经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的总结经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床体会。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2011年12月,采用四孔经腹膜外入路行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌患者16例的临床资料。结果本组16例手术全部顺利完成,9例同期行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,无一例中转开放。手术时间150～420min,平均270min。术中出血量50～2000ml,平均534ml,4例术中输血400～800ml,输血率25%。术后病理报告切缘阳性1例(6.2%)。术后4～15d出院,平均8d。所有患者留置尿管2周,拔除尿管后无真性尿失禁。随访3～17个月,8例昼夜控尿良好,8例白天偶有压力性尿失禁,其中1例术后4个月出现吻合口狭窄。9例患者术后可勃起,其中1例行保留神经的前列腺癌根治术患者术后1个月可正常进行性生活。结论经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有创伤小、出血少、操作容易、并发症少等优点,是开展腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的较好选择。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附9例报告）

目的探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效。方法我科自2006年1月至2008年10月对9例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术经腹膜外路径顺行切除前列腺,切开膀胱颈部前先以1-0可吸收线缝扎背血管复合体。结果9例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间180-510min,平均322min,术中出血量200-1500ml,平均433ml,术后48h内胃肠功能恢复,术后2～3d下床活动,无直肠损伤和吻合口尿漏出现。标本切缘阳性1例。1例患者术后半年仍有轻度尿失禁。其中7例患者随访5～33个月,未发现肿瘤局部和生化复发和远处转移;术后3个月前列腺特异性抗原0～0．1ng／ml。结论经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法,手术创伤小,患者恢复快,腹腔并发症少。但该手术难度较大,需要具有丰富腹腔镜操作经验的医生完成。     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术10例

目的探讨腹腔镜经腹腔途径前列腺癌根治术的可行性. 方法采用Montsouris七步法行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术. 结果 10例手术均获成功.手术时间330～540 min,平均433 min.术中出血量100～550 ml,平均274 ml,均未输血.膀胱损伤1例,当即予以缝合.术后住院时15～23 d,平均17 d.拔除导尿管时间14～23 d,平均16 d;尿漏2例分别于术后20、23 d后拔除痊愈;余8例术后2周拔除.3例出现轻度尿失禁,辅助治疗4周后消失.病检pT1c 3例,pT2 6例,pT3 1例.随访3～21个月,平均7.5月.术后PSA 0～2.70 μg/L,平均0.05 μg/L.2例性功能恢复. 结论严格掌握手术适应证,充分的术前准备,Montsouris七步法腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术可行.     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附12例报告)

目的探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析总结2009年5月至2011年7月经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者12例,年龄60～75岁,平均年龄68岁。血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为0.7～23.6ng/ml。TNM分期T1N0M08例,T2N0M03例,T3aN0M01例。所有患者均于术前行前列腺穿刺活组织检查,证实为前列腺癌。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为130～360min,平均270min;术中出血量为150～900ml,平均390ml,1例患者术中输血。术后病理检查结果显示肿瘤切缘为阳性的2例患者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。术后留置尿管时间14～22d,平均18.6d,无直肠损失病例,3例术后出现轻度尿失禁的患者经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转,能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA为0.02～0.10ng/ml,术后随访8例,随访时间为3～24个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的关键点及操作技巧（附33例报告）

目的：总结经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗前列腺癌的手术经验和操作技巧.方法：2006年1月～2010年3月对33例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术经腹膜外顺行路径切除前列腺,切开膀胱颈部前先以1-0可吸收线缝扎背血管复合体,采用单针连续吻合法进行膀胱与尿道的吻合.结果：33例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间120～575 min,平均234 min,术中出血量100～1500 ml,平均320 ml,术后48小时内胃肠功能恢复,术后1～2天下地活动,没有直肠损伤和吻合口尿漏出现.标本切缘阳性1例.2例术后出现轻度尿失禁.2例出现尿道狭窄.对其中31例患者随访3～51个月,未发现肿瘤局部和生化复发和远处转移;术后3个月前列腺特异性抗原0～0.1 μg/L.结论：经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法.熟悉前列腺局部解剖及熟练掌握各种腹腔镜下操作技术是手术成功的关键.     

