胰岛素泵强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的 探讨短期胰岛素泵（CSII）联合动态血糖监测（CGMS）强化治疗对新诊断的T2DM患者的中远期疗效。方法随访观察36例新诊断的T2DM患者进行为期两周胰岛素泵强化治疗后的血糖控制及不服用药物血糖达标持续时间。结果CSII治疗3d后血糖达标率69．4％,7d血糖达标率88．9％．2周血糖达标率97．2%;缓解期超过3个月的患者共31例（86．1％）,超过6个月23例（63．9％）,超过12个月16例（44．4％）,超过18个月10例（27．8％）。结论联合CGMS,胰岛素泵强化治疗可迅速使新诊断的T2DM患者血糖达标,使残存胰岛8细胞得到一定程度恢复。     

Remission from insulin dependence induced by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in type I,newly diagnosed diabetics: Role of some hormonal and immunologic factors

Summary Optimal and early control of recent onset, type I diabetes by intensive insulin therapy has been reported to allow insulin withdrawal in about two thirds of subjects treated. We used continuous s.c. insulin infusion (CSII) in the attempt to induce a temporary remission of insulin dependence in 18 newly diagnosed young adult diabetics. After 10 days of optimized glycometabolic control, insulin infusion was stopped and patients were switched to glibenclamide (15 mg/die) plus metformin (1 g/die). Diabetics were considered in remission of insulin dependence when their metabolic control fulfilled the following criteria for at least 3 months: absence of glycosuria, pre- and post-prandial blood glucose ≤ 120 and 180 mg/dl, respectively, HbA_lc ≤ 7%. Insulin therapy could be discontinued for periods of over three months in 11 subjects (61%) and for as long as 18 months in one case. Insulin requirement during CSII was slightly higher in non-remitters (NR) than in remitters (R): 0.36–0.64vs 0.26–0.41 U/kg/die. After 24 months from CSII, R still showed lower insulin requirement (0.35–0.42 U/kg/die) than NR (0.55–0.75 U/kg/die). Further, the role of some hormonal and immunologic factors was investigated. Plasma C-peptide and glucagon were measured, fasting and 2h after each meal, both on admission and immediately after CSII, when patients were switched to oral therapy. No difference in hormone levels could be detected on admission, whereas, after CSII, mean post-prandial increase of C-peptide over basal was significantly higher in R than in NR (1.18 ± 0.37vs 0.22 ± 0.16 ng/ml, p<0.001). Finally, blood distribution of T, B, T4 and T8 lymphocyte subsets was measured in all patients, both before and after CSII. The T4/T8 ratio was found to be significantly increased in NR group patients (3.19 ± 0.45vs 2.41 ± 0.23, p<0.005). The immunologic pattern did not show any significant modification after ten days of optimized control by CSII. In conclusion, immunologic background and residual B-cell function may be associated with a different susceptibility to remission from insulin therapy in newly diagnosed young adult diabetics.     

短期胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的随访研究

目的 观察短期应用胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病的中远期疗效及不良反应.方法 观察、随访、回顾性分析256例初诊2型糖尿病患者经胰岛素泵(CSII)强化治疗2周后控制血糖情况、不服用药物血糖达标(空腹血糖:3.9～7.0 mmol/L,餐后2h血糖:3.9～10.0 mmol/L)持续时间(缓解期)等.结果 CSII治疗3 d血糖达标率46.7%,7 d达标率78.4%,2周达标率92.2%;拆除胰岛素泵缓解期超过3个月的患者共192例(75%),超过6个月166例(64.8%),超过12个月137例(53.5%),超过24个月79例(30.9%),超过36个月26例(10.2%),无1例超过48个月.缓解期少于3个月的患者,其停用胰岛素时的剂量明显高于缓解期超过3个月的患者(P＜0.01),停用胰岛素时的剂量与缓解期的长度呈负相关(r=-0.63,P＜0.01).结论 CSII可迅速有效使初诊2型糖尿病患者血糖达标,消除高血糖的毒性作用,使受糖毒性损伤的残存胰岛β细胞功能得到一定程度恢复,可延缓胰岛β细胞功能的衰退.     

