四川省麻蝇科（昆虫纲，双翅目）昆虫种类及区系分布

对四川省麻蝇科昆虫进行多项调查研究所积累资料,结合历史文献,记述了四川省麻蝇种类及区系分布。四川省自1926年首次报道麻蝇1新种以来的80余年间,共计记录符合双名法的麻蝇科昆虫已达97种,隶属3亚科、7族、46属,其中以四川为模式产地的新种21种,中国特有种15种,分别占已知种的21.65％和15.46％;尚有新属4个,新纪录属2个。世界区系13个分布型中,以（东洋-古北）界分布型（39.18％）为主,其次为古北界（20.62％）和东洋界（16.50％）分布型;国内区系39个分布型中,以青藏区分布型（12.37％）为主,其次为西南区、（西南-华北-华中-华南-华北）区分布型（均8.25％）和（西南-青藏-蒙新-华北-华中-华南-东北）区分布型（6.20％）;省内12个区系分布型中,以西南区分布型（34.02％）为主,甘阿区（25.78％）次之。     

山西太岳山地区有瓣蝇类区系特征及物种多样性

本文通过对山西省太岳山地区有瓣蝇类昆虫进行广泛的采集、系统的整理与分类鉴定,发现该地区有瓣蝇类8科75属168种,并在此基础上,对其种数、物种多样性及区系特征加以分析与讨论。结果表明：其中的蝇科,无论在属级水平还是种级水平,均占有较大优势,分别占该保护区已知属数和种数的29．33％和41．67％。在区系分布中,古北界种35种,东洋界种3种,古北＋东洋界种73种,三界以上的广布种44种,分别占该地区分布种数的20．83％、1．79％、43．45％、和26．19％。多样性指数在属级水平和种级水平分别为1．72和1．64。从而得出结论：山西太岳山地区有瓣蝇类具有物种多样性、区系成分多样性的特点,其区系成分以古北界＋东洋界成分为主,部分典型的东洋界种的渗人,古北界及其他区系成分共存的特征。     

湖北地区有瓣蝇类分布及地理区划研究

湖北地区已发现有瓣蝇类 2 80种 ,其中属于东洋界种类 112种 ,占 4 0 0 % ;属于古北界种类 12 8种 ,占 4 5 7% ;广布两界种类 4 0种 ,占 14 3%。经与邻近的江西、湖南和河南蝇类分布种比较研究后认为 ,湖北地区有瓣蝇类区系基本应划归东洋界。     

喜马拉雅山南坡部分地区蚤类区系研究

于１９９２－１９９４年先后在藏南的亚东、错那和隆子三县采集蚤类标本共１８０６只，隶属于４科，２２属，４５种（亚种）。所获蚤类标本，东洋界种类占２７％，古北界种类占７１％，其余为广布种。根据蚤类及其宿主动物的分布特点，结合该地区的自然条件，以海拔３０００ｍ等高线为界，将该地区分为两部分，海拔３０００ｍ以下地区基本上属于东洋界，３０００ｍ以上地区基本上属于古北界。     

霍乱弧菌抑制子基因及间隔区（rstR—ig2）多态性研究

目的研究霍乱弧菌CTXφ基因组抑制子基因及间隔区（rstR-ig2）多态性。方法聚合酶链反应（PCR）及限制性片段长度多态性分析（PCR-RFLP）、型特异性引物PCR分型。结果霍乱弧菌（VC）01群古典型（CVC）5株均为class类型。VC01群埃尔托型（EVC）155株共分为4个类型：class、ET、class＋ET、class ＋newET，后2个类型为首次发现。不同地区分离的EVC均以ET类型为主，以class和class＋ET类型为辅。O139群VC82株共分为4个类型：ET、ET＋new O139、ET＋calc、ET＋calc＋newO139，后3个类型为首次发现；福建省分离的菌株以ET4-newO139类型为主，其它地区分离的均以ET类型为主。结论EVC和O139群VC的rstR-ig2基因均以ET类型为主．首次发现5种不同类型rstR-ig2基因共存的新类型。     

