心电图诊断心肌梗死的当今评价 (四)心肌梗死的心电图定位与冠状动脉病变的关系

近年来,随着急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）急性期冠状动脉造影的广泛开展,依据心电图推断梗死相关动脉及病变部位的敏感性有了明显提高,其中以预测左前降支闭塞最为敏感性,其次为右冠状动脉,而左回旋支闭塞的判断则最为困难。了解这两者间关系,有助于ＡＭＩ治疗策略的制定和预后的评价。１左前降支闭塞的预测传统前壁ＡＭＩ心电图定位预测左前降支闭塞有高度的敏感性（９０）、特异性（９５）和预测价值（９６）。记分法研究发现,以前壁导联ＳＴ段显著抬高伴侧壁导联Ｔ波倒置较浅预示左前降支闭塞,较传统心电图定位更为准确。然而…     

急性心肌梗塞伴AVL导联ST段抬高:前降支,第一对角支或第一钝缘支阻塞在心电图学上的区别

急性心肌梗塞伴ＡＶＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高：前降支，第一对角支或第一钝缘支阻塞在心电图学上的区别［英］／Ｂｉｒｎｂａｕｍｙ…ＡｍＨｅａｒｔＪ．—１９９６，１３１—３８～４２伴ＡＶＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高的急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）表示可能累及第一对角支（ＤＩＡＧ）或第一...     

I和avL导联ST段抬高预测急性前壁心肌梗死的短期预后

第一对角支以前的左前降支冠脉急性闭塞的特征是胸前导联及Ｉ和ａｖＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高。但前壁急性心肌梗死(ＡＭＩ)病人的预后与入院时12导联心电图上出现Ｉ和ａｖＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高之间的关系尚未得到评价。本研究的目的是探讨Ｉ和/或ａｖＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高是否为前壁ＡＭＩ病人预后的独立预测指标。共纳入症状发作24小时内且最终诊断为首次前壁ＡＭＩ而收入ＣＣＵ的388例(男286例,女102例,平均64±11[2993]岁)病人。ＡＭＩ的定义是:梗死急性期中≥2个连续的前壁胸前导联(Ｖ24)上出现持续性ＳＴ段抬高≥0.2ｍＶ,对硝酸甘油或消心痛无效的严重…     

55例冠状动脉造影结果与其心电图对照分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）及ＳＴ－Ｔ改变心电图对判断心肌梗死（ＭＩ）及ＳＴ－Ｔ改变时相关动脉闭塞的作用。方法对５５例冠状动脉造影资料与其相应心电图进行分析。结果①符合ＭＩ心电图改变，冠状动脉造影阳笥９８％；多导联ＳＴ－Ｔ改变，冠状动脉造影阳性５３％；正常、大致正常心电图４例，阳性３例；完全性右束支阻滞２例均为阳性。②前壁、前间壁ＭＩ，左前降支病变６４％，３６％为右冠状动脉＋左前降支     

急性前壁心肌梗死并下壁导联ST段压低与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的：观察急性前壁心肌梗死下壁导联ＳＴ段压低与冠状动脉病变的关系。方法：对６６例急性前壁心肌梗死患者均常规行冠状动脉造影术,根据常规心电图下壁导联ＳＴ段压低＞１ｍｍ分为ＳＴ段压低组（４８例）与ＳＴ段正常组（１８例）,比较分析心电图与冠状动脉造影之间的关系。结果：急性前壁心肌梗死患者２７．３％有下壁导联ＳＴ段压低,ＳＴ段压低组中冠状动脉病变支数与正常组无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,７３．２％为左前降支（ＬＡＤ）近端病变,显著高于ＳＴ段正常组（４５．８％）。ＳＴ段压低组５５．６％伴有心电图ＳＴＩ,ａＶＬ抬高,显著高于ＳＴ段正常组（４．２％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：急性前壁心肌梗死并下壁导联ＳＴ段压低与冠状动脉病变支数无关,而与ＬＡＤ近端病变有关,可能反映高侧壁心肌缺血时的心电图对应性改变。     

