Frequency and characteristics associated with opportunistic salpingectomy at cesarean delivery: A retrospective chart review

ObjectivesTo identify the frequency and characteristics associated with total salpingectomy (TS) versus occlusion or partial salpingectomy (PS) at the time of cesarean delivery.Study designWe performed a retrospective chart review of cesarean deliveries with a concurrent permanent contraception procedure, from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2019 at 2 hospitals (community hospital and tertiary care academic center) within a single healthcare system. We assessed the proportion of TS versus PS at cesarean, and secondarily compared operative times between the 2 procedures.ResultsWe identified 2110 procedures during the 5-year period. Surgeons performed TS in 302 (14%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13%–16%) cases, and the annual rate varied from 14% to 18% over the study period (p = 0.14). Factors associated with increased likelihood of TS rather than PS included public insurance/self-pay (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0–4.1), delivery at the community hospital (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 3.0–7.7), parity of 5 or more (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.4), and presence of an obstetrician/gynecologist for cesarean delivery (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6–5.4). The total operative time for TS and PS differed at the academic center (90 vs 68 minutes, p < 0.001) but not at the community hospital (55 vs 54 minutes, p = 0.5).ConclusionsThis study highlights provider and institutional characteristics associated with TS compared to PS at the time of cesarean delivery, which may inform future programs aimed at increasing utilization of TS at cesarean delivery.ImplicationsAccess to TS at the time of cesarean delivery may provide pregnant women with a very effective permanent contraception method at a convenient time of concurrent cesarean. This study identifies patient factors that may influence access to TS as part of obstetrical care.     

Barriers and outcomes associated with unfulfilled requests for permanent contraception following vaginal delivery

Objectives

To identify barriers to postpartum permanent contraception procedures after vaginal delivery and to explore contraceptive and reproductive outcomes of women who experience unfulfilled requests.

Concordance of Desired and Administered Postpartum Contraceptives among Emergency and Full Scope Medicaid Patients

ObjectiveTo determine if concordance of contraceptive preference and uptake differ between postpartum recipients of emergency versus full scope Medicaid.Study DesignWe performed a historical cohort study of patients who delivered at a safety-net hospital in Denver, Colorado in 2016. In our public system, all patients had access to immediate postpartum tubal ligation and all forms of reversible contraception in outpatient clinics. We used data from electronic health records to compare contraceptive preferences and uptake between patients with full scope and emergency Medicaid at hospital discharge and by 12 weeks postpartum. We then compared contraceptive concordance (use of the same method as desired during delivery admission) between the groups at time of postpartum discharge and by 12 weeks postpartum.ResultsWe examined 693 women; 349 (50.1%) had emergency Medicaid and 344 (49.9%) had full scope Medicaid. The mean age at delivery was 27.9 years, and most patients were Hispanic (74%). Women with emergency Medicaid were less likely to receive their desired method of postpartum contraception before hospital discharge (53.6% vs. 66.9%; p < .01). One-half of the patients with emergency Medicaid who did not receive their desired method of immediate postpartum contraception were unable to obtain it based on insurance ineligibility. By 12 weeks postpartum, the rates of concordance did not differ by insurance status: 52.4% of patients with emergency Medicaid and 55.2% of patients with full scope Medicaid received their desired method of contraception (p = .46).ConclusionsEmergency Medicaid recipients, largely recent and/or unauthorized immigrants, have high demand for highly effective postpartum contraceptives. Although emergency Medicaid recipients initially had lower rates of receipt of their desired contraceptive during the hospital stay compared with those with full scope Medicaid, they ultimately had similar concordance rates by 12 weeks postpartum. We suspect this finding was in part due to free access to all methods of contraception in our outpatient clinics during the postpartum course. Systemic barriers should be reduced to ensure better access to postpartum contraceptives for all patients, regardless of insurance coverage, to improve reproductive equity.     

Postpartum Contraception Use by Urban/Rural Status: An Analysis of the Michigan Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Data

ObjectiveWe sought to examine rural/urban differences in postpartum contraceptive use, which are underexplored in the literature.MethodsWe analyzed phase 5 (2004–2008) of the Michigan Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey. Using Rural–Urban Commuting Area codes and weighted multinomial logistic regression, we examined the association between self-reported postpartum contraceptive method and rural/urban residence among postpartum women not desiring pregnancy (n = 6,468).ResultsPostpartum (mean, 16.5 weeks after delivery), 14.4% of respondents were using sterilization, 6.7% long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), 37.3% moderately effective hormonal methods, 38.4% less effective methods or no method, and 3.2% abstinence. Multivariable analysis yielded sporadic geographic patterns. Odds of method use varied significantly by age, parity, body mass index, and breastfeeding status. Not discussing contraception with a prenatal healthcare provider decreased odds of postpartum LARC use (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36–0.75). Number of prenatal visits and weeks since delivery were not associated with postpartum contraception method.ConclusionsWe did not observe strong variation in postpartum contraceptive use based on geography. Low uptake of highly effective contraception across rural and urban areas suggests a need for education and outreach regarding these methods.     

