血管内皮细胞生长因子基因体外转染小鼠NIH3T3细胞的生物活性

目的：用基因工程方法改造成纤维细胞，使其分泌血管内皮细胞生长因子，观察成纤维细胞作为基因转染的靶细胞的可行性。 方法：实验于2005-11在解放军第四军医大学西京医院全军整形外科研究所完成。PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒的扩增、提取、纯化和鉴定后，将培养14d细胞融合约80％的小鼠NIH3T3细胞在24孔板中进行转染，细胞随机分为3组，每组10孔，分别为PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒转染组．空质粒转染组和不转染质粒组。采用免疫组织化学化学检测血管内皮细胞生长因子表达。ELISA方法检测血管内皮细胞生长因子外分泌。四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测小鼠NIH3T3细胞对PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒转染的敏感性。 结果：①PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒的基因测序结果显示序列正确。②免疫组织化学染色显示：小鼠NIH3T3细胞转染4d后胞浆内可观察到阳性表达产物，对照组呈阴性结果。③ELISA检测结果：小鼠NIH3T3细胞转染14d后，PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒转染组、空质粒转染组和不转染质粒组3组培养上清中血管内皮细胞生长因子浓度分别346&;#177;23，0，0ng／L（P〈0．05）。④四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测结果：PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒转染组、空质粒转染组和不转染质粒组所测的490nm的A值比较差异均无显著性（依次为0．96&;#177;0.11，0．91&;#177;0．10，0．98&;#177;0．16，P〉0．05）。PcDNA3．1（-）／VEGF165质粒转染对小鼠NIH3T3细胞增殖无影响。 结论：小鼠NIH3T3细胞可作为血管内皮细胞生长因子基因转染的靶细胞，用于基因治疗。     

重组VEGF165在哺乳动物细胞中表达及其生物学活性

目的构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)165并在哺乳动物细胞中实现目的基因的表达,对目的蛋白进行鉴定和生物学活性分析。方法分子生物学方法将扩增的VEGF165基因克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+),在脂质体介导下将重组质粒转染至哺乳动物细胞NIH 3T3并进行抗生素压力筛选,采用双抗夹心ELISA、SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹方法对目的蛋白在转染细胞中的特异表达进行鉴定,在血管内皮细胞ECV304上对表达产物的细胞结合活性和促增殖活性进行分析。结果构建的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-VEGF165成功转染NIH3T3,获得加压筛选的重组细胞,目的基因得到稳定表达,目的蛋白能与血管内皮细胞ECV304特异结合,并具有促内皮细胞增殖活性。结论应用pcDNA3.1(+)-VEGF165载体转染的NIH 3T3细胞可稳定表达具生物学活性的VEGF165重组蛋白。     

人血管内皮生长因子165基因转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞的蛋白表达

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞是最好的组织工程种子细胞来源,含有血管内皮生长因子165(vascular endothelial growth factor 165,VEGF165)不仅对血管再生和启动成骨修复有重要意义,其持续稳定的释放还能够提高新生骨的矿化程度,增强修复组织的力学性能。目的:观察hVEG F165基因转染的兔骨髓间充质干细胞分泌血管内皮生长因子的蛋白功能。方法:体外分离、培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,纯化并鉴定兔骨髓间充质干细胞;免疫荧光法检测细胞表面标志;传代培养后的骨髓间充质干细胞以pcDNA3.1-VEGF165质粒和脂质体1:3比例的混合液转染,并分为3组:转染组应用pcDNA3.1-VEGF165转染细胞,空载体转染组应用pcDNA3.1-空载体转染,未转染组不处理。通过ELISA和Western-blot检测转染后细胞中外源性血管内皮生长因子的表达。结果与结论:转染组与其他两组比较,VEGF165蛋白含量显著增高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),但空载体转染组与未转染组之间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),转染组不同时间点之间VEGF165蛋白含量差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),hVEGF165基因转染的骨髓间充质干细胞能成功分泌VEGF165蛋白。提示采用基因转染技术可将hVEGF165基因转染到骨髓间充质干细胞中并可有效表达具有生物活性的VEGF165。     

