挥发性有机溶剂“喜好”学生的客观因素调查分析

作者对北京市部分中小学生进行了挥发性有机溶剂（吸入剂）喜好程度的调查分析，并报道了部分学生产生“喜好”甚至“偏好”的主观原因。本资料提示挥发性有机溶剂的易获得性，加之受亲友、同伴的影响以及家长缺乏对子女的了解和管教等是部分学生“喜好”的客观原因。了解学生对挥发性有机溶剂“喜好”的客观原因，对于在中小学学生中，尤其是在中学生中科学地普遍开展有关预防使用挥发性物质知识的教育是十分重要的。     

挥发性有机溶剂“喜好”学生的客观因素调查分析

作者对北京市部分中小学生进行了挥发性有机溶剂（吸入剂）喜好程度的调查分析，并报道了部分学生产生“喜好”甚至“偏好”的主观原因。本资料提示挥发性有机溶剂的易获得性，加之受亲友、同伴的影响以及家长缺乏对子女的了解和管教等是部分学生“喜好”的客观原因。了解学生对挥发性有机溶剂“喜好”的客观原因，对于在中小学生中，尤其是在中学生中科学地普遍开展有关预防使用挥性物质知识的教育是十分重要的。     

西南地区某省中学生使用药物与精神活性物质的流行病学调查

目的··：采用整群抽样方法对某省九个地、州、市的高二年级学生进行了中学生用药情况调查。方法··：调查内容包括８种药物／精神活性物质“一生”、“最近３０ｄ”的使用情况、用药频率（经常、偶尔）、最初使用年龄、使用原因与后果等。结果··：在２６４９例有效应答者中,一生中“经常”使用最多的物质是烟草（６．３２％）,其它物质依次是非甾体抗炎止痛药（ＮＳＡＩＤｓ,２．９２％）,酒（２．８９％）,挥发性溶剂（０．２８％）,镇静催眠药（０．２４％）和大麻（０．０４％）;“偶尔”使用最多的是酒（６６．０５％）,其它物质依次是：ＮＳＡＩＤｓ（５９．２６％）,烟草（２７．３６％）,镇静催眠药（５．１９％）,海洛因（３．１３％）,挥发性溶剂（２．８１％）,中枢兴奋剂（０．７３％）和大麻（０．３３％）。各种物质的初始使用年龄介于１０．７ａ至１３．４ａ。调查还对学生用药原因、后果进行了分析。结论··：少数中学生对烟草、酒和某些精神药物的使用成瘾;极个别学生有滥用违禁毒品的行为。建议加强中学生药物滥用预防教育。     

北京市三所中学高中学生精神活性物质使用情况调查

本文采取自填调查表方式，对北京地区三所中学的高中二年级学生进行了精神活性物质使用情况调查。调查结果显示，三所学校学生在过去３０天内使用最普遍的是酒（４１．５％），其次分别是去痛片（２８．８％）、香烟（１１％）、麻醉性镇痛药（９．１％）、挥发性溶剂（５．２％）等。酒使用的主要原因是好奇心尝试（１６．９％），其它原因依次是消遣或寻求快乐（１５．３％），受同学或周围人影响（１４．４％），解除烦恼（４．６     

云南玉溪地区中学生使用药物与精神活性物质的流行病学调查

目的：了解目前云南玉溪地区青少年中药物与精神活性物质的使用情况。方法：采用以班级为单位整群抽样的方法,调查该地区高二年级学生使用精神活性物质的情况。调查内容包括１３种药物／精神活性物质“一生”、“过去３０ｄ”的使用频率（经常、偶尔、未用过）、初次使用年龄与使用原因。结果：在１０３４例有效应答者中,一生中“经常”使用最多的物质是烟草（１５．９４％）,“偶尔”使用最多的是酒精（６１．６２％）。挥发性溶     

滤纸水溶性物质对鲎试验的影响

鲨试验是用于检测注射液热原的一种简便、快速、灵敏的体外试验方法，在药品中也已广泛用于微量的细菌内毒素检查。使用中鲨试剂常受某些因素干扰，而使检测结果出现假阳性，因此不能正确评价药品细菌内毒素的限量。我们在多年应用鲨试剂检测热原质的实践中注意到，滤纸水溶性物质对鲨试验有干扰作用，并产生阳性反应，为了证实这一可靠性，我们进行了以下试验，现将结果报道如下：1试剂与材料1．1堂试剂批号：951024，960916，标示灵敏度0．5Ell／ml，0．5ml／支，厦门鲨试剂厂。1．2弃G因子鲨试剂批号：951023，标示灵敏度0．5Ell／ml，…     

