2002年广州地区淋球菌对4种抗生素耐药性结果分析

目的 了解广州地区2002年淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和高水平耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法用琼脂稀释法测定四环素、壮观霉素、头孢三嗪和环丙沙星4种抗生素对100株淋球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 100株淋球菌检出PPNG15株(15％)、TRNG28株(28％)，环丙沙星耐药率高达98％，高度耐药株(MIC≥16mg／L)32株(32％)，未发现对头孢三嗪、壮观霉素的耐药菌株，但头孢三嗪的敏感性有所下降。结论目前广州地区流行的淋球菌菌珠耐药状况仍然严重，尤以环丙沙星为甚,但对壮观霉素和头孢三嗪仍较敏感。此外，有必要持续监测球菌的耐药性。     

南昌地区淋球菌对抗生素耐药性研究

目的 了解南昌地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和高水平耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗菌药物对120株淋球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)；用改良碘定量法检测PPNG菌株。结果 淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素及头孢三嗪的耐药率分别为74．17％，76．67％，38．33％，1．67％，3．33％。检出16株(13．33％)PPNG菌株，15株(12．5％)TRNG菌株；同时对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星耐药的菌株占31．67％。结论 头孢三嗪、大观霉素仍可作为南昌地区治疗淋病的首选用药．但淋球菌对青霉素、四环素及环丙沙星耐药率较高。     

2002年广州地区淋球菌对4种抗生素耐药性结果分析

目的了解广州地区2002年淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和高水平耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法用琼脂稀释法测定四环素、壮观霉素、头孢三嗪和环丙沙星4种抗生素对100株淋球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果100株淋球菌检出PPNG 15株(15%)、TRNG 28株(28%),环丙沙星耐药率高达98%,高度耐药株(MIC≥16 mg/L)32株(32%),未发现对头孢三嗪、壮观霉素的耐药菌株,但头孢三嗪的敏感性有所下降。结论目前广州地区流行的淋球菌菌珠耐药状况仍然严重,尤以环丙沙星为甚,但对壮观霉素和头孢三嗪仍较敏感。此外,有必要持续监测球菌的耐药性。     

中山市淋病奈瑟菌抗生素的耐药性研究

目的 了解中山地区淋球菌奈瑟菌流行株的耐药现状。方法 采用Etest法检测淋球菌对抗生素的敏感性、耐药谱、PPNG、TRNG及其最小抑菌浓度(NIC)。结果 95株淋球菌对5种常用抗生素的耐药率分别为：环丙沙星(CI)71．6％，四环素(TET)55．8％，青霉素(PG)36．8％，头孢曲松(TX)3．2％及壮观霉素(SC)0．0％。PPNG株检出率为22．1％，TRNG 17．9％。有47株出现多重耐药性，其中CI TET20株，PG TET 11株，PG CI 10株，PG TET CI 4株。PG TET TX l株，PG TX l株。结论 中山地区环丙沙星、四环素、青霉素不应作为治疗淋病的有效药物，壮观霉素和头孢曲松仍为治疗淋病的一线药物,应持续监测淋球菌的耐药状况。     

淋病奈瑟菌耐药性监测

目的了解淋病奈瑟菌耐药谱,为临床制定合理用药方案提供依据。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果临床分离到的69株淋病奈瑟菌对6种抗生素的耐药率分别为：青霉素97．10％,四环素79．71％,环丙沙星55.07％,壮观霉素1．45％．阿奇霉素和头孢三嗪未发现耐药。结论淋病奈瑟菌对青霉素、环丙沙星普遍耐药,不再适合作为治疗淋病的一线药物,应推荐头孢三嗪和阿奇霉素为本地治疗淋病的首选药物。     