强化胰岛素治疗对重症急性胰腺炎患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨强化胰岛素治疗对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者免疫功能的影响。方法将60例SAP患者随机分为强化治疗组和常规治疗组,强化治疗组目标血糖为4.46.1 mmol/L,常规治疗组为10.011.1 mmol/L。观察两组治疗前后血清TNF-α、IL-6、CD4^＋/CD8^＋及CD14^＋单核细胞人白细胞抗原-DR（HLA-DR）表达率。结果两组血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度治疗后逐渐下降,在第4、7、10天两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。强化胰岛素治疗对外周血CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋影响不显著,两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。强化治疗组CD14^＋单核细胞HLA-DR表达率恢复缓慢,在第7、10、14天与常规治疗组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论强化胰岛素治疗虽然可以减少炎症介质释放,但同时下调CD14^＋单核细胞表面HLA-DR的表达,随着治疗时间增加可能引起免疫麻痹。     

A 2-year pilot trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus intensive insulin therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB 8)

In a pilot study, the metabolic effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy (ISIT) started at diagnosis in patients with Type 1 diabetes and continued for a 2-year period were evaluated and compared. Twenty-three patients (between 12 and 35 years old, mean +/- SD 18.4 +/- 9 years) were randomized into two treatment groups (CSII vs. ISIT), and both received supplemental nicotinamide (NA), 25 mg/kg of body weight. CSII was started immediately after admission to the hospital. Parameters of metabolic control [insulin dose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and C-peptide] were evaluated for a 2-year follow-up period. Data are presented for a total of 19 patients who remained in the study for its duration. Two years after diagnosis, mean +/- SD HbA1c was 6.3 +/- 0.5% and 6.2 +/- 0.3% for the CSII and ISIT groups, respectively (p=not significant). Compared with baseline values, an increase of baseline C-peptide of 38% for the CSII group and 27% for the ISIT group was observed; however, the difference between the groups was not significant. The insulin requirement for the entire duration of the study, but not at entry and 3 months, was significantly higher in CSII compared with ISIT patients (0.62 +/- 0.4 IU/kg/day vs. 0.3 +/- 0.4 IU/kg/day, respectively; p<0.01). After trial completion patients on CSII continued with this mode of therapy. Implementation of CSII as well as ISIT at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes and continuation for 2 years thereafter achieved similar and optimal metabolic control, but more insulin was required with the CSII group. Both types of intensive insulin therapy combined with NA are able to preserve C-peptide secretion or even increase baseline levels for up to 2 years after diagnosis.     

急性白血病患者侵袭性真菌感染后的免疫功能改变

目的 探讨急性白血病(AL)患者的免疫功能与侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的关系.方法 采用流式细胞术对61例发生IFI的AL患者AL初诊和缓解时、IFI发病时和抗真菌治疗4周后T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞进行检测,用免疫比浊法测定免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量.统计学方法采用方差分析、t检验和卡方检验.结果 AL患者IFI发病时,CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD8+CD28+T淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD8+细胞比例均低于AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后(F=25.6,26.6,13.1,167.9;均P＜0.05),CD8+CD28 T淋巴细胞显著高于AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后(F=220.2,P＜0.01).抗真菌治疗4周有效者CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均高于无效者(t=3.75,8.61,3.17;均P＜0.05).AL患者血清中IgG、IgM、IgA含量在IFI发病时、AL初诊和缓解以及抗真菌治疗4周后差异无统计学意义(F=0.78,0.72,0.81;均P＞0.05).AL缓解者IFI治疗有效率明显高于未缓解者(87%比53%,x2=7.62,P＜0.05).结论 IFI发生时,AL患者细胞免疫功能受损明显,而IgG、IgM、IgA含量变化不明显.抗真菌感染疗效在一定程度上取决于机体细胞免疫功能的恢复和AL缓解.     

CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR activation antigen expression on CD3+ lymphocytes and relationship to serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and sIL-2R levels in aging

Aging is associated with changes in lymphocyte subsets and unexplained HLA-DR upregulation on T-lymphocytes. We further investigated this activation, by measuring early (CD69), middle (CD25), and late (HLA-DR) T-lymphocyte activation markers on CD3+ lymphocytes, across subjects (20-100 years) together with serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). HLA-DR was present as a CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset that constituted 8% of total lymphocytes, increased twofold with age and included CD4+, CD8+, and CD45RA+ phenotypes. HLA-DR was also expressed on a CD8+ CD57+ subset. The CD3+ CD25+ subset constituted 13% of lymphocytes, fell with age but was weakly associated with the CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset especially in older subjects. A small 3-5% CD3+ CD69+ subsets showed no age effect. Serum sIL-2R, TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, were associated with CD3+ HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, TNF-alpha with CD8+ CD57+ count and sIL-2R and IFN-gamma with the CD3+ CD25+/CD3+ CD4+ ratio. The study confirms age-related upregulation of HLA-DR on CD3+ lymphocytes, shows some evidence for associated upregulation of CD25 on CD3+ cells in older subjects, and links serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and sIL2-R to T-lymphocyte activation.     

Leukocytapheresis Therapy for Severe Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract: Severe attacks of ulcerative colitis are medical emergencies, and surgical treatment is indicated when glucocorticoid therapy is not effective. We have carried out an open clinical study of patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis to find out whether leukocytapheresis (LCAP) therapy can improve their outcomes. Nine patients were enrolled in this study. Seven of the nine patients had failed to respond to an intensive intravenous regimen before LCAP. LCAP was performed once a week for 4–5 weeks as intensive therapy using a leukocyte apheresis filter. Six of the 9 patients had an overall improvement after intensive therapy. Three patients reached the remission stage. The percentages of HLA-DR+, HLA-DR+ CD3+, HLA-DR+ CD4+, and HLA-DR+ CD8+ cells in the peripheral blood were higher in the responders than in the nonresponders, but there were no significant differences. In conclusion, LCAP therapy is useful for patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis, even those patients who failed to respond to glucocorticoid therapy.     

Effect of long-term near-normoglycemia on the progression of diabetic nephropathy

The effect of prolonged restoration of near-normoglycemia on the progression of diabetic nephropathy was evaluated in a controlled study in which 10 insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetic patients with clinical proteinuria were randomized to continue with conventional insulin treatment (CIT) or to undertake more intensive diabetic therapy using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). The patients, mean age 33 +/- 8 yr, mean duration of diabetes 15 +/- 4 yr, were studied before and during 12 months of either CIT or CSII therapy. Glycemic control was assessed by means of mean blood glucose (MBG) +/- Standard deviation (SD), urinary glucose excretion and glycosylated hemoglobin, while renal function was assessed by albumin, IgG and beta-2-microglobulin urinary excretion rates, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. Blood glucose level, urinary glucose excretion and glycosylated hemoglobin fell significantly in the CSII group, while no differences were found in the CIT group after the 12 months observation period. Both groups showed a deterioration in all indices of renal function, as illustrated by an increase of protein excretion rates and of serum creatinine, and by a decline in creatinine clearance. Comparison of the rate of increase of urinary albumin and IgG excretion and of serum creatinine and of the rate of fall in creatinine clearance between CIT and CSII groups demonstrated that the rate of progression of diabetic nephropathy may be slowed by correction of hyperglycemia. Our study, with due reservations because of the small number of examined patients and differences in kidney function at the beginning of the trial shows that intensive diabetic care may play a role in the proteinuric stage of diabetes in slowing further destruction of residual glomerular structure and in delaying end stage renal failure.     

Improving the end point of corticosteroid therapy in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis to reduce the frequency of relapse

OBJECTIVE: Relapse of autoimmune hepatitis may reflect incomplete suppression of disease activity prior to corticosteroid withdrawal, and liver tissue examination prior to the termination of therapy may be insufficient to predict subsequent course. Our goal was to refine treatment end point criteria so as to reduce the frequency of relapse after drug withdrawal. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two patients with definite type 1 autoimmune hepatitis who fulfilled clinical, laboratory, and histological criteria for remission were evaluated. The degree of laboratory improvement at the termination of treatment was correlated with subsequent clinical course in patients who had improved to normal or near-normal histological findings during corticosteroid therapy. RESULTS: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels at the end of treatment were higher in patients who subsequently relapsed than in those who sustained remission (32 +/- 2 U/L vs 25 +/- 2 U/L, P= 0.04). Serum gamma-globulin (1.4 +/- 0.1 g/dL vs 1.2 +/- 0.1 g/dL, P=0.03) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1,416 +/- 55 mg/dL vs 1,079 +/- 57 mg/dL, P=0.001) levels were also higher in these patients prior to termination of therapy. The frequencies of abnormal serum AST (40%vs 13%, P=0.008), gamma-globulin (25%vs 3%, P=0.009), and IgG levels (36%vs 4%, P=0.001) at treatment withdrawal were also greater in the patients who subsequently relapsed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are treated to normal serum AST, gamma-globulin, and IgG levels have a lower frequency of relapse than others despite comparable histological findings.     

