theories and theories on the gendered division of labor, this study examines how preretirement resources relate to retirees' psychological well-being by using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. It is hypothesized that possessing key resources prior to retirement as well as losing or gaining resources in the transition to retirement influence retirees' well-being and that these effects are partially conditioned by gender. Results indicate that preretirement physical health, tenacity in goal pursuit, and flexibility in goal adjustment are beneficial for men's and women's well-being alike. By contrast, financial assets and job dissatisfaction are more strongly related to men's psychological well-being in retirement and preretirement social contacts to that of women. Thus, the study underscores the importance of considering gendered resources in retirement research.