Antidiabetic effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundSage (Salvia officinalis L.) has a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-oxidative properties, anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, fungistatic, virustatic, astringent, eupeptic and anti-hydrotic effects. This study was designed to examine the antidiabetic effect of sage ethanolic extract in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.MethodsOral administration of sage extract (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (600 μg/kg) for 14 days on the level of serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated.ResultsOral administration of 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg body wt. of the sage extract for 14 days exhibited a significant reduction in serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and increased plasma insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats but not in normal rats. Glibenclamide was used as reference and showed similar antidiabetic effect.ConclusionsIt is concluded that the traditional use of S. officinalis as an antidiabetic agent is justified and that extracts from this plant show a dose-dependent activity which is comparable to the standard antidiabetic drug glibenclamide.     

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic potential of Amaranthus viridis (L.) Merr. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveThe present study is planned to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic potential of Amaranthus viridis stem aqueous extract (AVSAE) in Stz-induced diabetic rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55mg/kg b.wt.). After 72 h rats with marked hyperglycaemia (fasting blood glucose ≥250 mg/dl) were selected and used for the study. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by administration of AVSAE orally at the doses of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Glibenclamide (500 ug/kg) was used as the reference drug. Fasting blood glucose and lipid parameters, viz. triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels were measured.ResultsIn STZ-induced diabetic rats, repeated administration of AVSAE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner during the 30 days of treatment period. AVSAE modulated lipid profile changes in STZ-diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe significant control of serum lipids levels in the AVSAE treated diabetic rats may be directly attributed to improvement in glycemic control upon AVSAE therapy. Hence, these findings demonstrate that Amaranthus viridis has the potential to treat diabetes mellitus and complications owing to its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect.     

Influence of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves on antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in STZ-diabetic rats

To assess the influence of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves on antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in STZ- diabetic rats as the leaves of mulberry (Morus indica L.) of Moraceae, are reported to be rich in a no. of bioactive principles i.e. antioxidant vitamins, flavonoids and moracins that can fight against oxidative stress in diabetes. STZ-diabetic rats were treated with dried mulberry leaves incorporated in the feed at 25 % level (as per dose response) for 8 weeks in standard experimental conditions in comparison with diabetic glibenclamide–treated and diabetic control rats. At the end of experimental period, fasting blood glucose, serum non-enzymatic antioxidants, hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were assayed in all the experimental groups. Hyperglycemia, a 274 % (P?<?0.01) rise in fasting blood glucose and increased oxidative stress as shown by a two fold increase in lipid peroxidation in hepatic tissue, decreased serum non enzymatic antioxidants viz. vit.C (51 %) and E (47 %), significantly decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (43 %), glutathione peroxidase (41 %) and superoxide dismutase (44 %) and significantly increased activity of catalase (39 %) in STZ-diabetic rats were ameliorated by mulberry leaves which is evidenced by significant fall in fasting glucose, and lipid peroxidation, rise in antioxidants as well as the activities of defense enzymes and decrease in the activity of catalase while the antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide showed lesser effects than mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaves protected STZ-diabetic rats against oxidative stress by improving antioxidants and the activities of defense enzymes and controlling hyperglycemia and lipid peroxidation in a better way than the drug.     

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of leaves extract of Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of leaves of Hyptis suaveolens using streptozotocin model.MethodsHyptis suaveolens extract (HSE) 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to streptozotocin induced diabetes, once daily for 21 days.ResultsA significant reduction in blood glucose was observed in diabetic animals treated with HSE at different doses when compared with diabetic rats. Levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein were decreased while administering HSE at different doses, compared with their control values in diabetic animals.ConclusionsOur results show that HSE possesses significant antihyperglycemic activity which might be attributed to stimulating effects on glucose utilization and antioxidant enzyme.     

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Tectona grandis flowers in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo investigate antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Tectona grandis (T. grandis) flowers (METGF) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats to supports its traditional use.MethodsAcute toxicity study of METGF was carried out in rat to determine its dose for the antidiabetic study. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate METGF effect on elevated blood glucose level. Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip.) and it was confirmed 72 h after induction. METGF was orally given to the diabetic rats up to 28 days and blood glucose level were estimated each week. On 28 day of the experiment, diabetic rats were sacrificed after the blood collection for the biochemical parameters analysis and liver, kidney was collected to determine antioxidants levels.ResultsIn acute toxicity, METGF did not show toxicity and death up to a dose 2 000 mg/kg in rats. Administration of METGF 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (P<0.001) reduced blood glucose levels in OGTT and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Both doses of METGF treatment significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased body weight, serum insulin, haemoglobin (Hb) and total protein levels in diabetic rats. Also, MEGTF treatment reduced elevated glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and other biochemical parameters levels significantly (P<0.001) in diabetic rats. Altered lipid profiles and antioxidants levels were reversed to near normal in diabetic rats treated with METGF.ConclusionsThese results concluded that METGF possesses antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity which supports its traditional use.     