血管内皮生长因子基因转染促进骨髓间质干细胞增殖的实验

目的:以基因转染为平台,利用脂质体将血管内皮生长因子基因转入骨髓间质干细胞,使其可以在作为种子细胞的同时,作为基因治疗的载体将血管内皮生长因子基因导入缺血组织,从而为探索一种更加有效的缺血性心脏病治疗方法提供实验室基础。方法:实验于2004-07/2005-03在解放军第二军医大学医学遗传实验室及上海交通大学附属第一人民医院心内科实验室完成。①分离、培养、鉴定大鼠骨髓间质干细胞。②试验组用构建好的PcDNA3.1-VEGF进行基因转染,阳性对照组用PcDNA3.1空质粒进行转染,阴性对照组只加入培养液。③收集各组第1,3,5,7,9,11天的上清液,用ELISA法测定培养上清液中血管内皮生长因子的浓度;提取阳性克隆的细胞蛋白;进行Westernblot分析;用四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测转染后血管内皮生长因子的表达对骨髓间质干细胞增殖的影响。结果:①免疫组织化学示所培养细胞CD106 ,CD34-。②ELISA方法示质粒转染细胞后第2天,上清液中即可出现血管内皮生长因子浓度的增高,第5天时达到高峰,以后逐渐降低,10d后趋于稳定,但其浓度仍高于对照组。③Westernblot示转染组血管内皮生长因子蛋白浓度明显高于空质粒转染组和未转染组。④四甲基偶氮唑盐示转染后血管内皮生长因子的表达可以促进骨髓间质干细胞的增殖。结论:血管内皮生长因子成功转染骨髓间质干细胞,血管内皮生长因子的表达促进了骨髓间质干细胞的增殖,从而可以将促血管生长因子治疗和干细胞移植有效的结合起来。     

人血管内皮生长因子165基因转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞的蛋白表达

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞是最好的组织工程种子细胞来源,含有血管内皮生长因子165（vascular endothelial growth factor 165,VEGF165）不仅对血管再生和启动成骨修复有重要意义,其持续稳定的释放还能够提高新生骨的矿化程度,增强修复组织的力学性能。目的：观察hVEG F165基因转染的兔骨髓间充质干细胞分泌血管内皮生长因子的蛋白功能。方法：体外分离、培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,纯化并鉴定兔骨髓间充质干细胞;免疫荧光法检测细胞表面标志;传代培养后的骨髓间充质干细胞以pcDNA3.1-VEGF165质粒和脂质体1：3比例的混合液转染,并分为3组：转染组应用pcDNA3.1-VEGF165转染细胞,空载体转染组应用pcDNA3.1-空载体转染,未转染组不处理。通过ELISA和Western-blot检测转染后细胞中外源性血管内皮生长因子的表达。结果与结论：转染组与其他两组比较,VEGF165蛋白含量显著增高,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,但空载体转染组与未转染组之间差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）,转染组不同时间点之间VEGF165蛋白含量差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,hVEGF165基因转染的骨髓间充质干细胞能成功分泌VEGF165蛋白。提示采用基因转染技术可将hVEGF165基因转染到骨髓间充质干细胞中并可有效表达具有生物活性的VEGF165。     

Notch信号和血管内皮生长因子基因对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化后内皮细胞功能的影响

目的 探讨Notch信号和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF165)基因对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)诱导分化后内皮细胞功能的影响.方法 分离、培养大鼠MSCs,用含VEGF165和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的细胞培养液培养大鼠MSCs 2周诱导其向内皮细胞分化;用脂质体将携带有VEGF165基因的质粒转染诱导内皮细胞并对转染效果进行鉴定,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测转染前后细胞上Notch信号受体Notch 1和配体Jagged 1的表达变化;用γ-内分泌酶抑制剂L-685458阻断细胞Notch信号通路的转导,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力;将细胞接种在半固体培养基上,观察其形成毛细血管样结构的能力.结果 转染VEGF165基因的内皮细胞上表达有VEGF165 mRNA,说明实验成功地将VEGF165基因导入诱导后内皮细胞中.转染VEGF165基因后,细胞上Notch信号配体Jagged1 mRNA表达增强(1.08±0.01比1.01±0.02,P＜0.01),Notch1 mRNA表达无明显变化(0.60±0.02比0.59±0.01,P＞0.05);细胞的迁移能力增强(划痕空白处细胞个数:46.45±4.46比41.61±1.42,P＜0.05),形成毛细血管样结构能力无明显变化(细胞分级:3.00±0.89比2.00±0.89,P＞0.05).内皮细胞转染VEGF165基因后,以γ-内分泌酶抑制剂L-685458阻断细胞Notch信号通路的转导,则细胞迁移能力(划痕空白处细胞个数:51.72±3.47比46.45±4.46)和形成毛细血管样结构能力(细胞分级:4.17±0.75比3.00±0.89)均进一步增强(均P＜0.05).结论 转染VEGF165基因可增强大鼠MSCs诱导分化内皮细胞的功能,在此基础上阻断Notch信号通路转导可进一步增强细胞功能.     

