用动物眼球代替人眼球制作睫状小带标本

晶状体悬器现通称睫状小带，采用常见的牛，猪，羊，狗眼球制作睫状小带标本，缓解了尸源紧张，更具有相应动物知识直观感，结果表明，这些动物眼球的构筑与人体眼球基本相同，只是牛眼球比人眼球大，更有利于我们基本的解剖教学。     

睫状神经节穿刺标本的设计与制作

睫状神经节位置较为隐蔽,位于眶内视神经孔前方约1.0cm处,视神经与外直肌之间.内眼手术时需阻滞睫状神经节,采用球后注射法进行麻醉,即将麻药注射到睫状神经节附近,也可用于眼底病的治疗和止痛.由于眼科局部的特殊性,如操作不当可引起球后出血,眼球损伤,视神经损伤甚至失明.为了使广大学员及医务工作尽快掌握这项技术,提高穿刺的成功率,我们设计制作了睫状神经节穿刺电显训练标本,可供术反复操作训练收到了较好的效果,现报告如下,供大家参考.     

整体矢状断层标本的制作技术

以往人体断层标本的制作都是以头颈部、躯干部、四肢部,分别断开的局部断层标本制作为主,我们利用电动带锯机制作了人体整体矢状断层标本,本方法无需复杂精密设备,简易可行,经济实用,仅需制作中认真细致,所得标本清晰实用,有利于在一般院校推广使用。现把这一制作技术报道如下。     

眼球内睫状小带标本的制作法

眼球内晶状体的固定装置-睫状小带是人体解剖教学中必须阐明的重要内容之一,但标本显示却十分困难,为此,笔者在标本制作方面作了一些尝试,特总结介绍如下。1、准备工作:(1)先割一块边长为8厘米的正方形(或直径为8厘米的圆形)薄有机玻璃板,在其中央开一个直径为5厘米的圆孔,圆孔边缘等距离地钻8个针孔。(2)制作一个合适的有机玻璃盒,其大小以正好装下上述薄有机玻璃板为宜,盒的前后之间的厚度约为2～3厘米,盒的后盖可先粘好固定,前盖暂不封。2.标本制作:(1)取材:完整新鲜牛眼球一个。(2)固定:置于20%甲醛溶液中一周以上,时间稍     

睫状神经节阻滞麻醉的解剖与临床研究进展

目的：探讨睫状神经节的应用解剖及神经阻滞麻醉的临床研究进展.方法：查阅近期有关此项研究的文献资料,总结睫状神经节的形态及毗邻结构,比较各种临床麻醉术的优缺点及并发症.结果：睫状神经节是眼科手术麻醉的一个重要解剖结构,传统的球后麻醉并发症较多.改良的球后麻醉效果较好,并发症少,但这些新方法仍需进一步临床观察.结论：掌握睫状神经节的解剖与麻醉要点,提高麻醉质量,减少并发症.     

股骨距巨视标本的制作

股骨距(femoral calcar)是股骨上端颈干连接处内侧的多层纵行密质骨板,上起于股骨颈后内侧,向下止于小转子下股骨内侧皮质,前附于股骨前内侧,向后外行于大转子,并融于股骨上端松质骨.     

制作运动终板电镜标本的一种简单方法

在运动终板的超微结构形态学研究中,由于在半薄切片中寻找到运动终板比较困难,因而在电镜下难以观察到运动终板,特别在长肌中要在电镜下观察到运动终板更加困难。由此导致在电镜制样时,工作量大;在电镜观察时,失败概率高。我们在工作实践中,逐步摸索出一种比较容易观察到运动终板的制样方法,即将长肌及其支配神经进行整体包埋,以神经进入肌束处为标志进行半薄切片,便于在半薄切片中寻找到运动终板,然后进行定位,再进行超薄切片观察的方法,现简要报道如下:1　标本的取材　捣毁蟾蜍脑脊髓,处死蟾蜍。剥皮去内脏后,将蟾蜍下半身固定于蛙板上,腹…     

甘油人体标本的改良制作

近几年来,我校制作14具甘油整尸标本和一批分离甘油标本.整尸甘油标本显示各个系统的血管、神经和器官的形态结构;     

脱皮透明显示皮肤浅血管标本制作法

目的：探讨皮肤浅血管的分布规律。方法：在常规防腐及填充血管的标本上,用氨水或热水脱去表皮,原位显示皮下的浅动脉和浅静脉。结果：制作出新型的原位透明显示肢体表浅血管的标本。结论：此法弥补并完善了传统剖制法、铸型法和逐级脱水透明法的某些缺点和不足,是一种新型的标本透明制作方法。     

分离式全身骨骼标本的制备

传统的全身骨骼标本是用铜丝以图谱或X光片为解剖学基础对骨及各个关节进行连接,这样制备的骨骼标本可以保持其固有的生理形态,但各关节连接面之间互相重叠,无法显示各关节的构成。据此,作者在传统制作技术的基础上,将骨的各关节按一定比例拉开,充分显示了全身各骨及关节面之间的构成与联系以便更加直观地了解人体运动系统的结构,适用于医学教学、科研和展览。     