长沙地区淋球菌流行株的药物敏感性检测

目的：了解长沙地区淋球菌流行株对抗菌药物的敏感性，为淋病的防治提供实验依据。方法：改良碘量法检测β－内酰胺酶，纸片扩散法检测86株淋球菌对9种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果：质粒介导的产青霉素酶淋球菌（PPNG）和质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌（TRNG）分别为35株（40.69%)和20株（23.26%)。在测定的9种抗菌药物中，淋球菌耐药性较高的依次为四环素、头孢美唑、青霉素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星，耐药率分别为45.35%，50.00％，62.79%，77.91%，87.21%。而敏感性较高的4种抗菌药物依次为头孢呋辛、头孢三嗪、头孢吡肟、壮观霉素，敏感率分别为77.91%,80.23%,86.05%,98.84%。结论：青霉素、四环素以及氟喹诺在药物已不宜作为长沙地区治疗淋病的常规药物；壮观霉素可作为治疗淋病的首选药物，但已出现耐药菌株，应当引起高度警惕。     

男性淋病患者奈瑟球菌57株药敏分析

目的：了解男性淋病患者奈瑟球菌对抗生素的药敏情况。方法：纸片扩散法检测57株淋病奈瑟球菌对7种抗生素的药敏。用头孢硝噻吩纸片法检测产青霉素酶淋病奈瑟菌（PPNG）,以对四环素药敏纸片抑菌圈直径≤19 mm推测为高水平耐四环素淋病奈瑟球菌（TRNG）。结果：淋病奈瑟球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星敏感性分别为12.3%、17.5%、28.1%;对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松耐药性分别为5.3%、3.5%、5.3%;无大观霉素耐药株。57株中检出14株PPNG菌株（24.6%）,16株（28.1%）疑为TRNG。结论：淋病奈瑟球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星耐药性严重,这些药物已不再适合用于淋病治疗;第三代头孢菌素和大观霉素仍是一线用药,但应重视中介株,否则导致严重耐药性。     

2006-2008年南昌地区淋球菌耐药检测结果分析

目的 分析2006-2008年南昌地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及产β-内酰胺酶(PPNG)淋球菌耐药现状.方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定133株淋球菌对5种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);用改良碘定量法监测PPNG菌株.结果 淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素和头孢三嗪的耐药率分别为72.2%、74.4%、49.6%、2.3%和3.8%,检出16株(12.0%)PPNG菌株,同时对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星耐药的菌株占35.3%.结论 头孢三嗪和大观霉素可作为治疗淋病的首选药物.     

146株淋球菌对抗生素药物敏感性测定

目的 了解本地区淋球菌对抗生素的敏感性，更好地对淋球菌的耐药性进行监测，为淋病防治和临床正确使用抗生素提供科学依据。方法采用纸片扩散法分别对青霉素、红霉素、壮观霉素、头孢三嗪、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、庆大霉素、先锋霉素等进行药物敏感性测定。结果 淋球菌对壮观霉素敏感性最高，达92．5％；其次为头孢三嗪，为90．4％。青霉素耐药率最高，达87．7％；壮观霉素耐药率最低，仅为2．7％。结论 为提高疗效，减少耐药菌株的产生．临床治疗淋病须以体外药敏试验为依据选择药物。     

2010-2015年扬州地区淋球菌耐药性和流行株质粒谱的研究

目的:检测扬州地区临床分离淋球菌的耐药性和质粒谱,为临床合理用药和质粒介导的耐药性动态改变提供参考。方法:2010-2015年临床分离191株淋球菌,采用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶菌株（PPNG）。采用WHO推荐琼脂稀释法测定菌株对5种抗生素（头孢曲松、壮观霉素、环丙沙星、青霉素、四环素）的药物敏感性。用碱裂解法分析菌株的质粒谱。结果:191株对壮观霉素全部敏感;108株对头孢曲松敏感,占56.54%,中度敏感83株,占43.46%,无耐药;环丙沙星、四环素、青霉素耐药菌株分别为187株（97.90%）、163株（85.34%）、162株（84.82%）,PPNG 81株（42.41%）,质粒介导的四环素高度耐药株（TRNG）98株（51.31%）。146株（76.44%）检出质粒,7种质粒谱型。结论:壮观霉素可作为扬州地区淋病治疗首选用药,其次为头孢曲松,使用头孢曲松应随时观察其疗效。扬州地区淋球菌耐药性以质粒介导耐药为主,TRNG阳性率发生显著变化,建立当地淋球菌耐药流行簇的分子生物学档案,可为菌株的溯源提供流行病学依据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.