活动平板试验185例分析

对１８５例可疑冠心病患者进行活动平板试验检查，试验结果阳性者１１３例，占总数的６１．８％，在１１３例阳性者中，有８９例在小于或等于６单位代谢当量出出现阳性，占阳性总数的７８．７％；有胸痛者２６例，占阳性总数的１４．１６％；且出现缺血性变化时的代谢当量均小于或等于出现胸痛时的代谢当量，提示胸痛不是冠心病的敏感指标，无症性状心肌缺血所占比例较大，冠心病患者的平时运动量不要超过６单位代谢当量。     

全发酵液萃取丙酰螺霉素的研究

利用双水相技术，并与有机溶剂萃取技术于ＰＨ８．０－８．５采用１４％聚乙二醇２０００１８％Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４系统，建立了丙酰螺的全发酵液萃取新工艺。     

一次性输液器和鼻氧管中挥发性物质的气相色谱-质谱法联用分析

摘 要 目的： 采用气相色谱 质谱法（GC2MS）对10批一次性输液器,6批无菌鼻氧管的挥发性有机物进行测试,并分析产生气味的主要物质。方法: 采用顶空进样装置提取样品中的挥发性成分,使用HP 5MS石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),程序升温,全扫描总离子图定性检测样品挥发性物质。结果: 采用GC MS法鉴别一次性输液器和无菌鼻氧管的挥发性化合物,共测定出19种嗅感物质,包括烃类、醇、醛和酯等羰基化合物。结合气味检测方法,发现2 乙基己醇浓度对样品气味等级影响最大。结论:部分样本气味评级高,可能与2 乙基己醇含量较高有关,应引起重视。     

全发酵液萃取丙酰螺旋霉素的研究

利用双水相技术，并与有机溶剂萃取技术结合，于ｐＨ８．０～８．５，采用１４％聚乙二醇２０００－１８％Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４系统，建立了丙酰螺旋霉素的全发酵液萃取新工艺。小试收率达到６９．２％，对照的乙酸丁酯萃取工艺的收率为５３．４％。     

北京市部分中学生对用药态度的调查分析

本文采用自填调查表方式,对北京市3所中学的高中二年级学生进行了用药态度的调查,其中主要侧重对海洛因、大麻等毒品认识的调查。结果反映了学生对用药的原因、对毒品的依赖性、滥用对身心健康造成的损害及对社会影响等认识的某些方面。同时结果表明,在学生中对“十几岁的青少年吸烟、吸毒是一种正常尝试”的看法中,男生和女生有明显的差异性(P<0.05)。说明男女生在吸毒,包括吸烟的认识态度上存在差异。     

北京市七所中学高二年级学生精神活性药物使用情况

采用自填问卷方式对北京市七所中学高二年级学生使用精神活性药物情况进行调查。结果表明中学生镇静催眠药及麻醉性镇痛药的使用率分别是３．４１％和２．０％,且主要原因是治病,但也有少数非医疗用途使用的现象。这些学生非医疗用途用药的原因主要是好奇尝试、寻求快乐、解除烦恼。提示：个别中学生可能存在着不良的心理因素。另外,在使用过镇静催眠药的学生中,经常吸烟与饮酒的发生率要明显高于未使用过此类药物的学生。     

Assessment of learning activities using streaming video for laboratory practice education: aiming for development of E-learning system that promotes self-learning

In order to develop an e-learning system that promotes self-learning, lectures and basic operations in laboratory practice of chemistry were recorded and edited on DVD media, consisting of 8 streaming videos as learning materials. Twenty-six students wanted to watch the DVD, and answered the following questions after they had watched it: "Do you think the video would serve to encourage you to study independently in the laboratory practice?" Almost all students (95%) approved of its usefulness, and more than 60% of them watched the videos repeatedly in order to acquire deeper knowledge and skill of the experimental operations. More than 60% answered that the demonstration-experiment should be continued in the laboratory practice, in spite of distribution of the DVD media.     