The sequential analysis of T lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-6 in polymyalgia rheumatica patients as predictors of disease remission and steroid withdrawal

CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte subsets, the late T cell activation marker, HLA-DR, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of 57 polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) patients were followed over 2 yr to investigate whether they could be used to predict the safe withdrawal of steroid therapy. Cell phenotypes were studied by flow cytometry and IL-6 levels by ELISA. %CD8 cells were reduced below the normal range in PMR patients prior to steroid therapy. In 56% of patients, the %CD8 T lymphocytes failed to return to normal levels when quiescent disease allowed cessation of steroid therapy. Activated CD8 T cells, as detected by HLA-DR positivity, were above the normal range at the initiation of therapy and showed a negative correlation with %CD8 T cells. The serum concentration of IL-6 fluctuated over 24 months, and the correlation between IL-6 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) seen prior to treatment was not seen at later intervals. The %CD8 T cell and serum IL-6 levels are not a good indicator of disease activity in PMR and are, therefore, unable to predict the safe withdrawal of steroids.      

Insulin pump therapy improves blood glucose control during hyperalimentation

The present study investigated the feasibility of basal continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in four patients with postoperative sepsis or extensive burns during continuous enteral hyperalimentation with 2,500 to 3,000 calories/day, containing approximately 390 g of simple carbohydrates. The mean duration of CSII treatment was 16.8 days (range, seven to 32 days). The mean capillary blood glucose level fell from 322 +/- 52 mg/dL during pre-CSII therapy to 195 +/- 33 mg/dL during CSII therapy. Only 1.3% of 1,254 capillary blood glucose values were less than 60 mg/dL. Most values (61.6%) were between 61 and 200 mg/dL. The mean insulin infusion rate was 2.5 +/- 1.5 units/hr. These preliminary observations suggest that basal infusion CSII is a safe and effective means of improving blood glucose control in patients receiving enteral hyperalimentation despite the high glucose intake and presence of insulin resistance. Thus, CSII therapy can enhance the metabolic response to hyperalimentation without requiring an intravenous access route.     

Treatment with intravenous insulin followed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion improves glycaemic control in severely resistant Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIMS: Despite high-dose s.c. insulin therapy, some Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients remain in poor metabolic control. We investigated whether a period of euglycaemia using i.v. insulin, followed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), would ameliorate the deleterious effects of hyperglycaemia on insulin sensitivity and result in sustained, improved metabolic control. METHODS: In a prospective observational study, eight Type 2 DM patients with severe insulin resistance (insulin dose 1.92 +/- 0.66 U/kg per day (mean +/-sd)), in poor metabolic control (HbA(1c) 12.0 +/- 1.7%), were treated with i.v. insulin for 31 +/- 10 days aimed at euglycaemia, followed by CSII therapy for 12 months, using insulin lispro. Before and after 28 +/- 6 days of i.v. insulin treatment, insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp. RESULTS: Euglycaemia was reached after 12 +/- 6 days of i.v. insulin treatment. Subsequently, the i.v. insulin dose required to maintain euglycaemia decreased from 1.7 +/- 0.9 to 1.1 +/- 0.6 U/kg per day (P < 0.005). Whole body glucose uptake increased from 12.7 +/- 5.7 to 22.4 +/- 8.8 micromol/kg per min (P < 0.0005). HbA(1c) decreased to 8.9 +/- 1.2% after 28 +/- 6 days, to 7.1 +/- 0.6% after 6 months and to 8.3 +/- 1.4% after 12 months (P < 0.001 vs. pretreatment, for all). Lipid profile improved and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels decreased significantly. Mean body weight did not change. CONCLUSIONS: In Type 2 diabetic patients, who are poorly controlled despite high-dose s.c. insulin treatment, a period of 2 weeks of euglycaemia achieved by i.v. insulin reverses hyperglycaemia-induced insulin resistance and substantially improves metabolic control. Subsequent CSII treatment, using insulin analogues, appears to maintain improved metabolic control for at least 1 year. This approach is promising but needs further evaluation.     

