髁状突骨折与颞颌关节骨性强直关系的初步探讨

目的　探讨髁状突骨折与发生颞颌关节骨性强直的关系。方法　对 2 8例有髁状突骨折病史的颞颌关节骨性强直患者 ,术前拍颞下颌骨全景X线片 ,CT横断或冠状扫描 ,部分病侧同时行二维和三维重建 ,并与外伤后X线片对照。在施行颞颌关节成形关节重建术中 ,采用颧弓根水平高位截骨 ,探查髁状突和关节盘的存在。结果　 2 8例伤后的X线片均提示 :发生颞颌关节强直的病例为髁状突高位 (囊内 )横断骨折。而且 ,髁状突骨折块移位大 ,下颌升支明显上移。术前冠状CT显示髁状突移位于关节骨性强直区的内侧 ,上移的下颌升支与关节窝骨性融合。术中探查发现 2 0例 2 2侧有明显移位的完整的髁状突和关节盘。结论　在髁状突颈部高位 (囊内 )横断骨折病例 ,若髁状突骨折块发生严重移位、脱出关节窝外 ,可同时伴发关节盘移位。而下颌升支则在升颌肌群牵引下明显上移 ,形成对关节窝的继发损伤 ,最终导致颞颌关节骨性强直。对该类髁状突骨折应积极开放复位固定     

导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型分析

目的: 回顾分析导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型。方法：回顾口腔外科关节组2010—2012年收治的由髁突骨折保守治疗导致颞下颌关节强直,从损伤到发生强直有完整CT资料的成人病例,按照下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系,将髁突骨折分为3级,0级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之无接触;1级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之有接触;2级为下颌支残端外上方脱位出关节窝。结合髁突骨折类型、骨折块移位程度和关节盘的位置、下颌骨其他部位骨折情况等,分析关节强直形成的原因。结果：13例(24侧)导致关节强直病例的髁突骨折有完整的CT资料,导致关节强直的髁突骨折类型均为囊内骨折,其中B型占70%。下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系中,0级0侧;1级10侧,占41.7%;2级14侧,占58.3%。0级和1级的关节盘均伴髁突骨折块移位,后外侧带断裂。形成关节强直的髁突骨折中,77%伴颏部骨折,导致牙弓增宽。结论：下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系对于预后判断有重要作用,其中0级不易引起关节强直;1级较容易引起关节强直,是手术的相对适应证;2级最容易引起关节强直,是手术的绝对适应证。其他危险因素还有髁突囊内B型骨折和合并牙弓增宽的下颌骨骨折。     

颞下颌关节疾病

咬合紊乱对颞下颌关节盘厚度的影响；颞下颌关节病髁突组织细胞凋亡的研究；髁突髓腔信号异常与颞下颌关节内紊乱关系的研究；髁突骨髓腔MRI信号异常与颞下颌关节疼痛的关系；颞下颌关节强直的手术方法与复法。     

225例颞下颌关节强直临床病例回顾性研究

目的 探讨颞下颌关节强直病因及发生特点。方法 对225例颞下颌关节强直病案资料进行调查,对颞下颌关节强直发生年龄、性别、病因、强直类型等进行分析。结果 髁状突骨折好发于10岁以内,外伤为主要病因,其次是感染。结论 对于儿童期髁状突损伤患者,一定要注意预防关节强直的发生。     

真性颞下颌关节强直和创伤关系的研究

外伤已成为颞下颌关节强直的主要病因,但其具体的发展过程仍不清楚。本文对关节盘损伤、髁突骨折的类型和治疗等与颞下颌关节强直的关系作一综述,并探讨其可能机制。     

颞下颌关节疾病

髁状突骨折致颞下颌关节慢性创伤性关节炎的临床观察；颞下颌关节髁突软骨的三维微观区域形貌及其纳米弹性性能；自体喙突移植重建下颌髁突的实验研究；红外偏振光治疗各类颞下颌关节紊乱病的疗效分析；人体颞下颌关节关节盘及关节软骨渗透性的研究；一侧下颌角受力对双侧关节盘及髁突软骨的影响；颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节强直。[编者按]     

