Occurrence of lymphohaemopoietic tissue in the meninges of the stingray Dasyatis akajei (Elasmobranchii,Chondricthyes)

The cytoarchitecture of the lymphohaemopoietic masses occurring in the “meninx primitiva” of the stingray Dasyatis akajei (Elasmobranchii, Chondricthyes) has been analyzed by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Lymphohaemopoietic aggregates showing similar morphologies occurred along all the central nervous system, but they were more frequent in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. In each aggregate, the granulopoietic tissue appeared in a fibroblastic stroma surrounding the large blood vessels, and the lymphoid components were present in a reticular network. Developing and mature eosinophils and heterophils–as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells–are the main free cells present in these meningeal aggregates. The remarkable intimate association between macrophages and lymphoid cells to form close cell clusters suggests some immunological capacity for the meningeal lymphohaemopoietic tissue. According to their capacities, presence of lymphoid tissue, and histological organization, the meningeal lymphuhemopoietic aggregates of Dasyatis akajei resemble other lymphomyeloid aggregates associated with cranium and choroid plexuses in Holocephali and Ganoidei. The phylogenetical relationships of these aggregates with mammalian bone marrow are discussed.     

Dendromonocotyle urogymni sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from Urogymnus asperrimus (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) off eastern Australia

Dendromonocotyle urogymni sp. nov. is described from the dorsal surface of the porcupine ray, Urogymnus asperrimus, kept at Cairns Marine Aquarium Fish in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Dendromonocotyle urogymni can be distinguished most readily from the other 15 species in the genus by the male copulatory organ which has a distinct spherical inflation mid-way along its length. This is the first monocotylid to be described from U. asperrimus.     

Histomorphological and histochemical researches on the digestive tract of the freshwater grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (cypriniformes).

Ctenopharyngodon idella does not have a stomach, as is shown by the absence of gastric glands. The intestine is a simple coiled tube about twice the length of the body, having no valves and no ceca, and it is joined directly to the esophagus. The mucosa is fairly uniform in appearance, being thrown into folds which give it a mesh-like appearance. No multicellular glands can be detected in any part of the alimentary canal. Goblet cells are present: no differences are found in young specimens. Mucous in the goblet cells from young animals shows no differences in the various parts of the intestine. In the adult animals the mucous is markedly acidic in the first part of the intestine. In the young animals some migrant cells are present in the mucosa and in the connective tissue; these being more numerous in the fingerlings of 6--7 cm in length.     

Mawsonascaris parva sp. nov. (Nematoda: Ascaridida) from the Arabian whipray Himantura randalli Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto et Moore (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) off the coast of Iraq

Mawsonascaris parva sp. nov. collected from the Arabian whipray Himantura randalli Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto et Moore (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) off the coast of Iraq is described and illustrated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The new species differs from its congeners by its small body size (8.11?C18.2 mm long), the absence of an intestinal caecum, the slightly unequal spicules (left and right spicule 1.08?C2.50 mm and 0.98?C2.01 mm long, respectively, representing 12.1?C13.7% and 10.1?C12.1% of body length), the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (13?C14 pairs in total, arranged as: 7?C8 pairs of precloacal, 1 pair of double paracloacal and 5 pairs of postcloacal) and the presence of a single, median precloacal papilla. Thus, a total of six species of Mawsonascaris are now known and this is the first species of this genus recorded from species of Himantura.     

Histology and cytochemistry of the neuroendocrine components ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoelium (Digenea: Trematoda)

Adults ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoelium were subjected to histochemical and histocytological tests. Neurons were localized in the cerebral ganglia, commissure, around the oesophagus, genital atrium, and oral and ventral suckers with the help of thionin and silver impregnation methods. The localization of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was also observed on these neurons. Only the A-type of neurosecretory cells was identified in the cerebral ganglia, commissure, around the oesophagus, and genital atrium using aldehyde-fuchsin, chrome haematoxylin phloxin, performic acid-Victoria blue (PAVB), and performic acid-Alcian blue (PAAB) techniques. However, the neurons of the oral and ventral suckers always responded negatively to PAVB and PAAB techniques. The possible functional significance of these neurons is discussed.     