构建含人血管内皮细胞生长因子121腺病毒表达载体的体外表达实验

目的:构建携带人血管内皮细胞生长因子121cDNA的腺病毒表达载体,探讨应用血管内皮细胞生长因子基因治疗缺血性疾患的可行性。方法:实验于2003-05/2004-02于解放军第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所第6研究室(创伤烧伤复合伤国家重点实验室)完成。穿梭质粒pDC315和Ad5腺病毒基因组质粒pBHGloxdeltaE1,3Cre由解放军第三军医大学免疫学教研室邹强博士惠赠。pUC18-血管内皮细胞生长因子由第三军医大学高原医学教研室惠赠。BamHI,XbaI,NcoIDNA限制性内切酶均购自Takara公司;鼠抗人血管内皮细胞生长因子121单克隆抗体购自ROCHE公司;用双酶切法将pUC18-人血管内皮细胞生长因子121质粒中的人血管内皮细胞生长因子121cDNA克隆到穿梭质粒pDC315中,与腺病毒质粒pBHGloxdeltaE1,3Cre共同转染293细胞并反复扩增,构建携带目的基因的重组腺病毒,并进行滴度测定。用重组腺病毒感染NTH3T3细胞,用免疫组化方法检测人血管内皮细胞生长因子121在NTH3T3细胞中的表达。结果:①重组质粒pDC315-人血管内皮细胞生长因子121的鉴定:重组质粒经XbaI和NcoI酶切后,得到酶切片段长度为651bp的正向连接重组质粒。测序结果也证实作者重组质粒pDC315-人血管内皮细胞生长因子121序列正确。②Ad-血管内皮细胞生长因子重组腺病毒构建及滴度测定:pDC315-人血管内皮细胞生长因子121重组质粒和pBHGloxdeltaE1,3Cre质粒共转染293细胞后7d,部分293细胞出现CPE,10d后出现CPE的细胞明显增多,约2周时绝大多数细胞出现CPE,而对照组未转染质粒的细胞未见CPE现象。最终重组腺病毒Ad-人血管内皮细胞生长因子121滴度为1.0×1010～4.3×1011PFU/mL。③血管内皮细胞生长因子基因在NIH3T3细胞中的表达:重组腺病毒转染NIH3T3细胞48h后行细胞免疫组织化学染色,结果显示细胞人血管内皮细胞生长因子121染色阳性,阳性染色主要位于细胞浆中,而未转染病毒的细胞染色极弱。结论:构建的携带人血管内皮细胞生长因子121基因的腺病毒表达载体可在真核细胞表达,有可能用于缺血性疾患的基因治疗。     

pcDNA3．1-VEGF165质粒转染骨髓基质干细胞后血管内皮生长因子的表达

目的:检测pcDNA3.1-VEGF165载体转染对兔骨髓基质干细胞血管内皮生长因子表达的影响。方法:实验于2005-07/2006-01在山东省青岛市市立医院中心试验室完成。①pcDNA3.1-VEGF165质粒由华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院骨科杨述华教授惠赠。②选取1月龄新西兰大白兔1只,无菌条件下取胫骨和股骨,进行骨髓基质干细胞的分离与培养。③转染前24h计数细胞,每孔5×105细胞接种于6孔板,待骨髓基质干细胞达到80%～90%融合时准备转染,设立未转染组、空载体组和载体组。未转染组无特殊处理,空载体组转染pcDNA3.1载体,载体组转染pcDNA3.1-VEGF165。④转染后72h,反转录聚合酶链反应检测各组骨髓基质干细胞中血管内皮生长因子165mRNA的表达;酶联免疫吸附法检测各组骨髓基质干细胞中血管内皮生长因子165蛋白的含量。结果:①骨髓基质细胞分离培养形态观察:初始分离的骨髓细胞呈圆形,大小不一;24h后有少量细胞贴壁;48h后贴壁细胞部分为成纤维样细胞;72h贴壁的成纤维样细胞数不断增加;96h后贴壁生长的细胞主要为梭形的成纤维样细胞;分瓶后细胞形成克隆;传代后细胞贴壁生长,分裂相增多,并不断增殖分化形成均一的梭形细胞。②转染72h后各组细胞血管内皮生长因子165mRNA的表达情况:反转录聚合酶链反应检测到载体组在576bp处有明显条带,空载体组和未转染组均未见血管内皮生长因子165表达。③转染72h后各组细胞血管内皮生长因子165蛋白含量检测结果:酶联免疫吸附结果显示,载体组转染pcDNA3.1-VEGF165载体的骨髓基质细胞培养上清液中血管内皮生长因子165蛋白浓度为(170.1±14.3)ng/L,而空载体组与未转染组均未检测到血管内皮生长因子165蛋白表达,差异有显著性意义(t均=42.206,P=0.000)。结论:应用pcDNA3.1-VEGF165载体转染,可使兔骨髓基质干细胞获得外源性血管内皮生长因子165基因和蛋白的表达。     