上海地区不同人群的饮酒相关问题的调查

使用饮酒相关问题调查表对481名社会人员及569名在校学生进行调查。结果发现,被调查者绝大多数(912人,占86.86％)赞成酒应该在人类社会中存在,支持者的理由是:在一些重要节日和祭礼上,酒是必不可少的。同时,多数被调查者反对酗酒行为,并主张禁止未成年人饮酒。本次调查结果也表明,为数不少的人对酒中毒/酒依赖有关知识知之甚少,对是否该送患者就诊茫然不知。提示今后应大力加强这方面的防治工作。而社会人群与在校学生对某些问题的看法也存在一定差异。     

Shared-Learning Experience During a Clinical Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective

To implement a shared learning approach through fourth-year students’ mentorship of third-year students and to assess the perceptions of the mentored students on the value of their shared learning experience.

Design

We introduced the shared learning experience in clinical pharmacy and pharmacotherapeutic practice experiences involving 87 third-year and 51 fourth-year students. Both student groups undertook the practice experiences together, with third-year students working in smaller groups mentored by fourth-year students.

Assessment

A majority of the students (> 75%) believed that they learned to work as a team during their practice experiences and that the shared learning approach provided an opportunity to practice their communication skills. Similarly, most respondents (> 70%) agreed that the new approach would help them become effective members of the healthcare team and would facilitate their professional relationships in future practice. Almost two-thirds of the students believed that the shared learning enhanced their ability to understand clinical problems. However, about 31% of the pharmacy students felt that they could have learned clinical problem-solving skills equally well working only with peers from their own student group.

Conclusions

The pharmacy students in the current study generally believed that the shared-learning approach enhanced their ability to understand clinical problems and improved their communication and teamwork skills. Both groups of students were positive that they had acquired some skills through the shared-learning approach.     

123例海洛因依赖者梅毒感染临床检测分析

目的··:了解海洛因依赖者梅毒感染的原因、发病率 ,为减少危害提供依据。方法··:对123例海洛因依赖者采用RPR初筛 ,阳性者加做TPHA检测确证;对阳性者的性行为进行调查。结果··:4.88 %的海洛因依赖者RPR阳性 ,经加做TPHA确证仍为阳性 ;阳性者均承认有性乱史 ,性伴侣2-5个。结论··:海洛因依赖者为梅毒高发人群 ,应加强对海洛因依赖者的血清学检测 ,并对吸毒者进行减少危害的宣传教育。     

北京地区三种新型毒品流行滥用特征

目的:了解北京地区发生流行性滥用的主要"新型毒品"的滥用现状、滥用特征和对个体身心及社会的危害。方法:自拟调查问卷对北京市公安局强制戒毒所2007年8月-2008年3月收治的主要吸食"冰毒"(MA)、"摇头丸"(MDMA)、氯胺酮(ketamine)的人员进行调查。结果:共调查"新型毒品"滥用人员268名,其中滥用毒品种类以MA为主139例(51.9%),以MDMA为主62例(23.1%),以氯胺酮为主67例(25.0%);被调查对象的年龄29.2±s6.3 a(最小年龄19 a,最大年龄50 a)。滥用者的职业涉及多种行业,以私营/个体劳动者(37.5%)和无业者(32.2%)为主。三种"新型毒品"滥用方式和滥用场所的特征是:"冰毒"滥用场所以家中(59.7%)为主,主要滥用方式为烫吸(98.6%);"摇头丸"滥用场所主要集中在歌舞厅(66.1%),滥用方式以口服为主(96.8%);氯胺酮滥用场所以歌舞厅为主(55.2%),滥用方式以鼻吸为主(91.0%)。滥用毒品的种类除以上述三种"新型毒品"为主外,该群体中的部分人还有"麻谷"、可卡因、大麻和海洛因滥用行为/经历。该群体95.5%在停止使用后出现不同程度、不同表现的戒断症状/体征,59.0%出现过主动或强迫性寻找和服用"新型毒品"的行为。268例"新型毒品"滥用者滥用"新型毒品"后均出现了涉及重要生命器官和精神系统不同程度的中毒症状/体征,使用"新型毒品"后体重平均减轻12.57 kg±s9.25 kg,有4.5%的滥用者发生急性中毒。有27.3%发生与使用"新型毒品"有关的冲动行为、易激惹及打架、吵架等行为,63.6%发生过使用"新型毒品"有关的性冲动,4.9%发生性暴力行为。结论:北京地区"新型毒品"滥用及其产生的健康和社会后果严重,滥用后可产生中度至次重度躯体依赖和精神依赖,精神依赖性强度强于躯体依赖性。由于其特殊的药理/毒理学作用,滥用后不仅损害了个体健康,也给社会治安带来了严重的隐患。目前北京地区正面临着继海洛因之后多种"新型毒品"流行滥用的威胁。     