Discrepancy between Cytology and Histology in Cervical Cancer Screening: a Multicenter Retrospective Study (KGOG 1040)

BackgroundCervical cancer is the fourth common cancer in women worldwide. The Papanicolau test is the primary screening procedure to detect abnormal cervical cells. Colposcopy is the main procedure for discriminating high-grade cervical lesions. The study aimed at clarifying the discrepancy between cervical cytology and colposcopic biopsy histology as well as confounding factors.MethodsEligible patients visited thirteen tertiary hospitals for colposcopic biopsy following cervical cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes between January and December 2018. Baseline characteristics including age, body mass index (BMI), and parity were collected.ResultsIn our study, 3,798 eligible patients were included. Mean age of patients was 42.7 (19–88) years and mean BMI was 22.5 (16.9–34.1) kg/m². The referred cervical cytologic findings consisted of 495 normal, 1,390 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 380 atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 792 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 593 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 79 atypical glandular cells, 46 squamous cell carcinoma, and 23 adenocarcinoma. HPV-positive findings were found in 3,008 (79.2%) patients and were not detected in 914 (24.1%) cases. The risk of unexpected low-grade lesions from histology was higher in patients > 45 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.137; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 1.475–3.096). In contrast, the risk of unexpected high-grade lesions from colposcopic biopsy was lower in patients ≥ 45 years (OR, 0.530; 95% CI, 0.367–0.747) and HPV 16/18 infection was higher than other HPV (OR, 1.848; 95% CI, 1.385–2.469).ConclusionAge and HPV genotypes were responsible for the discrepancies between cytology and histology. Precautions should be taken for women over the age of 45 in triage for colposcopy in order to avoid unnecessary testing.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trimusculotrema heronensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Monogenea,Capsalidae) from the skin of the pink whipray <Emphasis Type="Italic">Himantura fai</Emphasis> (Elasmobranchii,Dasyatidae) from Heron Island,Queensland, Australia

Trimusculotrema heronensis sp. nov. is described from the skin of the pink whipray, Himantura fai, caught at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. The parasite differs from its closest relative, T. uarnaki, by its greater size and by features of the cirrus. There is evidence that the haptor of T. heronensis secretes cement. The living parasite is unable to swim. Whether Trimusculotrema spp. are benedeniines or entobdellines is discussed.     

冷冻保存同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植后止点转归研究

目的：比较自体骨-前交叉韧带(ACL)-骨移植和冷冻保存同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植重建ACL后，韧带止点的组织学和生物力学转归。方法：将日本大耳兔和新斯兰兔各60只随机分成自体骨-ACL-骨移植组和二步令冻保存同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植组。术中及术后均不使用免疫抑制剂。术后4、8、12周分别切取ACL作大体、俎织学观察和生物力学测试。结果：自体骨-ACL-骨移植组和冷冻保存骨-ACL-骨移植组在4周时止点处组织学上已有纤维组织与骨相连，但未见“潮线”形成，而在12周时两组均有潮线形成；4周拉伸时，止点处断裂分别为60％、66．7％，而8周分别为13．3％、13．3％，12周时则分别为6．7％、6．7％。结论：两组在止点处有相似的生物力学性能和组织学愈合过程。     

Lecithostaphylus tylosuri sp. nov. (Digenea, Zoogonidae) from the digestive tract of the needlefish Tylosurus acus imperialis (Teleostei, Belonidae)

Lecithostaphylus tylosuri sp. nov. (Digenea, Zoogonidae) specimen were collected from the digestive tract of Tylosurus acus imperialis (Teleostei, Belonidae) caught off the eastern coast of Tunisia. L. tylosuri is very similar to its closest relatives, L. retroflexus and L. nitens. It can be easily distinguished from L. retroflexus (Molin, 1859) in having a more extensive vitellarium, with follicles reaching from the posterior margin of the acetabulum and extending beyond the posterior margin of the testes and a coiled seminal vesicle. L. tylosuri differs from L. nitens as illustrated by Linton 1898, in having a longer cirrus pouch (0.7 mm vs 0.36 mm, respectively) overlapping the anterior edge of the ventral sucker and a submarginal genital pore (submedian in L. nitens). It’s also different from L. nitens as described by Manter 1947 in the vitelline disposition and in having the greater sucker ratio (1: 1.3–2.1 vs 1: 1.3–1.6, respectively). L. tylosuri differs from L. nitens as reported by Machida and Kuramochi 2000 by the absence of variations in the vitellarium disposition in all specimens. L. tylosuri is more similar to L. nitens from group A (considered synonym of L. ahaaha Yamaguti, 1970 = L. nitens by Bray 1987) by having vitelline follicles extending beyond the testes. L. tylosuri can be distinguished from L. ahaaha by its pedunculate rather than prominent acetabulum and its larger body size (4.10–7.85 mm long and 0.75–1.2 mm large vs 2.1–6 mm long and 0.45–1.1 mm large, respectively). The prevalence of L. tylosuri sp. nov. was negatively correlated with host length (decreasing with host size increasing). Host sex does not seem to affect infection parameters.     