Immediate postplacental IUD insertion at cesarean delivery: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundImmediate postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices (IUDs) during cesarean delivery could reduce a substantial barrier to access to long-term effective contraception. Initiating IUD use prior to discharge from the hospital postpartum eliminates a 6-week postpartum waiting period and an additional office visit.Study DesignThis was a prospective cohort study of 90 patients undergoing cesarean delivery. After delivery of the placenta, a copper T380A IUD was inserted into the endometrial cavity through the incision. The study participants were followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. This study was conducted at the Weiler Division of the Montefiore Medical Center and at the Jacobi Medical Center in the Bronx, NY.ResultsForty-three (48%) women returned for their 6-week follow-up visits, and among those, no expulsions were recorded. Forty-two (47%) women were reached for phone follow-up at 6 months postpartum, and 80% reported being “happy” or “very happy” with their IUD.ConclusionsImmediate postplacental IUD insertion at the time of cesarean delivery is safe and acceptable.     

西安高校教工产后非意愿妊娠及相关因素调查

目的：调查西安高校教职工初产妇产后非意愿妊娠率和结局,以及避孕知识、需求及方法选择情况,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷,选择西安市4所非医学类本科高校教职工中2014年11月至2015年10月分娩的初产妇,于产后42天进行问卷调查其避孕知识与态度,于产后1年电话随访其避孕方法和非意愿妊娠情况,并进行分析。结果该时间段内分娩的初产妇共计277例,有效随访率为95．7％;调查对象对宫内节育器和安全套避孕法知晓率接近100％,但安全套正确用法知晓率仅为39．6％,其它避孕方法知晓率不足80％;对口服避孕药避孕法和口服药物紧急避孕混淆率高达77．7％;对自然分娩和剖宫产后放置宫内节育器的时间及哺乳期避孕法了解不足10％;绝大多数被调查者表示需要医务人员指导产后避孕知识;被调查者产后1年内意外妊娠率为9．4％。结论西安高校教职工初产妇产后避孕知识及方法认知水平较低且不全面,产后1年内意外妊娠发生率高达9．4％。多数初产妇对医务人员指导产后避孕知识需求迫切。医院、社区妇保及计划生育部门应加大健康教育指导水平和力度。     

Intimate Partner Violence around the Time of Pregnancy and Postpartum Contraceptive Use

ObjectivesWe sought to examine postpartum contraceptive use among women who reported physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during or within 12 months before pregnancy compared with women who did not report physical IPV and to identify factors associated with nonuse of contraception among women who reported physical IPV.MethodsData were obtained from women with a recent live birth from 2012 to 2015 who participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. We described characteristics of women and postpartum contraceptive use by method effectiveness (most effective [female sterilization, male sterilization, intrauterine device, implant], moderately effective [injectable, pill, patch, ring], less effective [condoms, natural family planning, withdrawal, other]) or no method, stratified by reported physical IPV. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine characteristics associated with nonuse of contraception among women who reported physical IPV.ResultsThe proportion of women using most or moderately effective contraception was similar for women reporting and not reporting physical IPV. Less effective contraceptive use was lower among women who reported physical IPV (13.9%) than those who did not report physical IPV (25.1%) (p < .001). Nonuse was higher among women who reported physical IPV (33%) than those who did not report physical IPV (21%) (p < .001). Having no health insurance at the time of survey and experiencing traumatic stress within 12 months before delivery were associated with nonuse of contraception among women who reported physical IPV.ConclusionsThe higher proportion of contraception nonuse among women who reported physical IPV indicates a potential unmet need for contraception among this vulnerable population. Recommended screening for IPV and counseling about the full range of contraceptive methods should begin during pregnancy and continue through the postpartum period.     

剖宫产后哺乳期产妇非意愿妊娠分析

目的：了解剖宫产后1年内非意愿妊娠发生情况及其原因,为针对性地开展干预做好基础调研。方法：采用问卷调查的方法,在产妇剖宫产后住院期间由专业调查人员进行初次问卷调查;1年（或落实长期有效的避孕方法）后,对受试对象再次进行问卷调查。结果：68.3%的产妇平时了解避孕知识的途径为网络;61.5%的产妇会在产后2～3个月开始首次性生活。产妇分娩后希望获取避孕知识最适宜的时机主要为住院期间病房医务人员指导、产后需要时自行网上查询、产后社区卫生服务中心保健人员上门访视时等。研究对象产后1年内有3.0%发生了非意愿妊娠,其中51.7%对可采用的紧急避孕方法表示不知情,72.4%不了解避孕失败后服用紧急避孕药的时间,41.4%对哺乳期妊娠及产后1年内流产的危害认识不足。结论：在正规的妇幼保健专业机构网站上设置产后避孕节育等健康保健专栏,或同时开设在线咨询与交流平台,是指导产妇避孕节育的重要途径之一。     

Women's preferences for permanent contraception method and willingness to be randomized for a hypothetical trial

Objective

To understand women's preferences for permanent contraception by salpingectomy or tubal occlusion following standardized counseling and evaluate the practicality of a future randomized trial.