CD、VEGFR-1基因对恶性胶质瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞共培养体系中VEGF表达及细胞增殖的影响

目的研究胞嘧啶脱氨酶(CD)、血管内皮生长因子受体1(VEGFR-1)基因共表达质粒对恶性胶质瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞共培养体系血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达及细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法转染组:CD基因、VEGFR-1基因共表达质粒p EGFP-C1-CD-VEGFR-1转染人血管内皮细胞共培养体系中的人恶性胶质瘤细胞,未转染组:未做细胞转染,对照组:转染空载体。酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测培养液上清中VEGF含量,原位杂交及免疫组化检测细胞VEGFmRNA及VEGF的表达,通过流式细胞术观察其对细胞活性的影响。结果转染后转染组细胞VEGFmRNA为0. 62±0. 06,VEGF为0. 42±0. 04,较未转染组及对照组显著降低,培养液中VEGF含量为60. 34±31. 22,较未转染组及对照组显著降低,细胞活性受到抑制,流式细胞术发现转染组细胞的G1期细胞比率明显高于未转染组及对照组,细胞出现凋亡。结论 CD、VEGFR-1基因共表达质粒可抑制恶性胶质瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞共培养体系中VEGFmRNA及VEGF的表达,抑制细胞活性、诱导细胞凋亡。     

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria: Deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a lyase

A marked deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase activity is present in cultured skin fibroblasts from a baby with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria.     

Pharmacokinetics of 3''-fluoro-3''-deoxythymidine and 3''-deoxy-2'',3''-didehydrothymidine in rats.

Concentrations of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FDT) and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (D4T) in plasma declined in a biexponential fashion. Total clearance of D4T (1.75 +/- 0.22 liters/h/kg; mean +/- standard deviation) was significantly greater than that of FDT (1.19 +/- 0.19 liters/h/kg) owing to greater renal and nonrenal clearances of the former. Steady-state volumes of distribution of FDT (1.20 +/- 0.12 liters/kg) and D4T (1.07 +/- 0.15 liters/kg) were similar.     

Pharmacokinetics of 3''-fluoro-3''-deoxythymidine and 3''-deoxy-2'',3''-didehydrothymidine in rhesus monkeys.

3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine are nucleoside analogs which inhibit human and simian immunodeficiency virus in vitro. The pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds in rhesus monkeys after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration of the drug were compared. Half-lives, total clearances, and steady-state volumes of distribution of the two drugs were determined. The half-lives for the drugs by the different routes were between 0.58 and 1.4 h. Oral bioavailability of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine was incomplete, with an average of 42% +/- 15% of the dose reaching the systemic circulation. Absorption of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine after oral administration was variable, with bioavailability ranging from 21 to 95%. Bioavailability after subcutaneous administration ranged from 59 to 77% for 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine and from 52 to 59% for 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine. The ratio of concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for the drugs was about 0.15 at 1 h after drug administration and was independent of the route of administration, suggesting that a nucleoside carrier-mediated process is involved in the transport of these compounds to the central nervous system. Because of the similar metabolism of nucleoside analogs in monkeys and humans, the potential glucuronide formation was assessed. Whereas the glucuronide of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine was readily detected in urine, the amount of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine glucuronidated was small or not detectable in one-half of the urine samples. Pharmacokinetic parameters for the two drugs were similar to each other and analogous to those for 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in monkeys, suggesting that the same dose and scheduling of the drug can be used for all three compounds in prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy drug studies in rhesus monkeys.     