上海城区世博前后蝇类种群及密度消长变化的研究

选取成蝇较易出现的公园和居民区环境类型,采用腐鱼笼诱法分别于2002与2013年对上海中心城区世博建设前后蝇类群落构成和季节消长状况进行监测并对比分析.结果显示,与2002年相比,2013年居民区环境蝇密度显著下降,捕获的蝇种类总数稍有上升;最优势蝇种由2002年的丝光绿蝇转变为2013年的大头金蝇（当年构成比分别为46.06％和20.50％）,亮绿蝇、元厕蝇的密度及构成比较2002年显著上升.2002与2013年成蝇高峰分别均出现于6月份,2013年夏季气温高热造成7月份出现一个波动较大的低谷;丝光绿蝇在不同年代的季节分布差异较明显,其他蝇种分布趋势前后较吻合.据此推论上海城区蝇类侵害以丽蝇科为主,不同监测环境差异较大;城区卫生环境的改善对减少住区蝇滋生起了重要作用,但人口密度高、部分老城区环境复杂、各行业所产生垃圾较多而容易造成蝇类滋生侵害的状况依然存在,蝇类防控措施应针对金蝇和绿蝇等优势蝇种开展,防控工作任重而道远.     

云南临沧地区蚤类群落生态学与区系研究

1997年 10月～ 12月 ,对地处横断山怒山山脉南段的南延地区具代表性的 7种主要生态环境的蚤类进行了垂直分布调查和研究。共采获蚤类 5科 13属 2 8种 1557只。参考以往的有关资料 ,已知当地蚤类共有 17属 36种。在垂直分布调查研究所获 2 8种蚤类中 ,经分析认为古北种有 9种 ( 32 .14 % ) ,东洋种有 17种 ( 60 .71% )和广布 2种 ( 7.14 % )。通过对各主要生态环境内蚤类群落的结构、物种丰富度、物种多样性、均匀度和生态优势度测定和比较后 ,认为当地蚤类群落的稳定性是针阔叶混交林 >季风湿性常绿阔叶林 >常绿阔叶林 >苍山冷杉林 >亚高山灌丛草甸 >城市居民区及山坡耕作地。此外 ,对蚤类群落进行了系统聚类分析以及区系特点等问题的分析和讨论。根据调查结果与相关资料比较分析后 ,认为水湿条件是导致横断山区不同山系各地段或不同坡向古北与东洋区系分界线高度不同的重要因素 ,各山体地理位置 ,海拔高度的不同是形成两区系成分构成比例不同的原因之一。     

拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者HBVP区基因突变模式与基因型的关系

目的分析慢性乙型肝炎患者在拉米夫定（LAM）治疗过程中出现耐药后,HBVP区基因突变模式及基因分型的关系。方法对2008年9月至2010年6月在我院就诊的107例临床诊断为LAM耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者进行HBVP区及基因分型测定。结果107例患者的基因突变模式为8种,100％均发生YMDD序列突变,其中单位点突变43例,其余均为联合突变;107例患者主要以B（25．2％）和C（73．8％）基因为优势,1例为B和c混合基因,且c基因以rtM204＋rtL180M模式为主,占60．7％（48／79）,B基因以rtM204突变模式为主,占66．7％（18／27）;rtM204和rtM204＋rtL180M突变模式的B和C基因比较两者差异有统计学意义（x2分别为8．4和7．2,P〈0．01）。结论YMDD基序突变是LAM耐药后HBVP区基因突变的主要模式,不同基因型决定了与耐药相关的变异出现形式。     

湖北地区已知蚤类及区系分析

湖北地区已知蚤类64种,其中属东洋界种类25种,占39.5%;属古北界种类31种占48.4%;广布两界种类8种,占12.1%。古北界种类中,位于鄂西华中第一高峰的神农架林区则发现28种,其中与古北界青海藏南亚区共有的蚤达18种,具有明显的古北界岛屿的特征。作者分析后认为,湖北地区蚤类区系应划归东洋界。     