髁突矢状骨折继发颞下颌关节强直31例临床分析

目的:探讨髁突矢状骨折继发创伤性颞下颌关节强直的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2001～2010年武汉大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科收治的31例、48侧继发于髁突矢状骨折的颞下颌关节强直患者的相关临床资料。结果:31例颞下颌关节强直患者平均外伤年龄15.6岁,其中23例(74.2%)外伤年龄小于16岁。病程3月~20年,平均病程6.5年。42侧强直关节的关节盘发生移位,6侧强直关节的关节盘完全破坏。强直关节标本镜下观察:内侧髁突骨折块发生废用萎缩性改变,外侧骨球区见软骨细胞呈灶性增生成骨,关节盘纤维结构紊乱、玻璃样变性。结论:青少年髁突矢状骨折易发生颞下颌关节强直,关节盘的移位损伤是颞下颌关节强直发生的重要条件。创伤性颞下颌关节强直首先发生在关节外侧,融合骨赘的组织病理学表现为软骨化生、成骨。     

翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直中的病理性作用

目的:创伤性颞下颌关节强直病理学机制仍不清楚,本研究目的是验证翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节骨性强直病理学机制中的作用.方法:7只6个月大的雄性绵羊,双侧颞下颌关节模拟髁突矢状骨折,关节盘外侧1/3切除建立创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直绵羊动物模型.左侧颞下颌关节作为实验组,切断左侧翼外肌;右侧关节作为对照组,保留右侧翼外肌.所有绵羊均在术后12周实施安乐死.所有颞下颌关节复合体通过大体解剖、螺旋CT、显微CT、组织病理学等检查进行评估.结果:大体解剖发现,对照组颞下颌关节发生了骨强直,而实验组颞下颌关节只发生纤维粘连;螺旋CT和显微CT检查发现,与实验组比较,对照组颞下颌关节间隙可见钙化影像,上下关节面可见新骨长入关节间隙的不规则钙化影像,对照组的髁突最大内外径及最大前后径明显大于实验组;显微CT显示,两组所有显微结构参数均有统计学差异(P<0.05),对照组髁突新生骨小梁总体表达方向与翼外肌的牵拉方向一致,而实验组髁突骨折区新生骨小梁的主要方向与翼外肌的牵拉方向不一致;组织病理学检查发现,对照组关节发生了骨强直,但实验组无骨强直发生.结论:当髁突发生矢状骨折时,翼外肌对骨折块有牵拉(类似牵张成骨)的病理性作用是创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直发生的重要因素.     

儿童髁突骨折诊断和治疗的现状与展望

儿童下颌骨骨折中，髁突骨折比较常见，占24％-72％^[1]。长期以来，儿童髁突骨折一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注，不仅因为其发病率较高，还因为儿童处于生长期，髁突骨折可能会影响下颌骨的发育和颞下颌关节功能。严重的导致颞下颌关节强直和睡眠呼吸暂停综合征，对患者的面型、咬合和咀嚼功能产生严重影响。     

颞下颌关节疾病的外科手术治疗

目的：颞下颌关节疾病的治疗包括保守治疗和外科手术治疗，本研究目的是探讨颞下颌关节疾病外科手术治疗的适应证以及手术方法。方法：对1988年至2000年共收治的765例颞下颌关节疾病患者进行回顾性研究。其中颞下颌关节紊乱病患者共418例，颞下颌关节外伤159例，颞下颌关节强直131例，髁状突肥大38例，颞下颌关节肿瘤18例，颞下颌关节感染1例，其中637例进行了外科手术治疗。结果：颞下颌关节紊乱病患中218例行颞下颌关节内窥镜术，21例行颞下颌关节盘复位术，91例行颞下颌关节盘修补术，11例行陈旧性关节脱位放复位术；131例行颞下颌关节成形术；109例行髁状突骨折开放复位术；38例行髁状突截骨术和正颌手术；18例行颞下颌关节肿瘤切除术。结论：颞下颌关节率乱病、损伤、关节强直、肿瘤、畸形以及其他关节疾病的手术适应证范围在不断地扩大，颞下颌关节外科的手术方法也在不断地改良。颞下颌关节科手术治疗正向着微创和恢复关节功能的方向发展。     

The relationship between temporomandibular joint ankylosis and condylar fractures