An audit of a cervical smear screening programme

An audit of a computer based screening and recall programme in a Wellington group general practice is reported (practice population 13,866). The records of all women aged between 20 and 59 years (4133 women) were checked to determine if they had had a cervical smear test in the previous two years. A random sample of women who had a cervical smear result recorded in the notes (107 women called "responders") showed that 71% gave "familiarity with the family doctor" and "acting in response to a recall letter" as reasons for choosing the place of their last smear. Satisfaction with the service was indicated by 95% of these women stating they would have their next smear at the medical centre. In the audit of all the records, a group of 667 women who had been sent a letter inviting them to have a smear done and who had apparently declined the procedure was identified (called "nonresponders"). A random sample of this group (168 women) was taken and an attempt made to interview them. In fact only 38 women could be identified as requiring a smear and even if those who refused to be interviewed (13) and those unable to be contacted (23) are added, then less than half of this sample were "true nonresponders". This suggests that the percentage of women in the practice who have been offered a smear and have refused to have one is less than 8%.     

How Do Students Source and Supply Drugs? Characteristics of the University Illegal Drug Trade

Background: It is widely known that a proportion of university students use drugs. However, much less is known about how they source and supply their drugs. Objectives: In this article, we investigate student drug trading activity, including how they obtained their drugs, whether they sold drugs, and the extent to which their drug trading might be described as a form of “social supply”. Methods: A survey was conducted of all students across seven of the nine universities of Wales. In total, 7855 students submitted a questionnaire and 1877 of these reported drug use in the current academic year. All students who reported using one or more illegal drugs in the current academic year were asked how they obtained their drugs, how they funded their drug use, whether they had sold, traded or given away illegal drugs, along with their motives for drug trading. Results: The results showed that about half of users obtained drugs solely from friends and associates and one-fifth obtained them solely from external dealers. One-quarter used friends and associates as well as external markets. In many cases, supplying drugs amounted to sharing them or giving them away. However, over one-third of students said that they had sold drugs. Conclusions: Overall, the methods of sourcing and supplying drug among university students shares features of both “social supply” and “traditional” drug markets. We conclude that the student drug market investigated is best described as a “hybrid” combination of both.     

Drinking on campus: self-reports and breath tests

OBJECTIVE: Concern about excessive alcohol consumption by college students has been raised by surveys indicating that more than 40% of students are "heavy" drinkers. This definition is based on students' reports of consuming five or more drinks (four or more for women) on an occasion sometime during the past 2 weeks. The present survey examines the degree to which this 2-week 5+/4+ drink criterion characterizes a student's pattern of alcohol use, and whether a 5+/4+ criterion for a drinking occasion is a valid indicator of high blood alcohol concentration (BAC). METHOD: Students (N = 856, 70% male) were interviewed as they returned home between 10 PM and 3 AM. Students reported their drinking of the past 2 weeks and of the night they were interviewed, then provided breath samples to determine their BAC. RESULTS: Among the students in the sample classified as "heavy" drinkers on the basis of self-reports, 49% had zero BAC on the night they were interviewed. Those who reported consuming 5+/4+ drinks the evening of the interview had a mean BAC <0.08%. The distribution of BACs in the entire sample showed 74.4% of students had a BAC of zero and 11.8% had a BAC <0.05%. Very high BACs (i.e., > or =0.15%) were rare (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reports of consuming 5+/4+ drinks on at least one occasion during the previous 2 weeks did not reliably identify a pattern of heavy drinking. Moreover, reports of 5+/4+ drinks on an occasion were not necessarily associated with high BACs.