Exposure to routine availability of immediate postpartum LARC: effect on attitudes and practices of labor and delivery and postpartum nurses

Objectives

Nurses play an integral role in intrapartum and postpartum patient education. This exploratory study aims to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of labor and delivery and postpartum nurses regarding contraception and evaluate for changes in these measures 1 year after an institutional initiative allowing routine availability of immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (LARC).

Postpartum contraception: needs vs. reality

Background

The postpartum time is a unique time to address patient's contraceptive needs and provide education. There are little data to suggest the best approach to provide information about contraception after delivery.

Study Design

Postpartum patients in an urban university hospital were asked to complete a written survey on postpartum contraception. Participants were asked about contraception counseling offered both antepartum and postpartum. Participants were also asked if they would have elected to have an intrauterine device (IUD) inserted immediately after delivery. Participants were contacted 4–6 months after delivery regarding ongoing contraceptive use.

Results

One hundred seventy-five surveys were completed; 77% (134) reported discussing contraception antepartum, and 87% (153), postpartum. Thirty percent of women reported discussing IUD insertion at an antepartum visit and 31% reported discussing it in the hospital prior to discharge. Twenty-three percent (39) of women would have elected immediate post-placental IUD placement if available. Of the 59 patients who were able to be contacted 4–6 months after delivery, 5% reported using an IUD. Twenty-two percent (13) of the participants contacted at follow-up still desired an IUD, of which 62% would have elected postplacental placement, if available. Twenty-nine percent of women reported using no contraceptive method and 32% reported using a method which is not highly effective.

Conclusions

Prenatal visits and postpartum contact with providers create an opportunity to discuss family planning and contraception and most patients report receiving counseling. However, significantly fewer reported continued contraceptive use at 4–6 months postpartum. Initiation of postplacental IUD placement would be acceptable and would increase contraceptive use at 6 months postpartum.     

Postpartum unintended pregnancy and contraception practice among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai

BackgroundRural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai have poor reproductive health; the incidence of postpartum unintended pregnancy and contraceptive practices has not been adequately studied in this population.Study DesignThis retrospective study examined the incidence of postpartum unintended pregnancy and associated factors among migrant women and included a medical records reviews, telephone interviews and in-depth face-to-face interviews.ResultsThe incidence of unintended pregnancy during the first and second years postpartum was 12.8 and 12.9 per 100 women-years, respectively. Eighty-six percent resulted from nonuse of contraception, and 88% ended in induced abortions. Median times of sexual activity resumption and contraception initiation were 2 months and 7.5 months postpartum, respectively. Approximately 17% of women did not adopt effective contraceptive methods until undergoing induced abortion.ConclusionsConcentrated efforts, including contraception counseling prior to discharge and early postpartum visits, are required to increase early use of effective contraception among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai and to reduce their high level of postpartum unintended pregnancy.     

Unmet demand for highly effective postpartum contraception in Texas

Objectives

We aimed to assess women's contraceptive preferences and use in the first 6 months after delivery. The postpartum period represents a key opportunity for women to learn about and obtain effective contraception, especially since 50% of unintended pregnancies to parous women occur within 2 years of a previous birth.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of 800 postpartum women recruited from three hospitals in Austin and El Paso, TX. Women aged 18–44 who wanted to delay childbearing for at least 24 months were eligible for the study and completed interviews following delivery and at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Participants were asked about the contraceptive method they were currently using and the method they would prefer to use at 6 months after delivery.

Results

At 6 months postpartum, 13% of women were using an intrauterine device or implant, and 17% were sterilized or had a partner who had had a vasectomy. Twenty-four percent were using hormonal methods, and 45% relied on less effective methods, mainly condoms and withdrawal. Yet 44% reported that they would prefer to be using sterilization, and 34% would prefer to be using long-acting reversible contraception (LARC).

Conclusions

This study shows a considerable preference for LARC and permanent methods at 6 months postpartum. However, there is a marked discordance between women’s method preference and actual use, indicating substantial unmet demand for highly effective methods of contraception.

Implications

In two Texas cities, many more women preferred long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPM) than were able to access these methods at 6 months postpartum. Women’s contraceptive needs could be better met by counseling about all methods, by reducing cost barriers and by making LAPM available at more sites.     