腹膜外入路腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术41例

目的熟悉腹膜外入路腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的手术方法,降低前列腺癌根治术的手术并发症的发生率。方法对2005年11月至2012年6月的41例腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者年龄65-78岁,平均72岁,所有患者术前均获确诊,前列腺特异性抗原3.4-45.6ng/ml,〈4.0ng/ml3例,4-20ng/ml30例,〉20ng/ml8例。结果除1例中转开腹手术,其余均由腹腔镜完成,手术时间65-240min,平均125min,术中出血量80-700ml,平均120ml。术后轻度尿失禁6例,通过尿道括约肌锻炼后1-3个月后可满意控尿,术中保留性神经26例,其中19例术后勃起功能恢复,可以完成性交。术后病理均证实为前列腺癌,Gleason评分4-9分,切缘阳性1例,术后加用内分泌治疗。术后随访2个月-6年,生化复发9例,予内分泌治疗后控制满意,1例因其他疾病死亡。结论腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是治疗前列腺癌的重要方法,把握好关键步骤,仔细操作,可以达到安全、有效、创伤小的目的。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附7例报告）

目的：探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效.方法：对7例局限性前列腺癌患者实施经腹膜外前列腺癌根治术.结果：7例手术均成功完成,手术时间145～250 min,平均175 min.估计术中出血量200～600 ml,平均300 ml,其中3例患者输400 ml红细胞悬液,术中无腹膜破裂、直肠输尿管损伤、膀胱损伤等病例;术后病理均报告切缘阴性,无淋巴结转移,留置导尿14～23天,平均18.2天;术后1～3天肠道功能恢复,平均1.6天.术后发牛尿漏2例,6天后尿漏消失.随访3～10个月,平均6个月,术后拔除尿管出现轻度尿失禁3例（43%）,1周内完全恢复尿控率71.4%（5/7）,第1、3、6个月完全恢复控尿率分别为71.4%（5/7）、85.7%（6/7）、100%（7/7）,术后3个月检查血清PSA＜0.2 μg/L,随访期间末出现生化复发.结论：腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、并发症少、恢复快,是局限性前列腺癌安全有效的外科治疗方法.     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附65例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜外径路腹腔镜PCa根治术的初步体会。方法:经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜PCa根治术65例。结果:64例(98.5%)成功,手术时间100～440min,平均172min。出血量150～800ml,平均340ml,7例(10.8%)患者输红细胞悬液2～4U。1例术中发生直肠损伤,2例术后发生尿外渗。6例(9.2%)患者术后病理提示切缘阳性。58例(89.2%)患者术后3个月尿控良好。结论:腹膜外径路腹腔镜PCa根治术是安全、可行的。且因避免了术中、术后对腹腔内肠管的干扰,降低了手术并发症,利于术后患者的恢复,值得在临床推广应用。     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术

目的 探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的临床效果及安全性. 方法 临床局限性前列腺癌患者15例,均行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术.术前平均总PSA 8.1ng/ml,平均Gleason评分5.7±1.3.采用切开腹白线的"北京医院建立腹膜外操作间隙技术"建立腹膜外间隙.手术过程中分离,切割和止血均采用超声刀技术.记录患者手术时间,估计术中出血量、术中并发症、留置引流管时间、术后疼痛指数、术后住院时间、术后病理和PSA等临床资料,并对结果进行分析. 结果 15例手术14例腹腔镜完成,1例因吻合困难中转开放手术.手术时间(316±74)min;术中估计出血量(408±362)ml.5例(33%)患者接受了输血,无直肠及输尿管损伤.术后第1和2天疼痛指数分别为2.3和1.4分.术后留置导尿(14.1±2.9)d,平均住院时间(19.5±4.9)d.术后Gleason评分5.7±1.8.标本切缘阳性2例(13%).病理检查未发现淋巴结转移病例.随访1～12个月,完全控尿10例(67%),PSA<0.2 ng/ml 12例.结论 经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术是一种安全可行的局限性前列腺癌的手术方式.     

腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和临床效果。方法:7例前列腺癌患者,腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路分离前列腺,切开膀胱颈部,分离前列腺尖部、游离精囊后顺行前列腺切除术,膀胱颈成形后与尿道吻合。结果:平均手术时间为6.7h,术中平均出血量为1385ml。术后24～48h恢复肠道功能,2～3周后拔除尿管,2例出现轻度尿失禁,无术后出血、直肠损伤、尿路狭窄等其他并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、视野清晰、出血少、康复快,是早期前列腺癌根治术的方法之一。     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: perioperative complications in an initial and consecutive series of 80 cases

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively evaluated the intraoperative and early postoperative complications of the initial experience with the first 80 laparoscopic radical prostatectomies performed at our institution. METHODS: Between January 17, 2001 and July 24, 2002, 80 patients between 53 and 78 years old (mean age 63.8) with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the Montsouris technique. A total of 24 (30%) staging pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. The inpatient and outpatient medical records as well as all complications were reviewed. RESULTS: The pathological tumor stage revealed 18 pT2a (22.5%), 29 pT2b (36.25%), 21 pT3a (26.25%), 10 pT3b (12.5%), 1 pT4 (1.25%), 1 pT4 N1 (1.25%). No conversion was necessary in all cases. Mean operative time was 218 minutes (range 150-420) overall, mean blood loss was 376 ml (range 50-1000) and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 days (range 3-9). The mean and the median duration of bladder catheterization were respectively 11 and 10 days (range 7-23). Injury to the epigastric vessels was detected intraoperatively in 5 cases (6.25%) with immediate hemostasis achieved. There was 1 death (1.25%) 35 days after a cerebrovascular accident occurred on postoperative day 3. We observed 1 (1.25%) postoperative ileus, hemoperitoneum in 5 cases (6.25%), 2 (2.5%) acute urinary retentions, 6 (7.5%) anastomotic leakages, 1 (1.25%) anastomotic stricture, 1 (1.25%) hydrocele and 2 (2.5%) urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: In our initial experience laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed with no complications in 77.5% of patients. We observed major and minor complications respectively in 16.25% and 6.25% of the patients. Our series provides evidence that the laparoscopic approach is feasible and associated with acceptable perioperative morbidity.     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术23例观察

