Epithelium-dependent regulation of smooth muscle contractility of the airways

The contribution of calmodulin and protein kinase C to the regulation of epithelial relaxing factor production by the tracheal epithelium and the role of adenylate and guanylate cyclase in the realization of the effect of this factor on airway smooth muscles are studied by the mechanographic method with cascade perfusion. Calmodulin and protein kinase C are shown to participate in the production of relaxing factor by epitheliocytes, guanylate cyclase being the principal target in exposure of smooth muscles to epithelial relaxing factor. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 3, pp. 283–285, March, 1995     

Role of cholinergic regulation of the heart in the protective antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation to continuous moderate stress

Rats were adapted to the continuous action of moderate immobilization stress for 1, 5, and 15 days. Thereafter the threshold of ventricular fibrillation and the heart rate were compared with biochemical indexes of adrenergic and cholinergic regulation of the heart, namely, catecholamine, cAMP, and cGMP content, acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activity, the number and affinity of cardiac muscarinic receptors, and the catecholamine content in the adrenals. The threshold of ventricular fibrillation fell on the 1st day due to a predominance of the adrenergic regulatory effect over the cholinergic. Adaptation for 5 days is attended by a rise of the threshold of ventricular fibrillation to the norm and by marked bradycardia, both these shifts being abolished by atropine. Elevation of the heart's resistance to arrhythmias stems from the prevalence of cholinergic regulation. Equilibrium between the cholinergic and adrenergic effects on the heart was found as a results of 15-day adaptation. The normal threshold of ventricular fibrillation and the increased cardiac resistance to arrhythmia were preserved and dictated largely by adaptive changes at the cardiomycyte level. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120. N ^o 7, pp. 36–39, July, 1995 Presented by G. N. Kryzhanovskii, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Contractile Reactions of Guinea Pig Airway Smooth Muscles in the Presence of Stannum Oxide Nanosized Particles

Contractile reactions of the guinea pig airway smooth muscles in the presence of stannum dioxide nanosized particles were studied. Contractile reactions to cholinergic and histaminergic stimulation were potentiated by inhalations of nanoparticle aerosol and by exposure of isolated smooth muscle segments to nanoparticle suspension.     

Mechanisms responsible for the resistance of tracheal smooth muscle to histamine in rats

A mechanographic study of contractile responses by tracheal smooth muscle segments of rats to a histaminergic agent showed that intact segments did not respond to histamine in the concentrations used (0.01–10 μM), whereas depolarized segments responded to histamine by dose-dependent contraction which were considerably enhanced following mechanical removal of the tracheal epithelium. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 9, pp. 263–264, September, 1995     

Correction of duodenal smooth muscle contractility with methacin and proserin in ulcer

The aftereffects of experimental damage to the duodenal wall on the contractility are studied in isolated rat duodenum. Development of ulcer was associated with replacement of rhythmic contractions by slow-wave tonic activity. Methacin and proserin accelerate the repair processes and potentiate the compensatory reactions, promoting the shift of spontaneous activity of smooth muscles toward the slow part of the spectrum. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 8, pp. 215–220, August, 1997     

Peculiarities of cholinergic regulation of smooth muscles in rabbit pulmonary arteries

Cholinergic contractile reactions of smooth muscles in rabbit pulmonary arteries were studied by mechanography. The muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine induced biphasic relaxation of mesatone- or potassium-precontracted segments from lobar pulmonary arteries with intact endothelium. The low-threshold endothelium-dependent component of pilocarpine-in-duced relaxation was suppressed by denudation or nitric oxide synthese blocker L-NAME. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 8, pp. 134–136, August, 2000     

Role of prostaglandin E2 in neurohumoral regulation of the cardiovascular system

The role of prostaglandin E in neurohumoral regulation of visceral functions is studied. Prostaglandin E₂ modulates cholinergic reflex reactions of the cardiovascular system and activates cardiovascular receptors related to unmyelinated fibers of the bulbar afferent system. The depressor effects of prostaglandin E₂ are fully expressed only when bulbar cardiovascular innervation is preserved. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 123, No. 5, pp. 538–541, May, 1997     

Role of guanylate cyclase and arachidonic acid metabolites in the regulation of epithelium-dependent relaxation of tracheal smooth muscles in rats

