Bioelectrical impedance, anthropometry and body composition in stunted and non-stunted children

Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and anthropometric measurements were taken of 129 stunted and 32 non-stunted children aged 9-24 months in Kingston, Jamaica. The reliability of BIA in such young children was examined and the relationships between impedance and anthropometry were determined. The stunted children had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and smaller triceps skinfolds than the non-stunted children, suggesting differences in body composition between the groups. Resistance was significantly higher in the stunted children than the non-stunted children and nutritional group (stunted or non-stunted) contributed significantly to the variance in resistance after controlling for length, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, age and sex. This suggests that there were differences in body composition and/or body shape between the groups beyond that measured by the anthropometric indices used. Total body water (TBW) was estimated using an equation for Jamaican children of comparable age. As a percentage of body weight the TBW estimates were the same for the two groups, a finding which is inconsistent with the anthropometric data.     

Metric index in the evaluation of body composition in 7-8-year-old children]

The classification of the body constitution of then 7-8 years old school children in Moscow and Berlin (416 persons) was carried out using the metric index. The metric index, based on the data of the body length, transversal and sagittal diameters of the chests and the age sex of children, clearly indicated the common tendency in the distribution of body constitution types in connection with the lepto- and picnomorphy. Correlation of the body constitution with the physical development was also found, its coefficients are 0.624--for girls and 0.500--for boys.     

3~6岁肥胖儿童身体素质体成分与骨龄发育的关系

观察肥胖幼儿的骨龄变化以及肥胖与骨龄发育的相关程度,为采取有效手段维持儿童青少年正常体质指标与激素水平提供参考.方法 随机整群抽取上海市30所幼儿园360名3~6岁肥胖儿童,统一进行骨龄评价和体质测试评分评级,观察肥胖程度与骨龄发育的相关关系以及骨龄与肥胖幼儿身体成分、身体素质之间的联系.结果 除4岁组外,不同年龄组肥胖幼儿的骨龄均高于实际年龄(P值均<0.01).幼儿体重与骨龄差值呈正相关,且肥胖程度越高,相关系数越大(轻、中、重度肥胖r值分别为0.22,0.29,0.57,P值均<0.01);骨龄与体质测试中的身高、体重、身体素质总评分间的相关均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),与体成分中的肌肉量、脂肪量指标的相关均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),其他单项指标均无统计学意义.结论 3~6岁单纯性肥胖幼儿的体重与骨龄显著相关.随着肥胖程度的加深,骨龄也会随之快速增长,带来一系列的激素水平异常等问题,影响幼儿的正常生长发育.     

Electrical impedance in assessing human body composition: the BIA method

Fundamental aspects of the body impedance analysis (BIA) method were investigated to determine limitations. This method measures body impedance with a low-level (800 microA) 50-KHz current conducted through the tissues. A linear regression equation was proposed to relate impedance measurements to total body fat. The hydrostatic densitometric method (underwater weighing) was used to validate the proposed mathematical expression. A correlation coefficient of 0.98 between these two methods was obtained. The overall results from this study indicate the usefulness of the BIA method in determining percent body fat in humans provided body fluids are not perturbed several hours before the measurements.     

Prevalence of overweight and risk of overweight among 3- to 5-year-old Chicago children, 2002-2003

This article reports the first estimates of overweight prevalence in Chicago children entering school (aged 3-5 years). Chicago data are compared with those from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS). Data were from 2 separate convenience samples of children aged 3-5 years attending either 18 Chicago Public Schools or 10 Chicago Catholic School pre-K programs (n = 1517). Data were taken from students' Certificate of Child Health Examination (CCHE), completed by a health professional. Overall, the prevalence of overweight subjects (body mass index >or=95th percentile) was 24%, more than twice that of the national prevalence of 10% for 2- to 5-year olds documented by NHANES (1999-2002) and 3 times that of the 1998-1999 ECLS prevalence estimate of 8% for 5- to 7-year olds in the Midwest region. The data reported here document that nearly one quarter of children entering school in Chicago are already overweight. This clearly establishes a need for local schools to develop protocols and procedures to support the physical and mental health needs of affected and at-risk children. The findings also make it plain that ongoing weight status monitoring is needed and that current plans to implement this should go forward.     