目的探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,LRP)治疗局限性前列腺癌的手术方法和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析23例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床资料。23例患者病理诊断均为前列腺癌,TNM分期T1N0M0 9例,T2N0M0 14例,Gleason评分均≤7分。结果 23例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间105³00 min,平均150 min;术中出血量120300 min,平均150 min;术中出血量120⁸00 mL,平均240 mL。术后留置尿管时间16800 mL,平均240 mL。术后留置尿管时间16²2 d,平均18 d。3例出现轻度尿失禁,经提肛等辅助治疗,3个月后无真性尿失禁发生。术后病理报告示标本切缘阳性1例,术后行全激素阻断治疗3个月。术后前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,P S A)均<4.0 ng/mL。1例因其他原因死亡。术后随访322 d,平均18 d。3例出现轻度尿失禁,经提肛等辅助治疗,3个月后无真性尿失禁发生。术后病理报告示标本切缘阳性1例,术后行全激素阻断治疗3个月。术后前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,P S A)均<4.0 ng/mL。1例因其他原因死亡。术后随访3¹2个月,无生化复发。结论经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有创伤小,出血少,恢复快,并发症少等优点,是一种安全可行的手术方式,值得临床推广。     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附5例报告)

目的:探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床体会。方法:采用经腹膜外途径对5例确诊为局限性前列腺癌的患者施行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术切除前列腺、精囊、输精管的壶腹以及膀胱颈的一部分,后行膀胱尿道吻合。结果:5例手术均获得成功,手术时间270~420 m in,平均350 m in,术中出血量250~600 m l,平均480 m l,术后48 h内胃肠功能恢复,术后2~3 d下床活动,术后住院7~12 d,平均8.5 d。术后随访3~8个月,无尿失禁,3例术前性功能正常的患者,2例术后可有满意的性生活。1例出现膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄,定期尿道扩张,排尿通畅。结论:经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术创伤小、对肠道无干扰、患者术后恢复快,可以成为治疗局限性前列腺癌的较好方法。     

Surgical margins in radical prostatectomy: a comparison between retropubic and laparoscopic surgery

Objectives To compare positive surgical margins in both radical retropubic prostatectomies and laparoscopic surgery in two reference centres in Brazil. Materials and methods One hundred and seventy nine pathological studies from patients, who underwent radical prostatectomy due to prostate adenocarcinoma, 89 submitted to retropubic surgery and 90 to laparoscopic surgery, were analyzed. Inclusion criteria Patients with PSA ≤15 ng/ml, and a Gleason score ≤7 at the prostate biopsy, maximum T2 clinical staging. Results There has been surgical margin compromising in 41.57% of the patients submitted to retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), 34.21% of which were at pT2 stage and 84.61% were at pT3 stage. In patients submitted to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) positive surgical margin was found at 24.44% of the cases: 20.98% of which were at pT2 stage and 55.55% at pT3 stage. Conclusions In the analyzed samples, proportion of positive surgical margin was higher in RRP than in LRP (P = 0.023). A higher number of patients on a randomized prospective study would be necessary for a better comparison between the groups.     

Complications, urinary continence, and oncologic outcome of 1000 laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomies-experience at the Charité Hospital Berlin, Campus Mitte

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy (LRP) is an alternative to open radical prostatectomy, but data based on large populations are not frequently available. This study was initiated to evaluate LRP with regard to complications, urinary continence, and oncologic outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1000 consecutive patients with a mean age of 62 yr (SD+/-6 yr) and clinically localized prostate cancer. Between May 1999 and October 2004, all 1000 patients underwent LRP performed by eight urologists at one institution (Charité Hospital Berlin, Campus Mitte). The review procedure was based on complete patient documents (hospital stay, n=1000) and an interview by one physician. Histopathologic results, intraoperative and early and late complications, continence rate, and time to first PSA increase (n=952) were recorded. Erectile function was not part of this review. Twenty-two patients received neoadjuvant treatment for >2 mo. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 28.8 mo (range: 7.2 to 69.7). Intraoperative and early complications occurred in 11.8% of patients. In 77.6% the urethrovesical anastomosis tested by cystography at day 5 or 6 after LRP was intact; 76% used none or not more than one pad per 24h. The overall PSA-free survival was more than 90% for pT2, 80.3% for pT3a, and 72.4% for pT3b until July 2005. The mortality rate was 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS: In the present series of 1000 patients, a specific disadvantage of LRP compared with the open approach, as reported in the literature, could not be shown. On the basis of short-term follow-up data, our retrospective evaluation confirms that LRP provides satisfactory results. We believe that laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can be the technique of choice in the future.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术