The effects of guanylate cyclase modulators and inhibitors of the arachidonic acid metabolism on epithelium-dependent smooth muscle reactions of rat tracheal segments were studied by a mechanographic technique. Application of phenylephrine to the tracheal segments precontracted by high-potassium Krebs' solution reduced their mechanical tension. This reaction was considerably less pronounced in the tracheal segments from which the epithelium had been removed. Phenylephrine-induced relaxation was suppressed by preincubation with methylene blue, but was not affected by preincubation with either indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor). These data suggest that the epithelium-dependent relaxation of the tracheal smooth muscle is mediated by guanylate cyclase activation, and arachidonic acid metabolites do not significantly contribute to this reaction. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 127, No. 1, pp. 9–11, January 1999     

Role of Respiratory Epithelium in the Development of Hyperreactivity of Bronchial Smooth Muscles

In guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin the respiratory epithelium lost its ability to modulate the responses of airway smooth muscles to histaminergic stimuli. Incubation of bronchial segments with IL-5 potenntiated the contractile responses of bronchial smooth muscles to histamine in both intact and sensitized animals. Incubation of bronchial segments with IL-5 receptors moderated contractile activity of segments from sensitized pigs, but not in the segments from intact controls. __________ Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 140, No. 9, pp. 250–252, September, 2005     

以单胺荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术观察家兔、大鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布及其相互关系

以单胺类荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术,观察了家兔和大白鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布。并以同一切片做荧光和胆碱酯酶连续显示方法,观察它们之间的形态学相互关系。在胃底腺分布着5-羟色胺细胞,它们不仅与交感肾上腺素能膨体末梢直接接触,还与迷走副交感胆碱能末梢接触,说明胃壁5-羟色胺细胞可直接受到神经活动的影响。在胃底腺腺细胞有交感和副交感神经末梢分布,这可提供神经控制胃液分泌的根据。有部分支配胃底腺细胞的两种神经末梢,分布位置和形态一致;在肌层平滑肌间和胃壁各层中细小动脉壁也存在可相重合的神经末梢分布。胃壁肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经末梢,在显微镜下所观察到的相互重合,支持药理学上提出的这两种神经末梢具有交互作用。在含非特异胆碱酯酶反应,可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内,存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状,可能是传入性质,对其功能意义做了讨论。     

Adrenergic and cholinergic structures of the lungs in normal guinea pigs and in guinea pigs with experimental bronchial asthma

The morphological and functional state of the adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the bronchopulmonary apparatus of guinea pigs was studied by luminescence and histochemical methods under normal conditions and during the course of sensitization (subcutaneous and inhalation methods) by the allergen of the miteDermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Considerable excitation of the adrenergic innervation and a fall in acetylcholinesterase activity were observed in the bronchopulmonary tissue during sensitization of the animals.Department of Pathological Physiology, Chuvash University. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. D. Ado.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 446–448, April, 1977.     

Effect of sympathomimetic agents and dopa on the ultrastructure of the nervous apparatus of the heart

After a single injection of noradrenalin or dopa into albino rats noradrenalin was incorporated into adrenergic axons of the heart and deposited as granules in the small synaptic vesicles measuring about 30 nm in diameter. In this way adrenergic axons could be distinguished from cholinergic. Cholinergic axons were more numerous than adrenergic in the atria. Adrenergic terminals come into very intimate contact with cholinergic terminals and also withcapillary endothelial cells and muscle cells of the myocardium. It is postulated that adrenergic fibers may act on heart muscle in three ways: by means of presynaptic inhibition through cholinergic axons, by a humoral mechanism, and directly on the muscle cells of the myocardium.Laboratory of Cytology, Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR S. V. Anichkov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 1382–1385, November, 1976.     

Adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms of hemopoiesis regulation during experimental neuroses

Scopolamine abolished hyperplasia of erythropoiesis caused by conflict situation and its inhibition after paradoxical sleep deprivation, but did not affect granulomonocytopoiesis. The modulatory effects of this muscarinic receptor blocker on the erythron indicated involvement of the cholinergic system in the formation of neurotransmitter interrelations.In vitro restoration of the colony-forming ability of myelokaryocytes under the effect of sympathomimetics duringin vivo blockade of the central or peripheral part of the adrenergic system indicated that adrenoceptors play the major role in the information transfer from the higher regulatory centers to hemopoietic cells. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 381–385, April, 2000     

Effect of the hypothalamic cardioactive protein-hormonal complex on choline sensitivity of the small intestine and contraction of the vas deferens in rats