Body composition in the elderly: Total body water and anthropometry

Body composition measured with isotopic dilution was compared with anthropometric measurements. The study was carried out in 47 subjects from both sexes, 65 to 92 years old. Total body water (TBW), anthropometric measurements, and dynamometry were assessed. TBW was significatively higher in men than women and decreased with age. Dynamometry and fatfree mass were well correlated (r=0.73 in males and r=0.58 in females) and significantly different between sexes. A negative correlation was found for dynamometry with age, being significant for women. Linear regression equations to predict TBW from anthropometric measurements in males and females were obtained: Males: TBW(I)=19.349+0.617 weight(kg) — 0.931 mid-arm circumference(cm)+0.122 dynamometry (kg) Females: TBW(l)=−5.531+0.343 weight(kg)-0.213 triceps skinfold (mm)+ 0.148 dynamometry(kg) + 3.424 wrist diameter (cm). This simple model is proposed for use in epidemiological and field studies where other more sophisticated methods can not be applied.     

A 360-degree overview of body composition in healthy people: Relationships among anthropometry,ultrasonography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the relationship between anthropometry, ultrasonography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition in clinical practice.MethodsThe study was carried out in Italian blood donor volunteers belonging to five different age groups (18–70 y old; 25 men and 25 women per group; N = 250 participants; n = 125 men, n = 125 women). A complete history was collected and routine blood analyses were performed to confirm healthy status. All participants were submitted to whole-body DXA (tricompartmental analysis, regional, and total body), ultrasonography (abdominal adiposity evaluation), and anthropometric measurements. DXA was used as gold standard and its biomarkers were taken as reference for fat–lean mass balance, central–peripheral fat distribution, central or visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat.ResultsAnthropometric and ultrasound parameters were closely associated with most of DXA parameters. Composite markers representative of central and abdominal visceral fat compartments were significantly correlated with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and intra-abdominal fat thickness by ultrasound, in both men and women (P < 0.025). As expected, subcutaneous depots were significantly correlated with maximum subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (P < 0.025).ConclusionsBoth anthropometry and ultrasonography provide a reliable estimate of visceral adipose tissue in a non-obese population compared with DXA, whereas anthropometry prediction of subcutaneous adiposity is weak. Physicians should be aware of the limits of these techniques for the assessment of body composition.     

Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men

OBJECTIVE: This study compared three professionally recommended anthropometric body composition prediction equations for men to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and then developed an updated equation, DXA Criterion (DC) from DXA. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Exercise Physiology Lab. University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. SUBJECTS: A total of 160 men aged 18-62 y old. INTERVENTIONS: Percent body fat (%BF) by anthropometry was compared to DXA on the same day. RESULTS: Although %BF was significantly correlated (r=0.923-0.942) (P<0.01) with DXA for all three equations, each equation underestimated %BF (range=3.1-3.3%) (P<0.01) compared to DXA. The following DC equation for men was created: %BF=0.465+0.180(Sigma7SF)-0.0002406(Sigma7SF)(2)+0.06619(age); (Sigma7SF=sum of chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh; age=years). The predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) R(2) was high (0.90) and the PRESS standard error of estimates was excellent (2.2% at the mean) for the DC equation when applied to our sample of 160 men. CONCLUSIONS: The currently recommended anthropometric equations for men underestimate %BF compared to DXA. The DC equation yields a more accurate estimation of %BF in men aged 18-62 y old. The results from this study support the need for the current %BF standards and norms for men to be adjusted upward.     