Letter to the Editor Ciliary Hypoplasia: A Rare Cause of Ciliary Dyskinesia

The signet-ring stromal tumor of the ovary, described only twice previously, is an enigmatic lesion in respect to its cell lineage and the nature of the cytoplasmic vacuoles that cause the signet-ring cell appearance. The vacuoles were shown in the initial report to contain no lipid, mucoprotein, or glycogen, and the ovarian stromal cell was assumed to be the cell of origin. The present study describes three ovarian neoplasms in which the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings support a stromal origin for the cells, and a fourth tumor that simulated the other three closely on light microscopic examination but had several features supporting a sex-cord rather than stromal origin: immunohistochemical staining for keratin and alpha smooth muscle actin, and globular keratin staining, similar to that seen in granulosa cell tumors; and numerous prominent junctions including desmosomes on electron microscopy. In only one of the four tumors were the vacuoles similar ultrastructurally to those in the first reported case, appearing to result from generalized edema of the cytoplasmic matrix. In a second tumor, the vacuoles resulted from hydropic swelling of numerous mitochondria, which filled the cytoplasm of the cells. In the other two tumors, the vacuoles were not cytoplasmic, but cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions of edematous extracellular matrix. An additional interesting finding in one of the four tumors was the presence of hyaline globules within and adjacent to the signet-ring cells. Ultra-structural examination revealed the globules to be degenerating erythrocytes, many of which had been phagocytosed by the tumor cells.     

Microelectrode amplifier with improved method of input-capacitance neutralisation

A circuit is described which allows the input capacitance of an f.e.t. input integrated circuit to be used both as the feedback capacitance to neutralise the total input capacitance and to inject current pulses into the input. Compared with the conventional method of adding discrete capacitors to perform these functions, this design results in a lower total capacitance at the input, which reduces the high-frequency noise generated by the amplifier and facilitates the achievement of a low effective capacitance. A modified version having an ultralow (0·1pA) input current, for use with ion-sensitive microelectrodes, is also described.     

Comparison of the sodium hydroxide specimen processing method with the C18-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing method using independent specimens with auramine smear, the MB/BacT liquid culture system, and the COBAS AMPLICOR MTB test

A study was performed to diagnose tuberculosis by smear, culture, and nucleic acid amplification. The study was comprised of two independent arms. Each arm used a different specimen processing method; in one arm, all specimens were processed with N-acetyl-l-cysteine-sodium hydroxide, and in the other arm, all specimens were processed with C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine and lytic enzymes. In each arm, all processed sediments were split for analysis by auramine smear, by culture using the MB/BacT liquid culture system and solid media, and by nucleic acid amplification using the COBAS AMPLICOR MTB test. In the N-acetyl-l-cysteine-sodium hydroxide arm, 1,468 specimens were analyzed: 65 were smear positive; 88 and 42 were culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria, respectively; and 103 were PCR positive. Relative to cultures positive for M. tuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity of the smear were 68.2% and 99.6%, respectively, and those of PCR were 75.0% and 97.3%, respectively. In the C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine study arm, 1,423 specimens were analyzed: 44 were smear positive; 82 and 31 were culture positive for M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria, respectively; and 91 were PCR positive. The sensitivity and specificity of the smear were 48.8% and 99.7%, respectively, and those of PCR were 78.0% and 98.0%, respectively. When the two arms were compared, C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing significantly increased the number of smear-negative and culture-positive specimens and significantly increased the PCR sensitivity among this same group of specimens while at the same time significantly reducing the inhibition rate.     

改良方法胃血管铸型标本的制作

正在人体血管铸型标本中,胃血管铸型标本较为少见,而且关于胃血管铸型标本制作的文献报道也极少~([1])。由于胃属于中空性器官,灌注时其原有的外形难以很好的支撑;胃壁较薄,胃黏膜下层的血管网丰富且缺乏保护~([2]),灌注时,血管比较容易撑破。因此,作者运用改良的技术方法制作胃血管铸型标本,并取得了很好的效果。1材料与方法     

Modified laser speckle imaging method with improved spatial resolution

A two-dimensional map of blood flow is crucial for physiological studies. We present a modified laser speckle imaging method (LSI) that is based on the temporal statistics of a time-integrated speckle. A model experiment was performed for the validation of this technique. The spatial and temporal resolutions of this method were studied in theory and compared with current laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA); the comparison indicates that the spatial resolution of the modified LSI is five times higher than that of current LASCA. Cerebral blood flow under different temperatures was investigated by our modified LSI. Compared with the results obtained by LASCA, the blood flow map obtained by the modified LSI possessed higher spatial resolution and provided additional information about changes in blood perfusion in small blood vessels. These results suggest that this is a suitable method for imaging the full field of blood flow without scanning and provides much higher spatial resolution than that of current LASCA and other laser Doppler perfusion imaging methods.     

Ciliary ultrastructure in two sisters with Kartagener's syndrome

Kartagener's syndrome (KS) is a clinical variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia involving situs inversus associated with chronic airway infections. We studied two sisters; the elder one had dextrocardia and scoliosis, and the younger one had situs inversus of the lung, liver, and stomach as well as dextrocardia. Both patients had chronic sinusitis and chronic bronchitis with bronchiectasis. In both cases, the ciliary defect associated with this syndrome is the absence of inner dynein arms.