Trauma is the predominant causal factor for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. However, the relationship between condylar fracture and TMJ ankylosis is complicated. It is believed that post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis arises from TMJ intracapsular changes, including damaged cartilage, displaced or disrupted discs, haematoma formation and subsequent fibrosis and calcification in the joint. In this review, the relationship between TMJ ankylosis and condylar fracture is discussed based on clinical characteristics and animal studies. The management of TMJ ankylosis is also reviewed and discussed.     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直临床分析

目的 分析引发创伤性颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)强直的高风险髁突骨折类型,初步探讨TMJ强直发生的可能性机制.方法 对18例创伤性TMJ强直进行临床、影像学检查及评估.取纤维性强直外侧变性的关节囊、关节间的致密纤维组织及骨性强直关节外侧骨块和内侧骨块,HE染色,光镜观察.结果 ...     

无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤后的变化:影像学和手术所见

目的:通过CT、MRI及手术探查观察无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤后的变化,为该疾患的早期诊治提供依据。方法:上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组2009—2010年收治的无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤患者7例11侧关节纳入研究。所有患者伤前均无关节症状,但在伤后出现长时间的关节区疼痛和开口受限,其中6例合并面部骨折,曾在其他医院或由其他医师手术治疗。所有患者均进行了关节区的MRI检查,对受伤后即刻和再次就诊的CT进行比较。所有病例进行了手术探查,术中所见进一步证实影像学的变化。结果:CT显示,87.5%(7/8)的髁突在受伤即刻表面骨质"完好",而伤后1个月至1a出现骨质破坏。伤后1个月至1a的MRI检查显示,所有11侧关节均出现盘前移位,90.9%(10/11)的髁突伴骨质破坏。手术探查显示,2侧关节出现骨性黏连,3侧关节髁突表面骨质破坏与关节窝纤维性黏连,5侧关节髁突表面软骨变性伴黏连,1侧关节髁突表面软骨无明显破坏,关节盘前移位但形态尚可。结论:无髁突骨折的颞下颌关节急性创伤如伴关节盘前移位,可导致骨关节病和(或)关节强直。     

526例下颌骨髁状突骨折临床病例回顾性研究

目的:探讨下颌骨髁状突骨折的发生特点。方法:通过对526例髁状突骨折病案资料的调查,对髁状突骨折的发生年龄、性别、致伤原因、骨折类型、合併伤、治疗及后遗症进行分析?峁?髁状突骨折好发于20~30岁;男性多于女性,交通事故伤(47.97%)为主要致伤原因;髁状突骨折60.59%发生在髁颈部;49.62%合并颏部骨折;儿童髁状突骨折69.85%采用保守治疗,高位(囊内)骨折69.52%摘除骨折断端;3.23%继发关节强直。结论:髁状突骨折好发于髁颈部,髁状突矢状骨折及髁颈部骨折伴骨折断端和关节盘移位严重的骨折处理不当易发生关节强直。     

A retrospective study of temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures

We investigated the incidence of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after open operations for fractures of the mandibular condyle, and analysed possible risk factors in a total of 385 patients with 492 condylar fractures who had been operated on in our department from 2001 to 2010. Sixteen patients developed postoperative ankylosis of the TMJ with 26 joints (5%) affected during a follow-up of 6 months–10 years. Of the 492 condylar fractures, the most common ones that were associated with postoperative ankylosis were those of the condylar head (20/248), followed by the condylar neck (6/193). Subcondylar fractures did not cause postoperative ankylosis (0/51). Among the 16 patients with postoperative ankylosis, 13 had associated anterior mandibular fractures. Long-screw (bicortical screw) fixation of fractures of the condylar head seemed to be associated with a lower incidence of postoperative ankylosis than fixation by miniplate and wire or removal of the fractured fragment. The articular discs were damaged in all ankylosed joints, and the remaining fractured fragment was found in 10 ankylosed joints after fractures of the condylar head. The results suggest that fractures of the condylar head are more prone to lead to postoperative ankylosis of the TMJ, and that the possible risk factors seem to include the technique used for fixation and damage to the disc, together with an anterior mandibular fracture with the fractured fragment remaining.     