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective

To investigate the antidiabetic effect of A. halimus leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

The aqueous extract of the plant leaf was tested for its efficacy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The extract was evaluated for its acute and short term general toxicity in male mice and for its antihyperglycemic activity using glucose tolerance test in rats. The aqueous extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic contents.

Results

The statistical data indicated the significant increase in the body weight and decrease in the blood glucose and hepatic levels. The total protein level was significantly increased when treated with the extract.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. halimus has beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level and hepatic levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.     

Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of methanolic Tecomaria capensis Thunb. (Bignoniaceae) leaves extract in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of Tecomaria capensis (T. capensis) Thunb. (Bignoniaceae) methanolic leaves extract (TCLE) using blood glucose level in normal fasted rats, glucose tolerance test and alloxan induced hyperglycemia models.MethodsTCLE (100, 300, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg body wt.) was given to rats orally to observe acute toxicity, and observed for 14 d. TCLE 200 and 400 mg/kg, and glibenclamide 0.6 mg/kg were given orally in all models.ResultsResults demonstrated that the no mortality was reported even after 14 d. This indicates that the methanol extract is safe up to a single dose of 2 000 mg/kg body weight. TCLE (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) exhibited remarkable blood glucose lowering effect in blood glucose level in normal fasted rats, glucose tolerance and alloxan induced hyperglycemia model. Cholesterol and triglyceride also decreased in alloxan induced hyperglycemia model.ConclusionsThe results of this study exhibites that methanol extract of T. capensis possesses antihypergycemic activity and it may prove to be effective for the treatment of hyperglycemia.     

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of Merremia tridentata (M. tridentata) root (MTRAE) in normal, glucose-loaded hyperglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.MethodsOral administration of MTRAE at the doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg was studied in normal, glucose-loaded and STZ-diabetic rats. The three doses caused significant reduction in blood glucose levels in all the models.ResultsThe effect was more pronounced in 100 and 150 mg/kg than 50 mg/kg. MTRAE also showed significant increase in serum insulin, body weight and glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscle of STZ-induced diabetic rats while there was significant reduction in the levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol. MTRAE also showed significant antilipidperoxidative effect in the pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic effect of M. tridentata was compared with glibenclamide, a well known hypoglycemic drug.ConclusionsThe results indicate that aqueous extract of M. tridentata root possesses significant antidiabetic activity.     

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaves (field grown & in vitro raised) extracts on alloxan induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo investigate antidiabetic efficacy of the extract of field grown and in vitro raised leaves of Solanum xanthocarpum (S. xanthocarpum) against alloxan induced diabetic rats.MethodsThe antidiabetic activity of the crude methanol extracts of the field grown and in vitro raised leaves of S. xanthocarpum at different concentrations (100–200 mg/kg bw) was tested against alloxan induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic efficacy was validated through various biochemical parameters and the antioxidant effect was also determined. The phytochemical analyses of field grown S. xanthocarpum and in vitro rasied S. xanthocarpum leaves were done by estimating their chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar, protein, amino acid and minerals contents.ResultsThe results revealed that the methanol extracts of both the leaves (field grown and in vitro raised) of S. xanthocarpum was efficient anti hyperglycemic agents at a concentration of 200 mg/kg bw and posses potent antioxidant activity. However, the extracts of in vitro rasied S. xanthocarpum raised leaves exhibit higher efficacy than the field grown leaves in all tested concentrations. Proximal composition and mineral analysis of S. xanthocarpum revealed higher concentration of contents in in vitro rasied S. xanthocarpum than field grown S. xanthocarpum.ConclusionsFrom the results it can be concluded that the leaves extracts of S. xanthocarpum can be a potential candidate in treating the hyperglycemic conditions and suits to be an agent to reduce oxidative stress.     

Effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) in hyperglycaemia associated ROS production in PBMNCs and pancreatic tissue of alloxan induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (EELU) in hyperglycemia associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and pancreatic antioxidant enzymes in alloxan induced diabetic rat.MethodsDiabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.). After acute and subacute treatment serum glucose was determined. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in EELU pretreated animals. ROS production in PBMNCs and pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were measured in alloxan induced diabetic rat.ResultsOur results showed that, treatment of EELU (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum glucose level in acute and subacute study. The antihyperglycaemic effects of EELU showed onset at 4th h (P<0.001) and peak effect at 6th h (P<0.001). The effect was sustained until 24th h with 400 mg/kg. In subacute study, significant antihyperglycaemic effect was observed from 14th day (P<0.001) onwards. In EELU treated rat the body weight was significantly (P<0.001) increased as compared to diabetic group on 21st day onwards. In OGTT, increased glucose utilization was observed. Treatment of EELU 400 mg/kg showed significant reversal in pancreatic GSH (P<0.01) and SOD (P<0.05) indicating antioxidant nature of EELU. Flow cytometric estimation of total ROS production in PBMNCs in diabetic rats was significantly increased (P<0.001), whereas EELU treatment showed significant (P<0.001) decrease in PBMNCs ROS.ConclusionsIt is concluded from the investigation that EELU showed antihyperglycaemic effect mediated through inhibition of ROS level in PBMNCs and preservation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in pancreatic tissue in alloxan induced diabetic rat.     