Complications of surgical termination of second-trimester pregnancy in obese versus nonobese women

BackgroundObesity is becoming increasingly common in obstetric and gynecologic populations, which may affect the safety of surgical termination of pregnancy.Study DesignWe performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing second-trimester surgical termination of pregnancy by under ultrasound guidance termination between 13 0/7 and 24 0/7 weeks of gestational age (GA) to compare perioperative risks in obese and nonobese women. Complication rates, operative times and anesthesia times were compared between obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m²] and nonobese women (BMI <30).ResultsOf 1044 women, 29.0% were obese. The mean complication rate was 6.1% and similar between groups (5.5% nonobese, 7.6% obese, p=.20). Operative times were 4.4 min longer and mean anesthesia times were 5 min longer in obese patients (p<.001 for each). There was a nonsignificant trend toward more complications with gestational ages above 18 weeks (5.5% vs. 7.7%, p=.20). A history of one or more cesarean sections had an independent association with major complications after adjustment for confounders (adjusted odds ratio 4.2, p=.001).ConclusionsBoth anesthesia and operative times were modestly increased in obese women versus nonobese women undergoing second-trimester surgical termination, without significant differences in complication rates. For patients at advanced GA with prior cesarean delivery, clinicians should be aware of the potential increase in complications as well as increased operative time in obese women, and counsel appropriately.     

Update to CDC's U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010: revised recommendations for the use of contraceptive methods during the postpartum period

Initiation of contraception during the postpartum period is important to prevent unintended pregnancy and short birth intervals, which can lead to negative health outcomes for mother and infant. In 2010, CDC published U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 (US MEC), providing evidence-based guidance for choosing a contraceptive method based on the relative safety of contraceptive methods for women with certain characteristics or medical conditions, including women who are postpartum. Recently, CDC assessed evidence regarding the safety of combined hormonal contraceptive use during the postpartum period. This report summarizes that assessment and the resulting updated guidance. These updated recommendations state that postpartum women should not use combined hormonal contraceptives during the first 21 days after delivery because of the high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) during this period. During 21-42 days postpartum, women without risk factors for VTE generally can initiate combined hormonal contraceptives, but women with risk factors for VTE (e.g., previous VTE or recent cesarean delivery) generally should not use these methods. After 42 days postpartum, no restrictions on the use of combined hormonal contraceptives based on postpartum status apply.     

上海市中心城区产后妇女避孕需求及产后避孕服务利用调查

目的:调查上海市中心城区产后妇女避孕节育现况及避孕相关生殖健康服务利用情况。方法:2019年8月至12月期间,采用横断面调查的方法对在上海市4个区（长宁区、静安区、普陀区、杨浦区）产后42 d健康检查门诊就诊和前往儿童保健门诊的妇女进行问卷调查。数据分析采用频率和logistic回归分析等方法。结果:调查的1170名产...     

Postpartum weight loss in overweight and obese women using the etonogestrel subdermal implant: a pilot study

ObjectiveTo compare weight loss during the first 6 months postpartum in overweight and obese women using the etonogestrel implant, placed in the immediate postpartum period, with that of controls using nonhormonal contraception, utilizing a pilot design.Study designPilot, prospective cohort study. Analysis groups were divided by body mass index (overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m²; Class I Obesity: 30–34.5 kg/m²; Class II Obesity: 35–39.9 kg/m²) and grouped by use of etonogestrel implant or nonhormonal contraception for all outcomes. Primary outcome was the proportion of women in each group returning to pregravid weight by 6 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes included waist circumference, motivation to lose weight, eating habits, physical activity, feasibility of study procedures and assessment of recruitment potential in the first 6 months postpartum.ResultsA total of 127 women enrolled between June 2014 and August 2015. Fifty-seven chose the etonogestrel implant for immediate postpartum contraception while 70 chose nonhormonal contraceptives. Six months after delivery, about half of women in each group returned to within 1.5 kg of pregravid weight (42% etonogestrel [ENG]-implant vs. 67% nonhormonal methods, p=.19). Retention rates were high with over 75% of total study population providing study data at 6 months. Two nonhormonal contraceptive users conceived in the first 4 months postpartum.ConclusionNo statistical difference in percentage return to pregravid weight was detected between groups, but data suggest that a somewhat lower proportion of implant users lost weight at 6 months. Rapid recruitment, high retention and marked acceptance of immediate ENG implant use demonstrate feasibility for a larger, adequately powered trial.ImplicationsImmediate postpartum insertion of the ENG implant is safe and effective. Study findings suggest modest interference in overweight and obese women's ability to lose gestational weight. If future research demonstrates no statistical difference, increased uptake in immediate implant use should occur in most women, including those who are overweight or obese.