不同疗程胰岛素泵治疗对口服降糖药失效的糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的保护作用

目的评价不同疗程持续皮下胰岛素注射（CSII）治疗对口服降糖药（OHA）治疗失效的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者胰岛β细胞功能改善的作用。方法48例OHA治疗失败的T2DM患者按CSII疗程分成三组,7天组10例、14天组18例、28天组20例。结果14天组和28天组在疗程结束时,血糖达标的胰岛素基础用量和餐前日追加量均较治疗第一天减少;28天组平均胰岛素日用总量显著低于7天组;14和28天组第一时相胰岛素和C肽分泌显著改善;三组HbA1c均下降,以28天组最明显。P均〈0.05。1年后28天组60%单用口服降糖药即可有效控制血糖。结论CSII治疗4周更有利于OHA失效的T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能的改善。     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), multiple injections (MI) and conventional insulin therapy (CT) in self-selecting insulin-dependent diabetic patients. A comparison of metabolic control, acute complications and patient preferences

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple injections (MI) have been shown to have metabolic advantages in highly-selected insulin-dependent diabetics (IDDs), but there have been few comparative studies in self-selected IDDs. With MI, the optimal insulin preparation for overnight insulin delivery has not been defined. We compared conventional 2-3 injection therapy (CT), CSII and MI with human isophane insulin (MI/human isophane) and human ultralente insulin (MI/human ultralente), respectively, at bedtime in self-selected IDDs. Of 275 IDDs who were invited to participate, 52 individuals (18.9%) entered the study. Most indices of glycaemic control showed better values on CSII and also on MI compared to CT, but the differences were small. Fasting blood glucose was higher on MI/human ultralente than on MI/human isophane. Only one subcutaneous abscess and one case of ketoacidosis requiring hospitalization occurred on CSII. Serious hypoglycaemic episodes were non-significantly increased on intensified therapy. Most patients clearly preferred intensified insulin therapy; approximately one half CSII.     

急性胰升糖素反应与新诊断2型糖尿病长期缓解的关联

目的 探讨静脉葡萄糖耐量试验中急性胰升糖素反应对短期胰岛素强化治疗诱导新诊断2型糖尿病长期缓解的影响.方法 10例初诊2型糖尿病患者经2周胰岛素泵强化治疗,并跟踪随访1年观察缓解情况.治疗前、后进行高胰岛素-正常葡萄糖钳夹试验测定葡萄糖输注率( GIR),静脉葡萄糖试验(IVGTT)测定胰升糖素和胰岛素并计算急性胰升糖素反应(AGR)和急性胰岛素反应(AIR).分析长期缓解组和未缓解组胰岛素强化治疗前后AGR变化的差异,探讨与病情缓解的关联.结果 (1)强化治疗1年缓解率为50％ (5/10),长期缓解组治疗后GIR、AIR均较基线显著增加(P＜0.01).(2)长期缓解组治疗前AGR显著高于未缓解组[自然对数(5.10±0.60对2.85±1.86),P＜0.05],治疗后明显下降,低于未缓解组[0对自然对数(3.04±2.00),P＜0.01].(3)Spearman相关分析显示,治疗前AGR,治疗后AGR下降值(治疗前一治疗后)与长期缓解显著正相关(均r=0.731,P=0.016).结论 治疗前AGR水平高,短期胰岛素强化治疗后AGR下降幅度大的新诊断2型糖尿病患者长期缓解可能性大,提示胰岛d细胞功能的恢复在诱导长期缓解中具有独特的地位.     