Antiviral Activity of 3-Deazaguanine, 3-Deazaguanosine, and 3-Deazaguanylic Acid

3-Deazaguanine (ICN 4221), 3-deazaguanosine (ICN 4793), and 3-deazaguanylic acid (ICN 5412) represent a new class of synthetic guanine analogs having antiviral activity. In vitro, nine ribonucleic acid and seven deoxyribonucleic acid viruses were inhibited, including influenza, parainfluenza, rhino-, vesicular stomatitis, adeno-, herpes-, cytomegalo-, vaccinia, pseudorabies, and myxoma viruses. They were effective orally against influenza types A and B and parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus infections in mice, with a therapeutic index of 16 against the latter two viruses. The course of herpes encephalitis was altered only when the drugs were applied directly into the brain. In addition, these drugs were effective inhibitors of Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly in mice; treatment also produced extensions of life in these animals.     

亚急性甲状腺炎33例临床分析

目的 探讨亚急性甲状腺炎的病因、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法 对33例患者的病史，临床表现，实验室资料及治疗进行总结分析。结果 患病的女性多见，占78．7％，病前无上怂病史记载：所有病例均有甲状腺肿大并触痛，彩超均有甲状腺肿大伴低回声，所有患者经口服泼尼松治疗效果好。结论 为减少漏诊、误诊，对咽痛伴发热病例，按上感治疗无效且持续时间较长应警惕本病。注意触诊甲状腺有无肿痛并进行必要的辅助检查。肾上腺糖皮质激素是治疗本病唯一确切有效药物。     

3-Methylcrotonylglycine excretion in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria

1. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine was identified in urine from an infant with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria. 2. The concentration of 3-methylcrotonylglycine in urine was approximately one sixth of that of the other metabolite of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. 3. The presence of both metabolites in the infant's urine indicates an inhibition of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity in tissues of the infant.     

In-plane stimulated emission of polycrystalline CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite thin films

Hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have been investigated extensively within the last decades, for its great potential in efficient solar cells and as an ideal light source. Among the studies on stimulated emission (SE), the emission is either out-of-plane for polycrystalline films or in-plane with randomly aligned single microcrystals and nanowires. In this work, we revealed in-plane propagation of SE from bromine-based perovskite polycrystalline thin films (CH₃NH₃PbBr₃, or MAPbBr₃). The output from in-plane SE is an order higher than the out-of-plane emission. It is proposed that large crystalline flakes in the films lead to the in-plane lasing phenomena. The output coupling can be found at grain boundaries, intergrain gaps, and artificial structures. Simulative results support the experimental phenomenon that large crystalline grains are profitable for in-plane propagation and over 90% photons can be sufficiently outcoupled when the gap is larger than a micron. Considering the fabrication and handling convenience, we propose that the MAPbBr₃ thin films can be easily integrated for in-plane applications as the light source for photonic chips etc.

MAPbBr₃ perovskite thin film contains large crystal flakes, which support the in-plane stimulated emission and its propagation within these polycrystalline films. The emission scatters at the natural or artificial edge of the film.     

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria: a new assay of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase using high performance liquid chromatography

A new assay has been developed for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, the final enzyme in the leucine degradative pathway. The assay was performed by incubating lysates of fibroblasts with [glutaryl-3-¹⁴C](d,l)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A. The products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with continuous liquid scintillation counting. This provided simultaneous identification and quantification of one of the enzymatic products, [3-¹⁴C] acetoacetic acid. The mean 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity in fibroblasts from five controls was 732 ± 81 (SD) pmol/min · mg protein. Using this assay, we have studied skin fibroblasts cultured from a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria and found 3% of normal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity. The activities in skin fibroblasts cultured from the parents were 46 and 53% of control activity which is consistent with heterozygocity. Kinetic studies of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase in skin fibroblasts cultured from two normal subjects yielded K_m values of 14.4 and 18.8 μmol/l for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA.     

Low temperature scintillation performance of a Br-doped CH3NH3PbCl3 single-crystalline perovskite

Time response and light yield are two of the most important features of a scintillation detector, and are mostly determined by the luminescence properties of the scintillator. Here we have investigated the radioluminescence (RL) characteristics of a single-crystalline hybrid lead halide perovskite at both room temperature and low temperature. A dual-channel single photon correlation (DCSPC) system with a vacuum chamber is employed for the measurement. A rise time faster than 100 ps and several times enhancement of the crystal scintillation performances at low temperature have been observed. These behaviors demonstrated that bulk solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites (MAPbCl₃ and Br-doped MAPbBr_0.08Cl_2.92, where MA = CH₃NH₃) can serve as stable scintillating materials for pulsed gamma detectors. In addition, this work provides a pathway for perovskite application and also attracts attention to investigating low-temperature scintillators.

Time response and light yield are two of the most important features of a scintillation detector, and are mostly determined by the luminescence properties of the scintillator.