急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段下降的临床意义

目的：探讨急性下壁心肌梗死心电图胸前导联ＳＴ段下降与前降支病变的关系。方法：对７７例急性下壁心肌梗死患者入院时心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行分析，并根据入院时心电图胸前导联ＳＴ段下降范围将患者分为４组。Ｉ组（ｎ＝１２）：Ｖ１～３导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）：Ｖ４～６导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅲ组（ｎ＝３５）：Ｖ１～５或Ｖ１～６导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅳ组（ｎ＝１８）：胸前导联ＳＴ段无明显下降。结果：Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组前降支病变发生率分别为８％、７５％、７４％和２８％，其前降支狭窄程度≥９０％者Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别占２２％、５８％；Ⅰ组前降支病变发生率８％；Ⅳ组前降支病变的发生率为２８％，但其前降支狭窄程度均＜９０％。结论：急性下壁心肌梗死伴前壁（Ｖ１～５导联）或广泛前壁（Ｖ１～６导联）及前侧壁（Ｖ４～６导联）ＳＴ段下降者大多合并前降支病变，前者ＳＴ段下降的主要原因是由于前降支严重狭窄病变致前壁心内膜下心肌缺血，后者则可能更多与心肌梗死相关血管有关。而Ｖ１～３导联ＳＴ段下降则考虑是一种对应性变化。     

急性前壁心肌梗塞合并下壁Ⅱ Ⅲ avF导联ST段压低的意义

本文回顾性地分析了急性前壁心梗而且在30天内行冠脉造影的42例病人，其中12倒入院时心电图合并下壁导联阿段压低，30例无下壁导联ST段压低。通过比较两组冠脉造影的结果以及对心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF导联ST段压低与V1－V6及I、avL导联ST段抬高的直线相关关系。得出结论：急性前壁心梗早期下壁ST段压低代表高侧壁ST段抬高的镜像反应，提示对角支开口近端前降支病变。     

急性心肌梗死时体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的诊断

目的 了解急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）的体表心电图对心肌梗死相关动脉（ＩＲＡ）及其闭塞位置判断作用。方法 对２６４例急性心肌梗死患的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果 （１）下壁ＡＭＩ时血管闭塞发生在右冠状动脉（ＲＣＡ）７４例（７８．７％），左回旋支（ＬＣＸ）２０例（２１．３％）。Ｉ，ａＶＬ导联ＳＴ段压低提示ＲＣＡ为ＩＲＡ的敏感性，特异性和阳性预测值分别为９４．６％，７０％和９２．１％。     

急性下壁心肌梗死时心电图对判断心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置的作用

目的：探讨下壁急性心肌梗死（AMI）的心电图对判断心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置的作用。方法：对90例下壁AMI患者的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行分析。结果：①血管闭塞发生在右冠状动脉占87．8％,回旋支占12．2％,合并右心室心肌梗死（RVI）占41．4％。②下壁AMI右冠状动脉为心肌梗死相关动脉时,血管闭塞位置多发生在第1右心室支开口以远（73.8％）,合并RVI时其闭塞多发生在第1右心室支开口前（64．9％）;下后壁伴侧壁AMI回旋支为心肌梗死相关动脉时,其闭塞位置均在钝缘支发出前。③下壁AMI时Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段呈对应性压低,提示右冠状动脉为心肌梗死相关动脉的敏感性为9.·5％,特异性为93．9％,ST段呈等电位线或轻度抬高,提示回旋支闭塞的敏感性为54.5％,特异性为75．0％。与传统RVI诊断相比ST段抬高幅度Ⅲ＞Ⅱ导联,提示RVI的敏感性为100．0％,特异性为49．3％。结论下壁AMI时心电图对判断梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置有重要的预测价值。     