Effect of Gymnema montanum leaves on serum and tissue lipids in alloxan diabetic rats

The effect of Gymnema montanum leaves on alloxan-induced hyperlipidemia was studied in male Wistar rats. Ethanolic extract of G. montanum leaves was administered orally and different doses of the extract on blood glucose, serum and tissue lipids, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides, and glutathione in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were studied. G. montanum leaf extract (GLEt) at doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg body weight for 3 weeks suppressed the elevated blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic rats. GLEt at 200 mg/kg body weight was found to be comparable to glibenclamide, a reference drug. These data indicate that G. montanum represents an effective antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic adjunct for the treatment of diabetes and a potential source of discovery of new orally active agent for future therapy.     

Hydroethanolic extract of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaves improves hyperglycemia of streptozotocin induced neonatal diabetic rats

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydroethanolic extract of yacon on the hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin(STZ) in neonatal rats. Methods: Wistar rats aged two days old received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ(160 mg/kg); after seven weeks, glycosuria was determined and animals with glucose levels above 250 mg/d L were included in the study. Groups of diabetic and non-diabetic rats were treated orally with yacon extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg/d for 14 d. Tests were made for phytochemical characterization, glucose tolerance and toxicity. Results: The results showed that treatment with the extract reduced the glucose levels of fed diabetic rats and did not change the glucose levels of fasting diabetic and normal rats. Additionally, also it was observed that treatment with the extract reduced blood glucose levels of diabetic rats during the oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. There was no change in body weight, liver enzymes or mortality with yacon extract treatment. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid. Conclusions: The data suggest that yacon extract reduces hyperglycemia, possibly by improving insulin sensibility through its phytochemicals constituents(phenolic compounds).     

Antidiabetic effect of flax and pumpkin seed mixture powder: effect on hyperlipidemia and antioxidant status in alloxan diabetic rats

Reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. This study aims to examine the effects of flax and pumpkin powder seed mixture on alloxan induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Animals were allocated into three groups of six rats each: a control group (CD), diabetic group (DD) and diabetic rats fed with flax and pumpkin seed mixture (DMS) group. The diabetic rats (DD) presented a significant increase in glycemia, plasma and liver lipid parameters such as total lipid, total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the control group (CD). In addition, plasma and liver malonaldialdehyde levels (MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation) significantly increased compared to (CD). Antioxidant enzymes activities such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased in the plasma and liver of diabetic rats compared to controls. Diet supplemented with flax and pumpkin seed mixture in the DMS group ameliorated antioxidant enzymes activities and level of GSH in diabetic rats and significantly decreased MDA levels. The present study revealed a significant increase in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase on diabetic status, indicating considerable hepatocellular injury. The administration of flax and pumpkin seed mixture attenuated the increased levels of the plasma enzymes produced by the induction of diabetes and caused a subsequent recovery towards normalization comparable to the control group animals. Our results thus suggest that flax and pumpkin seed mixture supplemented to diet may be helpful in preventing diabetic complications in adult rats.     

Hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects of Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms ethanolic bark extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms stem bark is used in traditional folk medicine in Kenya for diabetes mellitus and obesity management. This...     

Ameliorative effect of Pergularia daemia(Forssk.) Chiov. leaves extract against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver injury in rats

Objective:To evaluate therapeutic potential of hydroethanolic extract of Pergularia daemia(P.daemia) against anti-tuberculosis drugs(ATDs) induced liver injury.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups of six animal in each.The ATDs and P.daemia extract(100,200 and 400 mg/kg,p.o.) were conjointly administered for 8 weeks and various biochemical,histoarchitectural,ultrastructural studies were performed.Results:Administration of ATDs significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,triglycerides,cholesterol,bilirubin and decreased glucose and albumin level.Increased lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found after ATDs exposure.Administration of P.daemia extract maintained serum biochemical indices as well as antioxidant status similar to control and diminished oxidative stress in dose dependent manner.Histological and ultra-structural observations substantiated biochemical findings.Conclusions:P.daemia has therapeutic potential against ATDs induced liver injury and may be of clinical significance after extensive studies.