补充钙及维生素D对2～3岁幼儿身长的影响

目的 分析钙与维生素D(VitD)的营养情况与2～3岁幼儿身长发育的相关性,为体格发育偏离干预提供一定理论依据。方法 回顾性分析在2019年9月—2021年6月西北妇女儿童医院儿童保健科常规体检的204例幼儿(年龄2～3岁)的临床资料。对这些幼儿进行标准体格测量和对其既往钙和维生素D的补充情况以问卷形式进行回顾性调查,同时检测儿童的血清25-(OH)D和骨密度。对体格发育情况与钙和VitD的营养状况采用了Spearman相关及Logistic多因素回归分析等方法进行统计学分析。结果 每日平均补充VitD剂量的中位数为569.5 U,204例幼儿血清25-(OH)D的中位数为35.60 ng/dl。VitD缺乏检出率1.96%、不足检出率0.98%、充足检出率97.06%,无VitD过量;骨密度中位数为P64.0;单因素Spearman秩相关分析显示,每日平均补充VitD的剂量和每日平均补充钙剂量均与身长呈正相关(r=0.172、0.213,P<0.05);骨密度与身长呈负相关(r=-0.138,P<0.05);多因素Logistics回归分析显示,每日平均补充钙剂量与身长呈...     

中国3～5岁儿童肥胖与铁营养状况研究

目的了解我国3—5岁儿童肥胖与铁营养状况及其相关关系。方法以参加2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的8960名3～5岁儿童为研究对象,排除没有血清铁蛋白检测数据者。以2006年世界卫生组织提出的儿童生长标准为参照,计算身高体重Z评分（WHZ）,WFIZ≤-2判定为消瘦,2〈WHZ≤3判定为超重,WHZ〉3判定为肥胖。以血清铁蛋白作为铁营养状况指标。结果3～5岁儿童的资料,超重率和肥胖率分别为2．0％和2．1％。消瘦、体重正常、超重和肥胖儿童的血清铁蛋白〈12μg／L的患病率分别为2．4％、4．0％、4．4％和5．4％。将身高、体重、身高体重Z评分（WHZ）与血清铁蛋白浓度进行相关性分析,发现仅女孩的身高与血清铁蛋白未见显著性关联（P〉0．05）,血清铁蛋白与身高、体重、WHZ均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。结论3～5岁儿童肥胖状况与血清铁蛋白水平有一定关联,提示肥胖儿童更易出现血清铁蛋白低于正常水平（〈12μg／L）。     

Everyday and medical life choices: decision-making among 8- to 15-year-old school students

Summary How much do young patients expect to be involved in medical decisions affecting them? We are investigating this question during interviews with 8- to 15-year-olds having orthopaedic surgery. Many youngsters taking part in our research project on consent to surgery are more than usually dependent on their parents. We wondered how their views would compare with those of their peers at school. This paper reports a schools survey carried out as a background to the research with young people in hospital. Students in seven schools answered questionnaires on choices about late-night television viewing, new friends, timing homework, seeing their family doctor and consenting to surgery. They were asked about agreement with their parents, how they negotiate disagreement, and when they think they were/will be old enough to make everyday and medical decisions without their parents' help.     

山东省4326名7～1 2岁儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性.方法 对4326名7～12岁儿童进行身高、体重、血压和皮褶厚度测量,采用回归方程推算体脂比(BF%),用公式计算脂肪组织指数(FMI)=BF%×体重/身高2和非脂肪组织指数(FFMI)=(体重-BF%×体重)/身高2.结果 FMI、FFMI与收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)呈一定程度正相关,7～12岁儿童FMI与SBP的相关系数为0.432～0.531(男生)、0.413～0.485(女生),与DBP的相关系数为0.316～0450(男生)、0.345～0.421(女生).FFMI与SBP的相关系数为0.214～0.366(男生)、0.108～0.383(女生);与DBP的相关系数为0.090～0.250(男生)、0.063～0.214(女生).血压与FMI的相关性高于FFMI.血压偏高儿童的体成分指数显著高于正常儿童,以FMI差距最大.结论 预防儿童高血压应从控制体脂肪、预防肥胖做起.     