目的总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的经验。方法2004年9月～2005年12月,我科对8例早期局限性前列腺癌行经腹腔腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,游离前列腺直肠间隙达前列腺尖部,游离膀胱前间隙及耻骨后间隙,缝扎阴茎背深静脉后离断膀胱颈部,重建膀胱颈并与尿道吻合。结果8例腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间270～420min,平均325min;术中出血量300～1600ml,平均580ml,其中1例由于术中损伤阴茎背深静脉大出血1600ml,需要输血4例。标本切缘阳性1例。术后膀胱尿道吻合口尿漏2例;术后2周拔除导尿管,出现尿失禁2例,1例尿失禁在随访6个月后尿控能力恢复,另1例尿失禁仍存在。8例术后随访10～24个月,平均16个月,排尿均通畅,未出现生化复发现象。结论熟悉前列腺的局部解剖、有良好的腹腔镜器械辅助及熟悉掌握各种腹腔镜下操作技术是开展此手术的关键。     

Prostatectomies for localized prostate cancer: a mixed comparison network and cumulative meta-analysis

No consensus has been attained regarding the utility of open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa). We carried out a network meta-analysis and cumulative meta-analysis comparing RRP, LRP and RALRP on peri-operative and functional outcome measures. Electronic databases were searched for either randomized clinical trials or cohort studies comparing RALRP either with LRP or RRP in patients with localized PCa. Outcome measures were as follows: overall, pT2 and pT3-positive surgical margins (PSMs); biochemical recurrence (BCR); complication rates; estimated blood loss; blood transfusion rate; continence and potency rates; duration of catheterization and hospital stay. Publication bias, risk of bias and inconsistency were assessed. Inverse heterogeneity model was used for analysis. A total of 45 studies were included for the final analysis. We observed that RALRP and LRP did not differ significantly from RRP with regard to the following outcomes: overall PSM; pT2 and pT3 PSMs; OT; complication rate; continence and potency rates; total blood loss and hospital stay. Duration of catheterization was significantly shorter in RALRP than LRP and RRP while significant reductions in the need for blood transfusion and BCR were observed for both RALRP and LRP in comparison with RRP. To conclude, similar functional, operative and oncologic outcomes were observed for both RALRP and LRP compared to RRP.     

Evaluation of operative complications related to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Objectives:   In this decade, there have emerged many alternatives for the therapy of localized prostate cancer, such as brachytherapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, high intensity focused ultrasound, and retropubic radical prostatectomy. In this retrospective study, we reviewed cases of complications related to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) from our institution only, and we evaluated whether this procedure was minimally invasive or not.
Methods:   Between August 2000 and December 2006, a total of 160 patients in our institution underwent LRP as the definitive treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. We analyzed not only the complications but also the operative time and blood loss to clarify the indications of LRP.
Results:   Major complications were defined as those requiring surgical intervention including laparoscopic repair. A total of nine major complications (5.63%) occurred in six patients (3.75%). In a Cox regression analysis, the estimated blood loss ( P  = 0.0069) and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy ( P  = 0.0019) were significant predictors of long operative time (>6 h) of LRP.
Conclusion:   The indication of LRP in this study was localized prostate cancer at the T1 or T2 stage for which neoadjuvant hormonal therapy had not been administered. We concluded that the operative and postoperative morbidities of LRP are low and that LRP can be routinely carried out by an experienced team.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗早期前列腺癌的临床经验(附10例报告)

目的：总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗早期前列腺癌的手术经验。方法：采用前列腺特异抗原检测和前列腺穿刺筛选10例PT1b～PT3a前列腺癌患者，用腹腔镜行前列腺癌根治术，总结手术时间、出血量和并发症的发生情况，并进行术后随访。结果：10例腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术均获成功。手术时间210～310min，平均250min；出血量200～500ml，平均340ml。术中发生大出血2例，术后尿外渗1例，未出现尿失禁和排尿困难。结论：腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术涉及较多腹腔镜下分离、切割、止血和缝合技术，只有熟悉前列腺的局部解剖、使用良好的腹腔镜器械、熟练掌握各种腹腔镜操作技术，才能缩短手术时间，减少手术并发症的发生。