类似或貌似心室分离的心脏移植心电图1例

心脏移植是治疗充血性心力衰竭患者的有效方法,由于心脏供体来源较少、手术难度大、术后易感染、移植后机体出现排斥反应、患者存活时间有限等原因,使得心脏移植心电图报道较少,我院近期收治1例心脏移植患者,现报道如下。     

心脏移植患者应用硫氮酮预防冠心病的初步研究

短期内迅速形成冠心病是心脏移植患者晚期发病及死亡的主要原因。动物实验业已证实钙拮抗剂可抑制实验性动脉粥样硬化的发生,在此研究基础上,作者对接受心脏移植后的患者应用硫氨酮进行前瞻性治疗研究,以评价硫氨酮对心脏移植患者冠心病的预防效果。方法:将符合心脏移植适应症的患者随机分为硫氨酮治疗组(n=52)和非钙抗拮剂治疗组(n=54),两组心脏移植供、受者的年龄、性别、组织相容性抗原(HLA)匹配及移植心脏的缺血发作时间无差别。心脏移植后近期内及以后每年均作冠状动脉造影,测量开始时,第1年及第2年时冠状动脉各分支的平均内径,作为评估冠状动脉病变轻重的指标。结果:接受冠状动脉造影达3次的57例患者     

落新妇甙对小鼠心脏移植排斥反应的抑制作用

目的探讨落新妇甙对小鼠心脏移植排斥反应的抑制作用。方法采用小鼠颈部心脏移植模型。随机将心脏移植后的48只小鼠分为四组：A组心脏移植后每天用生理盐水1ml灌胃，B组心脏移植后每天用环孢素A5mg／kg灌胃，C组心脏移植后每天用落新妇甙1ml／kg灌胃，D组心脏移植后每天用环孢素A2．5mg／kg及落新妇甙1ml／kg灌胃。观察移植心脏的存活时间及心脏跳动情况。结果B组、C组及D组移植心脏存活时间均较A组显著延长（P＜0．01）；D组移植心脏存活时间最长，优于C组（P＜0．05）和B组（P＜0．01）。结论落新妇甙对心脏移植排斥反应有较强的抑制作用，并与环孢素A有协同作用。     

祝贺陈良万等利用脑死亡捐献的供体进行心脏移植成功

近年来，我国的临床心脏移植有了长足的进展，移植术后近、中期效果达到国际先进水平，使许多危重心脏病患者因此而重获新生。但随着心脏移植的广泛开展，供体心脏的来源必将成为影响心脏移植发展的主要因素。虽然供体来源有多种方式，如有心跳死亡（脑死亡）器官捐献、无心跳死亡器官捐献、活体器官捐献等，但对心脏移植来说，只有脑死亡器官捐献才能达到要求。目前我国官方已公开承认从死刑者身上获取移植器官这一事实，这种落后的器官来源模式与目前大规模的移植医疗活动极不相称，这种状态必须尽快改变，以实现我国器官移植公开化、正规化、合法化的目标。我们很高兴看到陈良万等同志在国内率先利用脑死亡无器官捐献的供体心脏进行心脏移植，尝试我国心脏移植史上新的供体心脏来源，     

心脏移植相关冠状动脉疾病的诊断研究进展

心脏移植是终末期心脏衰竭的一种有效治疗手段，然而移植后移植心脏内迅速进行性的血管闭塞，是引起心脏移植后远期死亡或再次移植的重要原因，又被称为心脏同种异体移植物血管病变或移植相关冠状动脉疾病（transplant associated coronary artery disease, TxCAD）。根据国际心肺移植协会登记处统计，TxCAD的发生率为移植后5年32．3％，8年45．7％。形态学上，TxCAD不同于非移植后的“天然”动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉疾病，其病变更为弥散，病变累及远端的心外膜血管和心肌内的血管；组织学上，则具有同心环状的内膜增生伴少量弹性薄层的特点。由于此种血管病变的弥散性，传统的介入手段仅仅只在病变自然进程的晚期可选择，但效果往往不甚满意；经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）和支架置入术后5年具有68％的高再狭窄率，     