Evolutionary trajectories of tooth histology patterns in modern sharks (Chondrichthyes,Elasmobranchii)

During their evolutionary history, modern sharks developed different tooth mineralization patterns that resulted in very distinct histological patterns of the tooth crown (histotypes). To date, three different tooth histotypes have been distinguished: (i) orthodont teeth, which have a central hollow pulp cavity in the crown, encapsulated by a prominent layer of dentine (orthodentine); (ii) pseudoosteodont teeth, which have their pulp cavities secondarily replaced by a dentinal core of porous dentine (osteodentine), encased by orthodentine; and (iii) osteodont teeth, which lack orthodentine and the whole tooth crown of which consists of osteodentine. The aim of the present study was to trace evolutionary trends of tooth mineralization patterns in modern sharks and to find evidence for the presence of phylogenetic or functional signals. High resolution micro-computed tomography images were generated for the teeth of members of all nine extant shark orders and the putative stem group †Synechodontiformes, represented here by three taxa, to examine the tooth histology non-destructively. Pseudoosteodonty is the predominant state among modern sharks and represents unambiguously the plesiomorphic condition. Orthodonty evolved several times independently in modern sharks, while the osteodont tooth histotype is only developed in lamniform sharks. The two shark orders Heterodontiformes and Pristiophoriformes showed highly modified tooth histologies, with Pristiophorus exhibiting a histology only known from batomorphs (i.e. rays and skates), and Heterodontus showing a histological difference between anterior and posterior teeth, indicating a link between its tooth morphology, histology and durophagous lifestyle. The tooth histotype concept has proven to be a useful tool to reflect links between histology, function and its taxonomic value for distinct taxa; however, a high degree of variation, especially in the pseudoosteodont tooth histotype, demonstrates that the current histotype concept is too simplistic to fully resolve these relationships. The vascularization pattern of the dentine might offer new future research pathways for better understanding functional and phylogenetic signals in the tooth histology of modern sharks.     

Neuropeptide Y immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of developing chromaffin tissue in the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)

Ontogenetic changes in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) were studied in chromaffin tissue of the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame. In adults and post-hatching juveniles, NPY-LI was demonstrated in chromaffin cells, but not in ganglion cells and supporting cells. Immunoreactive fibers were also found in the axillary body (the major chromaffin tissue) of the adult fish. During the embryonic period, NPY-LI was found at first in chromaffin tissue in the 34-mm stage. In this stage, cells in the periphery of the tissue were positive for NPY. Afterwards, changes were not observed in the topography and relative dominance of labelled cells in the tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of chromaffin tissue of the 26-mm stage showed an early phase of histogenesis in rudimental cell clusters composed of agranular cells and a few granular cells, i.e. pheochromoblasts. In the 43-mm stage, differentiation of the chromaffin tissue enabled ultrastructural classification of adrenalin-producing cells, noradrenalin-producing cells, ganglion cells, supporting cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. These results suggest that in the dogfish the appearance of NPY-LI in the developing sympathoadrenal system is related to differentiation of chromaffin cells.     

Molecular motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs): structure, cargo and disease

Intracellular organelle transport is essential for morphogenesis and functioning of the cell. Kinesins and kinesin-related proteins make up a large superfamily of molecular motors that transport cargoes such as vesicles, organelles (e.g. mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes), protein complexes (e.g. elements of the cytoskeleton, virus particles), and mRNAs in a microtubule- and ATP-dependent manner in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Until now, more than 45 kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have been identified in the mouse and human genomes. Elucidating the transport pathways mediated by kinesins, the identities of the cargoes moved, and the nature of the proteins that link kinesin motors to cargoes are areas of intense investigation. This review focuses on the structure, the binding partners of kinesins and kinesin-based human diseases.     

Gastrointestinal Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in Children: Histology for Diagnosis,Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Treatment,and Biomarkers for Prediction of Response

Steroid-nonresponsive acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation carries a poor prognosis. Various groups have reported beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) infusion as salvage treatment. Response to treatment is typically evaluated using the diagnostic clinical criteria for aGVHD. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of additional gastrointestinal biopsy specimens paired with serum biomarkers. In a cohort of 22 pediatric patients, persistent or recurrent diarrhea was seen in 18 children treated with MSC infusion for steroid-refractory aGVHD. To exclude other causes of gastrointestinal pathology, patients were biopsied for histological analysis. Eight of 12 patients exhibited residual tissue damage and villous atrophy, but no active aGVHD. Serum biomarkers have been identified as an alternative tool for monitoring the response to aGVHD treatment. The value of biomarkers for inflammation, tissue, and endothelial cell damage was evaluated in our cohort. Although predictive of response to treatment and survival, these markers lack the necessary specificity and sensitivity to predict response to MSC therapy. Objective endpoints for clinical trials on the treatment of steroid-refractory aGVHD remain to be defined. Thus, we recommend including biopsies and biomarkers to discriminate between ongoing aGVHD and postinflammatory malabsorption.     