Assessment of body composition in 8-11 year old children by bioelectrical impedance

In 64 prepubescent schoolchildren, 33 boys and 31 girls, aged 8-11 years, body composition was measured by means of anthropometry, densitometry and bioelectrical impedance. From body density the body fat percentage was calculated using age-specific density values for the fat-free mass. Boys and girls younger than 10 years did not differ in body composition. Older boys however had higher body weights, higher body densities and lower body impedance values. Fat-free mass as determined by densitometry could be predicted by body impedance and body weight with a prediction error of 1.31 kg. The prediction formula was sex-specific. Omitting the impedance in the prediction equation resulted in a 7 per cent lower explained variance and an only slightly higher prediction error of the FFM of 1.65 kg. The prediction formulas from the literature, developed in adult populations, grossly overestimated the fat-free mass in children, probably due to a different water distribution between the intra- and extra-cellular spaces.     

上海市松江区6~8岁健康儿童身体成分分析

了解上海市松江区儿童青少年体成分特征,为68岁儿童体成分标准的研制及制定相关政策提供数据支持.方法 通过随机整群抽样方法,选取松江区903名68岁儿童进行体成分检测,测试项目包括身高、体重、体脂肪量、蛋白质、骨量等.结果 松江区68岁儿童超重率为3.9%,肥胖率为1.9%.68岁儿童身高每年增长5 cm左右,体重每年增长约3 kg,骨量和蛋白质水平也逐年增长(P值均<0.05).相同年龄的男、女童去脂体重、骨量和蛋白质量差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).但8岁男、女生之间的肌肉量除了躯干部位,其余各部位差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).男童体脂肪率随着年龄的增长而增长,而女童体脂肪率在67岁之间增长明显,78岁之间基本保持不变.7岁时女童体脂率高于男童,而8岁时男童体脂率高于女童(P值均<0.05).结论 67岁儿童体成分随年龄增长而增长,但性别差异较小,从8岁开始体成分变化的性别差异明显.在研究和制定68岁儿童体格发育标准以及营养和健康水平等政策时,需将年龄纳入重要的考虑范畴.     

浙江省3~6岁儿童睡眠时间及影响因素分析

  目的  了解浙江省3~6岁儿童睡眠时间现状及影响因素, 为制定儿童睡眠干预措施提供依据。  方法  2019年3—4月采用分层整群抽样方法, 选取浙江省24所幼儿园的7 034名3~6岁儿童为调查对象, 通过对家长发放问卷, 调查儿童的睡眠时间, 采用Logistic回归模型分析睡眠不足的影响因素。  结果  浙江省3~6岁儿童睡眠不足率为56.1%, 男童为57.1%, 女童为55.1%; 睡眠不足率随年龄增加而增加, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6岁分别为46.7%, 49.8%, 50.2%, 55.2%, 64.0%, 65.8%, 68.1%, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.17, P<0.01); 每日户外活动时间＜1 h者睡眠不足报告率为59.9%、1~2 h为54.7%、＞2 h为45.6%, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=67.10, P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归模型显示, 年龄4, 5, 5.5, 6岁, 看护人为其他, 每日户外活动时间＜1 h, 1~2 h, 母亲文化程度为初中及以下、高中/中专与儿童睡眠不足呈正相关。  结论  年龄增加、户外活动不足、屏幕时间过多、非父母看护、母亲文化程度低等是导致幼儿睡眠不足的主要因素。建议增加幼儿户外活动, 尤其关注非父母看护下幼儿的户外活动时间。     

Determination of body composition in children with cerebral palsy: bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry vs dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

The object of this study was to determine whether bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry can be used to determine body composition for clinical and research purposes in children with cerebral palsy. Eight individuals with cerebral palsy (two female, mean age=10 years, mean gross motor function classification=4.6 [severe motor impairment]) recruited from an outpatient tertiary care setting underwent measurement of fat mass, fat-free mass, and percentage body fat using BIA, anthropometry (two and four skinfold equations), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Correlation coefficients were calculated for fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent body fat for these measures as determined by BIA and anthropometry when compared with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Correlation coefficients were excellent for determination of fat-free mass for all methods (ie, all were above 0.9). Correlations were moderate for determination of fat mass and percent body fat (range=0.4 to 0.8).