颅内血管外皮细胞瘤瘤周水肿与P73表达的相关性

目的 探讨颅内血管外皮细胞瘤(HPC)瘤周水肿的MRI表现与P73蛋白表达的相关性.方法 以血管瘤型脑膜瘤作为对照,采用免疫组织化学法(S-P法),用抗P73抗体对29例颅内HPC组织标本进行标记,通过MRI对肿瘤瘤周水肿情况进行评分,对二者进行相关性分析.结果 29例颅内HPC P73蛋白表达均呈阳性,与对照组血管瘤型脑膜瘤组之间有显著差别(P＜0.01);随着肿瘤瘤周水肿MRI评分的增高,P73蛋白阳性表达水平也升高(P＜0.05).结论 颅内血管外皮细胞瘤的MRI表现瘤周水肿与肿瘤P73蛋白的表达程度有相关关系,可作为临床治疗肿瘤和判断预后的参考.     

脑星形细胞瘤MRI表现与PCNA表达的相关性研究

目的探讨星形细胞瘤MRI表现与PCNA表达的关系.方法收集手术病理证实的脑星形细胞瘤42例,分析其MRI表现.采用免疫组化方法标记肿瘤PCNA.对照PCNA表达程度与MRI表现的关系.结果星形细胞瘤PCNA表达强弱与病理级别相关,星形细胞瘤信号均匀性、边界清楚与否、瘤周水肿程度及增强程度与PCNA表达之间有统计学差异,但肿瘤部位及大小与PCNA表达没有相关性.结论星形细胞瘤MRI表现,特别是脑水肿、增强程度、肿瘤边界等征象,在一定程度上可以反映PCNA表达强弱.     

幕上星形细胞瘤MR征象与肿瘤血管形成的对照研究

目的　探讨星形细胞瘤MR征象与肿瘤血管形成的相关性。方法　研究 68例幕上星形细胞瘤 ,术前进行MRI检查及术后病理证实的幕上星形细胞瘤石蜡标本进行免疫组化染色 ,测定微血管密度 (MVD) ,并测量MR图像上肿瘤大小、坏死、出血、信号均匀度、瘤周水肿范围、增强扫描强化程度及形态。结果　MR图像中 ,星形细胞瘤坏死、出血、信号不均匀 ,水肿及强化程度与MVD密切相关 ,且随肿瘤恶性度增加 ,MVD值增高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　星形细胞瘤MR征象与肿瘤血管形成密切相关 ,MRI能间接反映星形细胞瘤的分子生物学行为。     

幕上星形细胞瘤核DNA含量与病理分级,CT表现的相关研究

目的:研究幕上星形细胞瘤核DNA含量与病理分级、CT表现的相关性。材料和方法:对43例幕上星形细胞瘤流式细胞计致结果与病理分级、CT表现作对照分析。结果:幕上星形细胞瘤瘤核DI、PI及AT出现率与病理分级成正相关;Ⅰ/Ⅱ级与Ⅲ/Ⅳ级DI、AT出现率差异非常显著(P<0.01);Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ/Ⅳ级PI差异有显著性(P<0.05);肿瘤大小、坏死、瘤周水肿及囊肿型与DI、PI及AT出现率有显著相关性。结论:幕上星形细胞瘤核DNA含量与病理分级、CT表现有一定的关系,流式细胞计数测量瘤核DNA含量评价幕上星形细胞瘤生物行为不能取代组织病理学检查。     

脑星形细胞瘤的瘤周水肿与MMP-9表达和血管形成相关性的研究

目的:探讨脑星形细胞瘤瘤周水肿与基质金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP-9)表达和血管形成的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学(SP)法,用抗MMP-9抗体及CD34单抗对40例星形细胞瘤组织标本进行标记分析,并测定MRI图像上肿瘤瘤周水肿范围。结果:脑星形细胞瘤恶性程度越高,MMP-9的表达和微血管密度(MVD)值越高(P<0.01);随着MMP-9表达的增高和新生血管的增多,瘤周水肿范围越大 (P<0.01)。结论:星形细胞瘤的瘤周水肿与MMP-9、MVD的表达密切相关。     

星形细胞瘤瘤周水肿的MRI、CT扫描的对比研究

目的:探讨MRI、CT对星形细胞瘤瘤周水肿程度和范围的观察价值及影响星形细胞瘤瘤周水肿的因素。材料与方法:回顾性分析89例经手术病理证实的脑星形细胞瘤的影像学资料,病例术前均经MRI检查,其中19例先行CT检查,分别测量MRI、CT图像上肿瘤大小和瘤周水肿范围。结果:MRI的T2WI与增强T1WI结合与CT、平扫T1WI图像分别测量19例瘤周水肿最大宽度间比较有显著性差异;位于皮髓质交界区的肿瘤,瘤周水肿最明显;瘤周水肿的程度与肿瘤的大小无明显相关性,而与病理分级明显相关。结论:MRI的T2WI与增强扫描结合有利于准确判断瘤周水肿的范围,对临床选择治疗方案有重要价值。     