贵州乙型肝炎病毒基因型分布及意义分析

目的调查贵州乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）基因型分布。方法选择贵阳、遵义、凯里、都匀慢性HBV感染者693例，其中无症状携带者（ASC）292例，慢性肝炎（CH）276例，肝硬化（LC）76例，肝细胞肝癌（HCC）49例。用S基因限制性片段长度多态性确定基因型，比较主要基因型的地区分布及其与临床的关系。结果693例中，B基因449例（64．79％），C型233例（33．62％），A型6例（0．87％）。D型5例（0．72％），未发现E、F基因型。B型的分布：凯里最高（96．40％），遵义、都匀其次（78．79％、76．19％），贵阳最低（53．66％）。C型的分布，贵阳（45．68％）高于都匀（23．80％）、遵义（13．13％）及凯里（3．96％），差异有统计学意义（P≤0．01）。与B型相比，C型感染者平均年龄大；ALT水平高；HBeAg阳性率低（P≤0．01）。除ASC组外，B、C2种基因型在CH、LC和HCC中的分布差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。结论贵州存在A、B、C、D4种HBV基因型，但以B型为主，C型其次，A型、D型仅占很小比例。B、C基因型在贵州不同地区的分布有一定差异。与B型相比，C型感染者肝脏损害的程度较重。     

Prevalence of antibodies to avian paramyxoviruses 1, 2 and 3 in wild and domestic birds in southern Spain

Haemagglutination inhibition tests were used to study the prevalence of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus (PMV) serotypes 1, 2 and 3 in wild and domestic birds in Andalusia (southern Spain). Tests were performed on 341 sera from layer hens drawn from 44 flocks, 198 from nine breeder hen flocks, 123 from five broiler chicken flocks, 329 from 47 turkey flocks, 51 from four pigeon flocks, 123 from five partridge flocks, 112 from five mixed domestic flocks and 361 sera from 24 wild species. The incidence PMV-1 antibodies was very low in wild species (1%), though higher in domestic birds (18%), due to the systematic vaccination of these species, particularly layer and breeder hens. The highest rate of infection for PMV-2 was found in domestic species (27%) and particularly in turkeys (47%). Among wild species, the house sparrow recorded the greatest prevalence of PMV-2 (69%). The PMV-3 infection rate was very low both in wild (6%) and domestic species; the figure of 15% recorded for the latter appears to be due to cross reacting PMV-1 vaccinal antibodies. The highest incidence in wild birds was recorded in the summer, whereas prevalence reached its maximum in domestic species in the winter.     

Molecular typing and epidemiology of non-polio enteroviruses isolated from Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China

This report presents an overview of human enteroviruses in Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China. A total of 210 non-polioviruses isolated under acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance during a total study period of 5 years--1997 to 2000 and 2004--were examined. Of the 210 non-poliovirus isolates, 12 adenoviruses were serologically identified, and the remaining 198 isolates were used for molecular typing. The viral genomes of 195 non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) on VP1 partial region of virus capsid were translated to the corresponding amino acid sequences; these were compared with those of prototype strains. Based on molecular typing, 5 isolates were classified into 5 serotypes of the human enterovirus A species, 158 isolates, into 35 serotypes of the human enterovirus B species; and 32 isolates, into 6 serotypes of the human enterovirus C species. Viruses belonging to the human enterovirus D species were not isolated. Thus, under AFP surveillance, the human enterovirus B species accounted for 75.2% of the 210 isolates, and it was considered the predominant species. This was followed by human enterovirus C (12.2%), adenovirus (5.7%), and human enterovirus A (2.4%). Further, molecular analysis suggested that several serotypes of human enteroviruses B and C that exhibited genetic polymorphism were indigenous. Molecular typing methods may aid in understanding the epidemiology of NPEVs in Yunnan Province.     

Obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice.

Clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals were examined to determine the relative prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the species represented. Of 3,167 samples cultured anaerobically as well as aerobically, 2,234 were bacteriologically positive. Of these positive samples, 583 (26%) contained species of obligate anaerobic bacteria in a total of 641 isolates. Most positive samples contained anaerobes admixed with aerobic species, although 6% of such samples yielded pure cultures of obligate anaerobes. The most common sites from which anaerobes were isolated were abscesses (32% of abscesses cultured contained species of obligate anaerobes), peritoneal exudates (24%), and pleural effusions (20%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides ruminicola accounted in the aggregate for approximately 50% of all anaerobic isolates. Bacteroides fragilis accounted for 1% of all the isolates, and members of the genus Clostridium accounted for 8%.     

