颈动脉内膜切除术预防和治疗缺血性卒中的疗效分析

目的：评估颅外段颈内动脉重度狭窄患者颈动脉内膜切除术预防和治疗缺血性卒中的临床价值。方法：22例患者均由经颅多普勒(TCD)筛选、数字减影血管造影(DSA)或CT血管造影(CTA)检查证实为颈内动脉重度狭窄，其中21例为有症状颈动脉狭窄。22例患者住院期间接受24侧次颈动脉内膜切除术，术后随访并行TCD检查。结果：21例(23侧次)手术过程顺利，随访2～30个月，未再发TIA或脑梗死，19例症状减轻或缓解。1例术后死于脑栓塞和肺部感染。随访期复查TCD1～2次，20例未发现明显再狭窄。结论：颈动脉内膜切除术对治疗重度颈内动脉狭窄，预防TIA和缺血性卒中有效。TCD可作为对重度颈内动脉狭窄的筛选、术中监测和术后随访的重要手段。     

经颅多普勒在颈动脉内膜切除术的应用价值

目的：探讨经颅多普勒（K1D）在颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）中的应用价值。方法：回顾性总结首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院2000-2007年2月48例CEA病例（54条血管）。全部患者均先由TCD检出，经CT血管造影（CTA）或数字减影血管造影（DSA）证实后行CEA。CEA部分患者行术中K1D监测。48例患者术后定期TCD和临床随访。结果：48例患者中TCD检出59条颈内动脉（ICA）重度狭窄或闭塞，其中9条完全闭塞，11例为双侧ICA重度狭窄或闭塞。48例患者中，42例行单侧CEA，6例行双侧CEA。11例CEA病例行术中TCD监测。5例术中出现并发症（过度灌注、低灌注、栓子、血管再通不良）。围手术期死亡1例（2．08％）。术后平均随访42．2个月，检出1条动脉重度再狭窄，2条动脉中度再狭窄，再狭窄发生率为6．4％。结论：TCD检出ICA重度狭窄（≥70％）的特异性和准确性均很高，可筛选出患者并经DSA或CTA证实后行CEA。术中监测可提高手术安全性，术后随访可无创性观察CEA动脉和颅内外动脉的动态变化。关键词经颅多普勒；颈动脉内膜切除术；颈动脉狭窄     

颈动脉内膜切除术中应用临时转流管的疗效探讨

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除术中应用颈动脉临时转流管的指征和经验方法对42例颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜切除术，术中使用经颅多普勒超声监测大脑中动脉血流速度，8例患者阻断术侧颈内动脉后，大脑中动脉血流速度低于阻断前的60％，对此8例患者使用颈动脉临时转流管，术后随访1～24个月。结果使用颈动脉临时转流管的8例患者，未出现与阻断颈内动脉有关的围手术期并发症；随访期内无再次脑缺血事件发生；颈部B超检查显示颈动脉通畅，无再狭窄发生。结论颈动脉内膜切除术中有选择性地使用颈动脉临时转流管，可预防与阻断术侧颈内动脉有关的术中脑缺血事件的发生。     

颈动脉内膜切除术的现代观点

文章阐述了无症状和症状性颈动脉狭窄病人动脉内膜革除术治疗的现代观点以及术后并发症的防治，为颈动脉内膜切除术的应用提供了指导意见。     

颈动脉内膜切除术的研究进展

颈动脉内膜切除术常用于预防和治疗缺血性卒中，其疗效已得到肯定。文章介绍了颈动脉内膜切除术的术前临床评价、适应证选择、特殊检查的应用及其价值、麻醉的选择、手术方法以及并发症及其处理。     

颈动脉内膜切除术的现代观点

文章阐述了无症状性和症状性颈动脉狭窄病人动脉内膜切除术治疗的现代观点以及术后并发症的防治，为颈动脉内膜切除术的应用提供了指导意见     

常规与外翻式颈动脉内膜切除术预防卒中的比较

背景：常规颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)通过纵向动脉切开术来进行，而外翻CEA则采用横向动脉切开术和颈动脉再植入法。据报道，后者的围手术期卒中和术后再狭窄率较低，但与远端内膜皮瓣有关的并发症的危险性却有所增加。     