Ⅰ级星形细胞瘤的影像学诊断

目的探讨Ⅰ级星形细胞瘤的影像学表现，研究其CT、MR的诊断要点。方法回顾2005—2008年经病理证实为Ⅰ级星形细胞瘤的23个病例，全部行CT、MR检查，对其影像结果进行分析。结果幕上肿瘤18例，幕下5例；边界清楚的有18例，不清楚5例；无明显水肿16例，轻度水肿5例，中度水肿2例；增强后不强化15例；囊性4例，实质性17例。结论Ⅰ级星形细胞瘤在影像学上有一定特征性表现，肿瘤发生部位以幕上浅部为主，边界较清，瘤周水肿及占位效应较轻；出血、坏死较少见，增强后多不强化。掌握其影像学特点有助于定性诊断指导临床治疗。     

脑星形细胞瘤影像表现与病理对照研究

目的:分析不同级别脑星形细胞瘤的影像表现,探讨影像表现与脑星形细胞瘤病理分级的相关性。方法:收集经CT及MRI诊断和手术病理证实的脑星形细胞瘤85例,按病理诊断标准分为四级,Ⅰ级13例,Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级28例,Ⅳ级23例。对肿瘤大小、密度、水肿、钙化、强化程度、强化类型等CT表现与病理分级进行对照研究,采用卡方检验;对MRI表现的8个特征(信号不均匀性、囊变坏死、出血、越过中线、水肿、边界、强化程度及强化不均匀性)与星形细胞瘤病理分级进行统计分析,采用卡方检验。结果:(1)肿瘤的大小、钙化等情况在各组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);而肿瘤密度、瘤周水肿、强化程度及类型在各组间差异存在显著性(P<0.05)或高度显著性(P<0.01);(2)除越过中线外,其余7个MRI征象均对星形细胞瘤分级有较大的帮助,尤其是囊变坏死、边界、水肿、肿瘤强化程度及强化不均匀性在各级星形细胞瘤之间差异均有极显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:星形细胞瘤影像表现与其病理分级有一定的相关性,CT及MRI对星形细胞瘤的分级诊断有较大的价值。     

VEGF与星形细胞瘤血管生成和瘤周脑水肿的相关性研究

目的探讨星形细胞瘤的血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)表达与血管生成和瘤周脑水肿(PTBE)及病理分级的关系.方法术前进行MRI检查且经手术病理证实的34例星形细胞瘤患者.在MRI计算星形细胞瘤的瘤体体积和瘤周脑水肿体积,从瘤周脑水肿与肿瘤本身的体积之比获得水肿指数(EI),估价脑水肿的程度.采用免疫组化方法(SP法)检测 34例星形细胞瘤VEGF表达;Ⅷ因子相关抗原单克隆抗体免疫组织化学(SP法)染色显示微血管,测量微血管密度(MVD)表示肿瘤血管生成.结果 VEGF表达与脑星形细胞瘤的血管生成、瘤周脑水肿均呈显著正相关(r=0.77,P<0.001;r=0.336,P=0.05);高级别星形细胞瘤VEGF、MVD、EI分别显著高于低级别星形细胞瘤(t=7.08,3.37,2.74;P=0.01,0.011,0.025).结论 VEGF可能通过参与星形细胞瘤血管生成和脑水肿发生,对胶质瘤的恶性演进起促进作用;MRI瘤周脑水肿征象能间接反映星形细胞瘤的肿瘤血管形成和预测星形细胞瘤的恶性程度.     

Survivin和p16在脑星形胶质细胞瘤中的表达

目的：研究Survivin和P16基因在脑星形胶质细胞瘤中的表达及其与恶性程度的关系。方法：应用免疫组化S-P法检测80例星形胶质细胞瘤中Survivin和P16蛋白的表达。结果：Survivin表达与脑星形胶质细胞瘤的组织学分级呈正相关,P16表达与脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织学分级呈负相关,低级别组（Ⅰ-Ⅱ级）与高级别组（Ⅲ-Ⅳ级）之间差异有显著性。结论：Survivin和P16蛋白阳性细胞表达率与星形胶质细胞瘤的恶性程度有关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.