A pilot trial on the molecular pathophysiology of traumatic temporomandibular joint bony ankylosis in a sheep model. Part II: The differential gene expression among fibrous ankylosis,bony ankylosis and condylar fracture

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to preliminarily explore the differential expressions of a series of genes regulating bone formation in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fibrous ankylosis, bony ankylosis and condylar fracture healing.MethodsThe cDNA from either the bony ankylosed callus or fracture callus of the 6 sheep, as described in the part I, were both used in the study. The differences of gene expressions between bony ankylosis and condylar fracture at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively were measured by real-time PCR, with 2 samples at each time point. In addition, another 2 sheep were added to have fibrous ankylosis induced on the right TMJ, and 1 sheep was sacrificed at 3 and 6 months after surgery, respectively. The differences of gene expressions between fibrous and bony ankylosis at 3 and 6 months postoperatively were measured by real-time PCR.ResultsBony ankylosis showed higher mRNA expression trends in Wnt2b, Wnt5a, β-Catenin, Lef1, CyclinD1, Runx2, Osterix, Sox9, Col10a1, Alp, Ocn, Bmp2, and Bmp7 compared to fibrous ankylosis, although no statistical analysis was performed due to the very small sample size. Whereas bony ankylosis showed a significant lower expression of Wnt5a, β-Catenin, Lef1, Runx2, Osterix, Sox9, Col10a1, Alp, Ocn and Bmp4 compared to condylar fracture at several time points (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur data provided a preliminary molecular evidence for the hypothesis that the development of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis was the course of delayed bone healing or hypertrophic nonunion, and deserved to be further studied.     

Induction of traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis in growing rats: a preliminary experimental study

Abstract –  There are many reports on the management of pediatric temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. However, few authors have investigated the etiology of this disease in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of damage to both the condylar cartilage and disk in the induction of traumatic TMJ ankylosis during the growth period. The study was performed in growing rats by a common condyle fracture model. Intentional damage was performed to both the disk and condylar cartilage in the experimental group ( n  = 12), while the disk and condylar cartilage in the control group was left untouched ( n  = 12). Sham-operated growing rats were deemed the blank group ( n  = 10). Two rats from the experimental group and two from the control group were killed 24 h after the operation, and the result following surgical intervention was observed. Each rat's body weight in the three groups was monitored and recorded at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after surgery. Twelve weeks after the operation, all animals were killed. The prognosis was compared by mandible deviation measure, body weight evaluation, and histological observation. Animals from the experimental group presented a slow body weight increase and obvious mandible deviation while all involved TMJs showed fibrous ankylosis in various degrees. The damage to both the condylar cartilage and disk in the condylar fracture might play a vital role in traumatic TMJ ankylosis development during the growth period. The results of this study suggest that more attention should be paid to condylar fractures in children that are accompanied with severe cartilage and disk damage, which is a matter of significance for pediatric TMJ ankylosis prevention.     

Clinical investigation of early post-traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis and the role of repositioning discs in treatment

This study investigated the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis after condylar fracture and the functional results of surgery that included repositioning of the articular discs. In a total of 18 patients, there were 13 cases of fibrous ankylosis (type I) and 11 of partial bony ankylosis (type II). CT scans for both groups and MRI scans for type I patients were analysed. Intraoperative inspection of the damaged disc, the sites of adhesion or bony fusion, and remaining intra-articular movement was recorded. After release arthroplasty and repositioning of discs, follow-up was for 1 to 3.5 years (mean 2.2 years). Post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis was highly associated with sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures. Type I ankylosis usually formed in the 4th to 5th month post-trauma with mean interincisal opening distance of 18.3+/-5.5mm. Progression from type I to II ankylosis occurred 1 year post-trauma and caused a reduction of 5mm in the range of mouth opening. The disc was displaced for each of the involved joints, and intra-articular adhesions or ossification initiated at the site where there was no intervening disc present. After surgical repositioning of the disc, stable joint function and mouth opening from 30 to 45 mm were obtained in all patients but one (recurrence due to dislocation). Sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures predispose the TMJ to ankylosis, and the displacement of the articular disc plays a critical role. Early surgical intervention to reposition the disc was successful for early trauma-induced TMJ ankylosis.