颈动脉内膜切除术的疗效与适应证的新概念

颈动脉内膜切除术是预防卒中的重要方法 ,其疗效和适应证一直存在争议。文章就其发展历史和最新临床资料进行了总结     

Carotid Endarterectomy: Current Concepts and Practice Patterns

Background Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death among adults in the United States. A major cause of stroke is carotid artery stenosis (CAS) caused by atherosclerotic plaques. Randomized trials have varying results regarding the equivalence and perioperative complication rates of stents versus carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the management of CAS.Objectives We review the evidence for the current management of CAS and describe the current concepts and practice patterns of CEA.Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies regarding CEA and stenting for the management of CAS.Results The introduction of CAS has led to a decrease in the percentage of CEA and an increase in the number of CAS procedures performed in the context of all revascularization procedures. However, the efficacy of stents in patients with symptomatic CAS remains unclear because of varying results among randomized trials, but the perioperative complication rates exceed those found after CEA.Conclusions Vascular surgeons are uniquely positioned to treat carotid artery disease through medical therapy, CEA, and stenting. Although data from randomized trials differ, it is important for surgeons to make clinical decisions based on the patient. We believe that CAS can be adopted with low complication rate in a selected subgroup of patients, but CEA should remain the standard of care. This current evidence should be incorporated into practice of the modern vascular surgeon.     

Variability in Carotid Endarterectomy at a Single Medical Center: An Outcome and Cost Analysis

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a common surgical procedure. Its efficacy in the prevention of stroke has been proven by multiple clinical trials including North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Currently, there is a wide variability in the technique of this operation. This study was performed to determine the variability of CEA at the University of Kentucky Medical Center with a focus on cost and short-term outcome. We reviewed the charts of a consecutive series of 349 patients undergoing CEA at our institution. We analyzed the variability in shunt used across surgeons, intraoperative variables, cost, and outcome. Data on 374 procedures on 349 patients who underwent CEA showed shunt utilization varied significantly by surgeon from 3 to 94%. Patch utilization also varied significantly by surgeon. Two in-hospital deaths occurred in the shunt group (1.3%) and none in the no-shunt group. Shunt placement was associated with 1 hour 24 minutes increase in operative time from 2 hours 3 minutes in the no-shunt group to 3 hours 27 minutes in the shunt group (t test, p < 0.01). Shunt placement was associated with a 1.74-day increase in length of stay, from 2.97 days in the no-shunt group to 4.71 days in the shunt group. There was no significant difference in the cost of procedure in these two groups: no-shunt $11,510 ± $3,977, shunt group $11,479 ± $4,030. This study showed no significant difference in cost or outcome between various techniques.     

缺血性卒中的二级预防

缺血性卒中的二级预防是防止卒中复发的重要手段。大量研究证实,抗凝治疗在心源性栓塞(特别是心房颤动所致)的二级预防中有效。抗血小板治疗对其他类型缺血性卒中的二级预防有较好的疗效,而且双重抗血小板治疗已被越来越多地应用。降压和降脂治疗对预防缺血性卒中有积极的意义。控制血糖在缺血性卒中二级预防中的作用尚不确定。颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)对狭窄超过70%的有症状颈动脉狭窄患者有益,对无症状患者是否有益仍存在争议。颈动脉血管内支架成形术逐渐成为CEA的有效替代治疗方法。     

Ischemic Stroke Caused by Carotid Stump at the Common Carotid Artery

An 84-year-old man developed motor aphasia and right hemiparesis on postoperative day 1 after orchiectomy for suspected malignant lymphoma. He had a history of thoracic endovascular aortic repair for aortic aneurysm using a bypass graft from the right subclavian artery to the left common carotid artery (CCA); however, the graft had become occluded six months later. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed acute cerebral infarctions in the left frontal lobe. Carotid ultrasonography revealed a stump at the left CCA, just below the bifurcation, formed by the occluded graft with an oscillating thrombus. This case was rare in that a CCA stump was identified as the embolic source of ischemic stroke.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性卒中亚型的相关性研究