Clinical analysis of HLA-DR-negative non-M3 AML

The type of leukemia was defined as HLA-DR(-) non-M3-AML, when HLA antigens were detected by flow cytometry at an incidence of < 20% of the blast population excluding M3-AML. Out of 109 patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia, 8 patients had HLA-DR(-) non-AML-M3. According to the French-American-British criteria, 7 patients could be subdivided into 3 patients with M1, 4 patients with M2 and 1 patient with M4. The morphological features of bone marrow aspiration demonstrated no dysplasia and peroxidase stain positivity was noted in over 86% of the blast cells in all patients, the blast cells with fine granularity in 7 patients. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal karyotype. There was no expression marker of the blast antigens except CD13, CD14, CD33, CD34 and CD56. All of 7 patients who underwent induction therapy attained complete remission. Overall survival and disease-free survival showed no significant differences between the HLA-DR(-) non- M3-AML group and the HLA-DR(+) AML group.     

Immunological changes after highly active antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir-ritonavir in heavily pretreated HIV-infected children

We evaluated the effect of salvage antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) on the immune system of heavily antiretroviral pretreated HIV-infected children. We carried out a longitudinal study in 20 antiretroviral experienced HIV-infected children to determine the changes in several immunological parameters (T cell subsets, thymic function) every 3 months during 18 months of follow-up on salvage therapy with LPV/r. Statistical analyses were performed with the Wilcoxon test, taking as a reference the basal value at the entry in the study. HIV-infected children showed an increase of CD4+ T cells, a decrease in CD8+ T cells, and an increase in T cell rearrangement excision circle (TRECs) levels. The percentage of HIV children with undetectable viral load (VL < or = 400 copies/ml) increased significantly (p = 0.007) and the percentage with SI viral phenotype decreased significantly (p = 0.002) at the end of the study. Thus, the viral phenotype changed to NSI/R5 after salvage therapy with LPV/r. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease of memory (CD4+ CD45RO+) and a moderate decrease of activated (CD4+ HLA-DR+, CD4+ HLA-DR+CD38, CD4+, CD45RO+HLA-DR+) CD4+ T cells during the follow-up. On the other hand, memory (CD8+ CD45RO+ and CD8+ CD45RO+CD38+), activated (CD8+ HLA-DR+CD38+, CD8+ HLA-DR+, CD8+ CD38+), and effector (CD8+ CD57+, CD8+ CD28(-)CD57+) CD8+ T cells had a very significant decrease during follow-up. Our data indicate an immune system reconstitution in heavily pretreated HIV-infected children in response to salvage therapy with LPV/r as a consequence of a decrease in immune system activation and an increase in thymic function.     

初诊2型糖尿病短期胰岛素强化治疗后胰岛β细胞功能的动态变化

目的观察短期持续胰岛素输注（CSII）对初诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响,探讨强化治疗的时间。方法对32名FPG≥11mmol/L的初诊断T2DM患者行CSII14d。治疗前、治疗第4天和第15天分别进行OGTT（OGTT组）和精氨酸刺激试验（AST组）,比较两组治疗前后血糖（PG）、稳态模型评估法胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）、胰岛素分泌指数等指标的变化。结果治疗后两组PG、HOMA-IR降低,HOMA-β增加,14d较3d各指标改善显著;3d后△C30/△G30无升高,△C120/△G120明显升高;14d后两者均升高,差异有统计学意义。治疗3d和14d后精氨酸刺激急性C肽反应无明显变化。结论短期CSII强化治疗FPG明显升高的初诊断T2DM,能显著改善β细胞功能,14d疗效较好。但对非葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌可能无明显影响。     

A patient with subcutaneous-insulin resistance treated by insulin lispro plus heparin.

Severe resistance to subcutaneous insulin but sensitivity to intravenous insulin persisted for 11 years in a 23-year-old diabetic woman. Several therapeutic trials revealed that (1) intravenous regular insulin improved her metabolic control; (2) continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSII) treatment with regular insulin or insulin lispro caused hyperglycemic period with hypoinsulinemia and hypoglycemic period with hyperinsulinemia alternately; (3) adding heparin to insulin lispro in CSII resulted in dramatic increase of serum insulin level and improvement of glycemic control; and (4) regular insulin plus heparin in CSII could not increase serum insulin level and thus the glycemic values was not improved. From these results, the patient followed the insulin lispro plus heparin protocol and obtained a better glycemic control without any adverse events. Effectiveness of this therapy may lead us to further understanding of pathophysiology of this syndrome.