Genetic Analysis of Aralia Cordata Thunb by RAPD

In the research, genetic analysis of Aralia cordata Thunb. (Araliaceae) was conducted using randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD). 161 loci were detected with 12 RAPD primers. Percentage of Polymorphic Band (PPB) varied from 34.78% to 63.35%. All the samples were respectively collected from the eight provinces richest in Aralia cordata Thunb resources in China, including Hunan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Shanxi and Gansu. The results showed that Hunan Province enjoyed the highest level of genetic differentiation and Gansu was the lowest. The total genetic diversity (H_T) of RAPD, intraspecific genetic diversity (H_S) and genetic diversity (D_ST) of the various places was respectively 26.33%, 11.14%, and 49.36%. The differentiation among the species accounted for 98.76% of total genetic diversity (G_ST). Based on the cluster results of genetic distance, the 8 samples were classified into three groups. It is concluded that Hunan Province enjoyed the highest level of genetic differentiation of Aralia cordata Thunb and Gansu was the lowest, which provides a basis for the taxonomic identification and germplasm resource research of Aralia cordata Thunb in the future.     

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of metropolitan Hamburg,Germany

In Europe, mosquito-related public health concerns are growing due to the increasing spread of invasive mosquito species and the recent emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses. A vital backbone in the assessment of these issues is detailed knowledge of the mosquito fauna, i.e. regional mosquito inventories. It was therefore decided to intensify nationwide investigations on the occurrence and distribution of mosquitoes in Germany in order to update old records and to detect possible faunal changes. This paper is focussing on a densely populated metropolitan region, the federal state of Hamburg and its adjacent environs, taking two historical baseline inventories into consideration, spanning almost 100 years of mosquito research in Hamburg. In the period between 2010 and 2014, more than 10,000 juvenile, neonate and adult mosquito specimens were sampled and trapped at 105 sites in Hamburg and its environs, of which about 60 % have been identified to species level, resulting in a total of 33 recorded species. Of these, Anopheles algeriensis, Culex modestus, Ochlerotatus caspius, Ochlerotatus nigrinus and Ochlerotatus sticticus are new to the area. The most common species in Hamburg are Culex pipiens/torrentium and Ochlerotatus annulipes/cantans. In contrast, two previously common species, Anopheles atroparvus and Ochlerotatus excrucians, were not detected. Despite substantial environmental changes due to reconstruction, urbanisation and renaturation in the Hamburg metropolitan region in recent decades, there has been remarkably little change within the mosquito fauna during the last century.     

Species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in Qazvin Province, Iran

This report presents the results of the first faunistic study of hard ticks in Qazvin province of Iran. The primary objective was to determine the species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks that parasitize domestic ruminants. Information about the abiotic preferences of these species has been provided. A total of 286 cattle, 1,053 goats, and 2,050 sheep were examined in 13 villages in 28 flocks distributed throughout the studied areas. Total direct body collections of ticks were made from each domestic ruminant. A total of 228 Ixodid specimens belonging to nine species in three different genera were recorded in the areas, including Boophilus annulatus (Say, 1821), Hyalomma anatolicum Koch, 1844, Hyalomma asiaticum (Schulze and Schlettke, 1929), Hyalomma detritum Schulze, 1919, Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844, Hyalomma marginatum Koch 1844, Hyalomma schulzei Olenev, 1931, Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini and Fanz, 1878 and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806). The most abundant species on sheep was R. sanguineus (46.92%), while B. annulatus (6.6%) found only on cattle. A finding of great significance was that R. sanguineus, the main vector of babesiosis, is firmly established throughout the counties. A further objective of the study was to compare the abundance of the major tick species on domestic ruminants. This was carried out at 19 sampling sites. The highest number of ticks was collected in July–August during the hot season.