A cardioactive protein-hormonal complex capable of increasing the sensitivity of the small intestine to acetylcholine about 2.5 times was isolated from magnocellular nuclei of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. Moreover, this complex enhanced contraction of the vas deferens caused by transmural stimulation, exogenous noradrenalin, and phenylephrine. The findings indicate release of transmitters from cholinergic and adrenergic neurons under the influence of the complex. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 3, pp. 280–282, March, 1995     

Adrenergic reactivity of visceral veins in hypoxia and hypothermia

Adrenoreactivity of veins in skeletal muscle to norepinephrine decreased, while reactivity of intestinal veins remained virtually unchanged during combined exposure to hypoxia and hypothermia. In skeletal muscles cooling enhanced the direct effect of hypoxia on vascular smooth muscle cells, while in the intestine hypothermia prevented hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction, as it did under normothermic conditions. The results of experiments on the intestine indicated possible protective effect of hypothermia with respect to hypoxia-induced damage, and experimental findings on muscles showed potentiation of the direct effect of oxygen deficiency on venous smooth muscles. Translated fromByulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 11, pp. 524–526, November, 2000     

Structural and functional organization of the pain sensitivity component of lingual mechanoreceptor structures

Examination of the structural and functional organization of tactile receptor structures in the rat tongue shows that the filiform mechanosensory papillae occupying the anterior free surface of the tongue are innervated by adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic fibers. The location and sources of histamine are identified. All these components are thought to be involved in organizing the pain sensitivity of mechanosensory lingual formations. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 10, pp. 357–361, October, 1995 Presented by A. D. Ado. Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is present in mammalian cerebrovascular nerve fibres and dilates pial and peripheral arteries

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a novel 37-amino acid peptide occurring in neurones within sensory ganglia, in brain stem, as well as in the walls of blood vessels of peripheral organs. Pial arteries of cat showed a well-developed supply of CGRP-positive nerve fibres. The peptide was found to be a potent dilator of both pial and peripheral vessels of rabbit and cat, and of pial vessels from man. The dilatory effect was independent of the vascular endothelium and was not mediated through adrenergic, cholinergic or histaminergic smooth muscle receptors. The neurogenic vasoconstriction induced by electrical field stimulation was temporarily inhibited by CGRP, as studied in central ear arteries from rabbits. The results suggest that CGRP is a transmitter or modulator playing a role in the regulation of vascular tone.     

Effect ofShigella sonnei endotoxin on the cholinergic control of the intestinal circulation

The effect ofShigella sonnei endotoxin on the cholinergic control of the cardiovascular system was studied by an extracorporeal autoperfusion method with resistography of the intestinal vessels and synchronous multichannel recording of the parameters of the systemic circulation in experiments onMacaca rhesus. The development of toxemia was shown to be accompanied by changes in the cholinergic regulation and subsequent disturbance of the intestinal and systemic circulation. It is suggested that damage to cholinergic regulatory structures and disturbance of the circulation determine the development and course of the infectious process.Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Kiev Scientific-Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, N. N. Sirotinin.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 271–272, March, 1977.     

Experimental evidence on metasympathetic nervous mechanisms of asthma

Electrical activity from tracheal and bronchial smooth muscles, either spontaneous or induced by transmural electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves, was recorded in experiments with local anesthetics, ganglioblockers, and biologically active substances (histamine and vasoactive intestinal peptide). A hypothesis on mechanisms the underlying genesis of asthmatic state was formulated. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 7, pp. 20–24, July, 1998     

Arguments for revision of classification of hypoxic states

Hypoxia always leads to dysfunction of organs and culminates in the fatal outcome. The principles of classification of the hypoxic states were formulated in 1930-s. The first successful cardiac transplantation posed the problem of dividing of circulatory cardiovascular hypoxia into two subdivisions: hypoxia associated with impaired cardiac contractility (cardiac insufficiency) and hypoxia resulting from vascular smooth muscle cell. Here we attempted to improve classification of hypoxic states on the basis of new medical achievements. The proposed classification considers the following hypoxic states: 1) exogenous hypoxia; 2) respiratory hypoxia; 3) hypoxia resulting from cardiac insufficiency; 4) hypoxia provoked by vascular smooth muscle dysfunction; 5) hemic hypoxia; 6) tissue hypoxia; and 7) combined hypoxia. There are specific and pathogenically substantiated methods for correction of all elements of the “hypoxic chain” that regulate tissue metabolism at the cellular and subcellular level both in the whole organism and in individual organs. These methods open new vistas in biology and medicine, in particular, in transplantology. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 127, No. 2, pp. 146–151, February, 1999