目的：探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性卒中亚型的相关性。方法：448例缺血性卒中患者按TOAST分型法分类：动脉粥样硬化血栓形成性脑梗死组（AI，n=143）、腔隙性梗死组（LI，n=225）、心源性栓塞性梗死组（Cl,n=30）和病因不明性卒中组（50例）。另选90例健康体检者作为对照组。采用多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中膜厚度（IMT）和斑块积分（Ps）。结果：AI和LI亚组颈动脉IMT和PS显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。AI亚组Ps的ROC曲线下面积远大于IMT（0．78比0．63，P〈0．05）。结论：颈动脉IMT和PS能较好地预测AI和LI的发生风险，但PS可能更可靠；颈动脉粥样硬化程度预测AI的发生风险更有效。     

颈动脉狭窄的血管内治疗

颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)是公认的预防有症状或无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者卒中的标准治疗方法。近年来,包括球囊扩张术和支架成形术在内的颈动脉血管内治疗在临床上得到广泛应用,无论是单中心研究还是世界范围的多中心研究均显示出良好的治疗效果,尤其是在CEA高危患者中,栓子保护装置下的颈动脉支架成形术效果更佳。越来越多的证据表明,血管内治疗可能成为CEA之后治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的又一重要方法。     

中西医结合卒中单元治疗缺血性脑卒中预后评价

目的通过前瞻性、多中心、队列对照的研究方法,客观地评价中西医结合卒中单元治疗缺血性脑卒中远期临床疗效。方法将北京、上海四家三甲医院收集的120例急性缺血性脑卒中患者分为中西医结合卒中单元组(试验组)和西医卒中单元组(对照组),每组各60例。试验组在单纯西医卒中单元常规治疗的基础上,早期介入中药、针灸、推拿、康复等为一体中西医结合综合治疗方案;对照组为西医卒中单元常规治疗结合早期康复锻炼,疗程为21 d。治疗前及治疗后第21天、第90天、第180天对两组患者行改良Rankih(mRS)、BI评定。结果试验组在治疗后的第21天、第90天、第180天mRS≤3分的人数逐渐增多,且明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组BI分数在治疗后第21天、第90天、第180天明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论中西医结合卒中单元治疗缺血性脑卒中可以明显地降低患者的残障等级,提高日常生活自理能力。     

Carotid Endarterectomy and Intraoperative Emboli Detection: Correlation of Clinical, Transcranial Doppler, and Magnetic Resonance Findings

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) performed with continuous transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring provides a unique opportunity to determine the number of cerebral microemboli and to relate their occurrence to the surgical technique. The purpose of this study was to assess in CEA the impact of cerebral microembolism on clinical outcome and brain morphology. We also evaluated the influence of the audible TCD signal on the surgeon and his/her technique. In a prospective series of 301 endarterectomies, brain function was monitored with electroencephalography and TCD ultrasonography. Preoperative and intraoperative risk factors were entered in a logistic regression analysis program to assess their correlation with cerebral outcome. To evaluate the impact of cerebral microembolism on brain morphology, we compared preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain in a subgroup of 40 patients. Microemboli (> 10) observed during the dissection phase of the operation were related to intraoperative (P < 0.002) and postoperative (P < 0.02) cerebral complications. Microemboli that occurred during shunting were also related to intraoperative complications (P < 0.007). Finally, the phenomenon of > 10 microemboli during dissection was significantly (P < 0.005) related to new hyperintensive lesions on the postoperative T_2-weighted MR images. The presence of microembolism (> 10) during the dissection phase of carotid endarterectomy shows a statistically significant relationship with perioperative cerebral complications and with new ischemic lesions on MR images of the brain. Microembolism during shunting is also related to intraoperative complications. Surgeons can be guided by the audio Doppler and emboli signals by changing their technique, which may result in a decline of the intraoperative stroke rate.