Bone Histology of Phytosaur,Aetosaur, and Other Archosauriform Osteoderms (Eureptilia,Archosauromorpha)

As in other archosauriforms, phytosaurs and aetosaurs are characterized by the presence of well‐developed osteoderms. Here we provide a comparative study on the microstructure of phytosaur (five taxa) and aetosaur (thirteen taxa) osteoderms. For outgroup comparison, we sampled osteoderms of the sister taxon to Aetosauria, Revueltosaurus callenderi, and the doswelliid Jaxtasuchus salomoni. Phytosaur, aetosaur, and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms are composed of a diploe structure, whereas the Revueltosaurus osteoderm microanatomy is more compact. The external cortex of phytosaurs, Revueltosaurus and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms is mainly composed of parallel‐fibered bone. In aetosaurs, the external cortex mainly consists of lamellar bone, with lines of resorption within the primary bone indicating successive cycles of bone erosion and deposition. The basal cortex in all the specimens is composed of parallel‐fibered bone, with the cancellous internal core being more strongly developed in aetosaurs than in phytosaurs. Woven or fibro‐lamellar bone was recorded in both phytosaurian and aetosaurian taxa, as well as in Jaxtasuchus. Structural fibers, which at least partly suggest metaplastic origin, were only recorded in the internal core of two phytosaurs and in the basal cortex of one aetosaur. Osteoderm thickness and cancellous to compact bone ratios appear to be subject to ontogenetic change. Minimum growth mark counts in osteoderms sampled indicate that some aetosaurs and phytosaurs lived for at least two decades. Bone microstructures are more uniform in phytosaur osteoderms and show a higher level of disparity among aetosaur osteoderms, and at least in the latter, histological features are potentially apomorphic for species/genus level. Anat Rec, 297:240–260, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Histochemical studies on mucin-rich cells in the digestive tract of a teleost, the Buenos Aires tetra (Hyphessobrycon anisitsi)

Types of mucus cells and mucins in the epithelial cell layer throughout the digestive tract of the Buenos Aires tetra (Hyphessobrycon anisitsi) are described and compared. The mucin was produced in three different cell types: in sac-like cells in the esophagus, in surface epithelial cells in the stomach and in goblet cells in the caeca and intestine. Nearly the entire esophageal epithelial cell layer consisted of mucus cells, filled by both neutral mucin and non-sulfated acidic mucin. The gastric mucin occurred in the distal area of the surface epithelial cells only and contained mainly neutral proteoglycans rich in glucosamine and some galactosamine and sialic acid. The goblet cells contained mainly non-sulfated acidic mucin in the caeca and sulfated acidic mucin throughout the entire intestine. Much glucosamine and some galactosamine and sialic acid occurred regularly in these cells in both the caeca and intestine. The observation that goblet cells often displayed colors ranging between blue and purple-magenta when alcian blue staining was followed by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), or between blue and red-brown when the alcian blue was followed by neutral red, may reflect different ages or stages of development and differentiation for these cells. The highly variable affinities to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-lectin) seen in these cells in the present study strengthens this view. However, such results may also suggest a true cellular heterogeneity reflecting various roles in lubrication, immunological defence, digestion and absorption.     

Cellular expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) in the digestive tract of the mouse, rat, and humans, with special reference to slc5a8

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are monocarboxylates produced by bacterial fermentation that play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the large intestine. Two major transporters for SCFA, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) and slc5a8 (or SMCT), exist in the digestive tract. The present histochemical study using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed the distribution and subcellular localization of the MCT family in the digestive tract of mice, rats, and humans, comparing these with that of slc5a8. The expression of mucosal MCT1 in the mouse and rat was most intense in the cecum, followed by the colon, but low in the stomach and small intestine. Among other MCT subtypes, only MCT2 was detected in the parietal cell region of the gastric mucosa. Slc5a8 had predominant expression sites in the distal half of the large bowel and in the most terminal ileum. The mucosal MCT1 was localized in the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, while slc5a8 was restricted to the apical cell membrane, suggesting the involvement of slc5a8 in the uptake of luminal SCFA, and of MCT1 in the efflux of SCFA and monocarboxylate metabolites towards blood circulation. The large intestine expressed both types of the transporter, but their distribution patterns differed along the longitudinal axis of the intestine and along the perpendicular axis of the mucosa.