前壁急性心肌梗死V_1和V_(3R)导联ST段变化与冠状动脉分布的关系

目的：探讨前壁急性心肌梗死病人Ｖ１和Ｖ３Ｒ导联ＳＴ段变化与冠状动脉分布的关系。方法：前壁急性心肌梗死病人３４例，入院时均采集标准１２导联及Ｖ３Ｒ导联心电图，入院１０天内进行冠状动脉造影，评价心电图变化与冠状动脉分布的关系。根据Ｖ１导联ＳＴ段抬高幅度将病人分为两组：Ａ组（ＳＴ段抬高≥１．５ｍｍ，１５例）和Ｂ组（ＳＴ段抬高＜１．５ｍｍ，１９例）。将起源于右冠状动脉的圆锥动脉分为两种类型：小圆锥支型和大圆锥支型。结果：Ｖ３Ｒ导联ＳＴ段抬高在Ａ组和Ｂ组分别为１４例（９３％）和６例（３２％，Ｐ＜０．００１），小圆锥支型者在Ａ组和Ｂ组分别为１２例（８０％）和３例（１５％，Ｐ＜０．００１），大圆锥支型者１３例，均来自Ｂ组。结论：前壁急性心肌梗死病人入院时Ｖ１导联ＳＴ段抬高与Ｖ３Ｒ导联ＳＴ段抬高密切相关，均为小圆锥支型者。前壁急性心肌梗死Ｖ１导联无ＳＴ段抬高，表明除左前降支的间隔支供血外，心室间隔还得到大圆锥支型的血液供应而受到保护。     

Anterior approach for major right hepatic resection

We review the history, indications, and latest modifications of the surgical technique of the anterior approach for right hepatectomy for massive tumors. The anterior approach provides a “no-touch” technique in resecting large right-lobe tumors, reduces bleeding volume, decreases the chance of iatrogenic rupture of tumors, and probably prolongs survival.     

Anterior approach for right hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background/Purpose. Right hepatectomy is indicated for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but mobilization of the right lobe could be difficult when perihepatic adhesion develops in response to repeated cholangitis and forceful mobilization may disseminate bacteria if the obstructed biliary tract contains pus. We encountered a patient who died from postoperative sepsis and multiorgan failure. Methods. To circumvent such a difficulty, we employed the anterior approach right hepatectomy in a second patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. In this patient, liver transection and division of the hepatic vein were performed before mobilization of the right lobe. Results. The second patient recovered uneventfully. Conclusion. The anterior approach (utilizing the “no-touch” technique) may be a preferred procedure for right hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

下丘脑减压区神经降压素对压力感受性反射的影响

于大鼠双侧下丘脑前部减压区注射微量神经降素（ｎｅｕｒｏｔｅｎｓｉｎ，ＮＴ）及其抗血清（ａｎｔｉｎｅｕｒｏｔｅｎｓｉｎｓｅｒｕｍ，ＡＮＴＳ）．观察对压力感受性反射的影响。结果表明，大鼠双侧下丘脑前部减压区注入ＮＴ后，可明显抑制静脉注射新福林所致的升压反应（Ｐ＜０．０１），从而加强压力感受性反射的活动；而注射ＡＮＴＳ则产生相反结果（Ｐ＜０．０１）。揭示下丘脑前部减压区ＮＴ参与压力感受性反射的调节过程。     

用QRS积分方法评价西拉普利对急性前壁心肌梗塞的影响

目的 :用QRS积分方法评价西拉普利对急性前壁心肌梗塞的梗塞面积及心功能的影响。方法 :将 6 4例急性前壁心肌梗塞患者分入西拉普利组 (40例 )与对照组 (2 4例 ) ,治疗组给予西拉普利 2 .5mg/d。对每例患者住院即刻、2 4h、3d、7d、2 1d做常规心电图 ,用Wagner提出的QRS积分方法记录每份心电图分值。入院后 2 1天采用核素心血池测定左室射血分数。结果 :西拉普利组第 2 1日QRS分值 (5 .30± 2 .15 )显著低于对照组 (6 .45± 1.98) ,P <0 0 5 ;西拉普利组左室射血分数 (5 1.9%± 8.8% )明显高于对照组 (45 .2 %± 11.4% ) ,P <0 0 5。结论 :西拉普利可明显减低急性前壁心肌梗塞患者QRS的分值 ,提示西拉普利对防止梗塞的延展、促进心肌梗塞后心功能的恢复有一定作用。     