心脏移植术后冠状动脉病变的计算机断层扫描研究现状与方向

心脏移植已经成为终末期心力衰竭的最终有效治疗方式。但术后移植心脏血管病变严重影响患者长期存活。鉴于移植心脏去神经化导致的无症状或症状极不明显的特征,亟需一项有效、无创、适合国人的移植心脏血管病变诊断筛查工具。冠状动脉计算机断层扫描由于其较高的冠状动脉病变诊断价值成为一项比较令人满意的移植心脏血管病变诊断筛查工具,可以在国内尚未建立起冠状动脉造影或血管内超声筛查诊断移植心脏血管病变系统的情况下,发挥巨大的临床和预防作用,有利于患者自身利益和国内心脏移植的发展。     

无心跳供体心脏移植热缺血时限的实验研究

目的探讨未经药物预处理的无心跳供体心脏移植成功的热缺血时限。方法实验犬30只，供体和受体组各5只，对照组：心脏以0℃组氨酸-色氨酸-酮戊二酸溶液（histidine—tryptophan—ketogluarate solution，HTK）500ml主动脉根部灌注，心脏停跳后切取供心，置于0℃HTK液中保存2h；热缺血16min组：心脏缺氧停跳后热缺血16min．用0℃ HTK液500ml灌注冲洗冠状动脉，切取供心．置于0ccHTK液中保存2h；热缺血18min组：心脏缺氧停跳后热缺血18min，灌注及保存方法同热缺血16min组。以标准心脏移植方法行原位移植，监测供体心脏移植前后的血流动力学指标、心脏质量，测定心肌酶等指标，电镜观察心肌组织超微结构改变。结果心脏移植实验中对照组及热缺血16min组均可成功复跳、脱离体外循环辅助，血流动力学指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。热缺血18min组仅有2例可以脱机，与对照组及热缺血16min组相比，左心室舒张末期压升高、-dp／dtmax下降较明显．与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但与16min组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），心脏质量及心肌酶明显升高（P〈O．05），电镜观察超微结构破坏明显。结论常温热缺血16min的供心有可能被成功用于心脏移植。     

CsA对大鼠移植心脏细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :探讨细胞凋亡与心脏移植急、慢性排斥反应之间的关系。方法 :Wistar大鼠为供体 ,SD大鼠为受体 ,心脏移植术后给予环孢霉素A(CsA)治疗 ,在移植术后的不同时间 ,取下移植心脏 ,流式细胞术测定移植心脏组织的细胞凋亡率。结果 :CsA治疗的慢性排斥反应组 ,移植心脏的细胞凋亡率显著增高。结论 :细胞凋亡参与移植排斥反应 ,移植心脏细胞凋亡率的检测可作为诊断排斥反应和移植物能否长期存活的指标之一。     

心脏移植患者血肌钙蛋白水平的临床价值

心脏移植手术是目前治疗各种原因引起的终末期心脏病最有效的手段,随着外科技术及免疫抑制剂的发展,术后患者生存率有所提高。但是急性排异反应、移植心脏冠状动脉血管病变以及急慢性移植物功能衰竭仍是影响心脏移植患者近期及远期生存率的主要因素。对上述事件的早期诊断及治疗有助于改善患者生存率。因此,如何寻找生物标记物有效预测上述事件的发生一直是心脏移植领域研究的热点。肌钙蛋白(Tn)作为心肌损伤的较敏感标记物,在心脏移植患者中的临床价值尚不完全明了。临床研究发现,血Tn水平在心脏移植术后早期普遍升高,对急性排异反应的诊断价值有限,对于移植术后发生移植物功能衰竭、移植心脏冠状动脉病变等心血管事件以及生存率方面有一定预测价值。本文将结合相关文献对移植术后血Tn及其浓度的变化在心脏移植中的临床意义进行讨论。     

无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术20例临床观察

目的：探讨无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术的可行性、临床效果及其优越性。方法：将46例冠心病病人随机分为无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术组(观察组)20例，与传统的经球囊预扩张后冠状动脉内支架置入术组(对照组)26例进行对比分析。结果：两组病人手术操作成功率相似，均能获得满意的支架置入后冠状动脉造影结果；缓解心绞痛的效果两组无差异：随访期间两组均未发生死亡、急性心肌梗死等心脏急性事件；但观察组可缩短手术时间34．87％，减少X线曝光时间26．76％，减少造影剂用量35．80％，降低治疗费用27．62％。结论：无预扩张直接冠状动脉内支架置入术是一种安全有效的治疗方法，在某些方面优于传统的经球囊预扩张后冠状动脉内支架置入术。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.