用QRS积分方法评价西拉普利对急性前壁心肌梗塞的影响

目的用QRS积分方法评价西拉普利对急性前壁心肌梗塞的梗塞面积及心功能的影响。方法将64例急性前壁心肌梗塞患者分入西拉普利组(40例)与对照组(24例),治疗组给予西拉普利2.5mg/d。对每例患者住院即刻、24h、3d、7d、21d做常规心电图,用Wagner提出的QRS积分方法记录每份心电图分值。入院后21天采用核素心血池测定左室射血分数。结果西拉普利组第21日QRS分值(5.30±2.15)显著低于对照组(6.45±1.98),P<0.05;西拉普利组左室射血分数(51.9%±8.8%)明显高于对照组(45.2%±11.4%),P<0.05。结论西拉普利可明显减低急性前壁心肌梗塞患者QRS的分值,提示西拉普利对防止梗塞的延展、促进心肌梗塞后心功能的恢复有一定作用。     

Laparoscopic and Open Anterior Resection for Upper and Mid Rectal Cancer: An Evaluation of Outcomes

Purpose This study was designed to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic anterior resection with open operation for mid and upper rectal cancer. Methods A total of 265 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic or open anterior resection for cancer of the mid and upper rectum from June 2000 to December 2004 were included. Data about the patients’ demographics, operative details, postoperative outcome, and disease status were collected prospectively. Comparison of the outcome between laparoscopic and open resection was performed. Results The median age of the 265 patients was 69 (range, 27–91) years, and laparoscopic anterior resection was performed in 98 patients (37 percent). There was no difference in the age, gender, comorbidities, and level of tumor between the two groups. The operating time was longer in the laparoscopic group (200 vs. 127 minutes; P < 0.01), but the blood loss was less (200 vs. 250 ml; P = 0.027). The overall operative mortality was 1.8 percent, and the complication rate was 27.9 percent. Significantly more patients with early diseases (Stage I and Stage II) were operated with laparoscopic approach. There was no difference in the mortality or morbidity between the two groups. Anastomotic leakage occurred in five patients with open resection and one with laparoscopic resection (P = 0.418). Patients with laparoscopic resection had an earlier return of bowel function and earlier resumption of diet as well as a shorter median hospital stay (7 vs. 8 days; P < 0.001). With the median follow-up of the surviving patients for 21.2 months, the three-year local recurrence rates for those with open and laparoscopic resection were 4.9 and 3.3 percent, respectively (P = 0.513). In patients with Stage I and Stage II disease, the three-year cancer-specific survivals for open and laparoscopic resection were 89.8 and 88.6 percent, respectively (P = 0.882), whereas those of patients with Stage III disease were 65.6 and 55.5 percent, respectively (P = 0.911). Conclusions Laparoscopic anterior resection for mid and proximal rectal cancer is a safe option with short-term advantages compared with open operation. The oncologic outcomes of patients who underwent laparoscopic anterior resection were not compromised, with similar local recurrence rate and the cancer-specific survival rate as patients who underwent open resection. Presented at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 21 to 26, 2003.     

急性下壁心肌梗塞并左前分支传导阻滞的临床意义

将 70例首次发生下壁心肌梗塞 (下壁 AMI)的患者分为两组。 A组为 14例合并左前分支传导阻滞 ( LAH)者 ,B组为 56例单纯下壁 AMI者。比较两组患者住院期间心脏事件 (梗塞后心绞痛、再梗塞、充血性心力衰竭、心源性休克及死亡 )的发生率及出院前左室射血分数 ( LVEF)、室性心律失常( VA)发生率。结果显示 ,A组住院期间心脏事件发生率 ( 64.3% )明显高于 B组 ( 19.6% ) ,P<0 .0 1;出院前 LVEF[( 4 5.7± 12 .8) % ]明显低于 B组 [( 57.2± 9.6) % ],P<0 .0 1;VA发生率 ( 64.3% )明显高于B组 ( 2 5.0 % ) ,P<0 .0 5。提示下壁 AMI发生 L AH者近期预后不良 ,可能存在冠脉左前降支狭窄及多支病变