青风藤总生物碱聚乳酸微球的制备

聚乳酸(PLA)及其共聚物具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,在人体内无积聚,最终可完全降解为二氧化碳和水.PLA微球可用于制备生物降解型缓释或定向给药体系[1,3],具有广泛的应用前景.     

聚乳酸乙醇酸的生物降解和安全性研究进展

聚乳酸乙醇酸(PLGA)的降解主要是通过酯键水解,自催化作用和巨噬细胞吞噬;水解产物为乳酸和乙醇酸,均可代谢分解生成二氧化碳和水,分别通过肺和肾排出体外,仅有微量的原型聚合物经尿液排出,体内没有蓄积现象.PLGA具有良好的生物相容性和可生物降解性,作为组织工程支架和药物控释系统材料是安全的.美国食品药品管理局(FDA)已经批准将PLGA作为组织工程细胞支架和药物载体,在美国、日本市场应用多年,未见严重的不良反应报道.目前国产PLGA的质量和控释微球药品的开发研究仍需要提高,尤其是制剂的载药量、控释技术以及稳定性技术.介绍PLGA的生物降解与安全性研究进展,为开发PLGA控释系统提供参考.     

聚乳酸载药微球的制备及应用研究进展

目的介绍聚乳酸载药微球的研究情况。方法查阅数据库相关文献,较全面介绍了聚乳酸载药微球的制备方法及应用现状。结果聚乳酸载药微球具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性、靶向性和控释性,在目前应用中还存在一些问题。结论聚乳酸载药微球在药学领域有着广阔的发展前景。     

聚乳酸-羟基乙酸载药微球控制体外释放因素的研究进展

体外释放行为研究是为了能够更好地反映微球在体内的释药状况,有利于筛选出更理想的处方及工艺.体外释放度试验是微球制剂释药速度的体外评价方法,可以了解制剂的生物药剂学特点和预测药物在体内的释放和吸收,使体外释放获得的数据能与体内数据具有相关性.体外释放度实验是常用的微球制剂体外释药速度的评价方法.建立体内外相关性后就能以体外实验代替体内实验来测定生物利用度和生物等效性.根据药物的性质、给药途径和释药时间,选用不同的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)采用相应的制备工艺;通过调整PLGA的组成、分子量、载药量及粒径的大小等因素,能控制药物达到不同的释放速度或程度.     

影响聚酯微球中药物释放的因素

聚酯材料因其原料易得、容易加工、生物相容性好、具有可生物降解性等优点,已经成为当今药物载体材料中的一大研究热点。现综合国内外的有关报道对可生物降解聚酯材料作为药物载体制备微球制剂的研究进展进行了综述。针对目前限制聚酯材料微球制剂临床应用存在的问题,从聚合物、药物、制备工艺、附加剂、辐射灭菌5个方面对影响聚乳酸(PLA)和聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)缓释微球中药物释放的因素进行了重点介绍,为研究聚酯微球中药物的释放提供思路。     

聚乳酸微球生物降解机制和生物相容性研究进展

介绍了人工合成高分子材料聚乳酸（PLA）的性质，综述了PLA和乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球的生物降解性和生物相容性。其生物降解为均匀降解，材料相对分子质量及其分布对降解行为有很大影响。注射微球的组织反应分为3个阶段，做组织相容性考察时应注意药物或生物活性物质的细胞毒性、抗原性和愈合作用对组织反应的影响。     

抗癌药物白蛋白微球的研究进展

为提高抗癌药物对癌细胞或组织的靶向性,增强疗效,降低其全身毒副作用,以不同材料作载体的抗癌药物微球相继研制成功:不可生物降解的乙基纤维素微球,可生物降解的白蛋白微球、淀粉微球、明胶微球、聚乳酸微球,以及近年来问世的磁性微球、毫微球等。白蛋白微球以其良好的生物相容性和可降解性被广泛用于抗癌药靶向给药系统。 白蛋白微球最初用于动物及人的肺部扫描和循环系统研究,自1974年首次作为抗癌药物载体以来,相继用作诊断试剂及靶向给药、化学栓塞治疗的载体。1 抗癌药物动脉栓塞白蛋白微球 肿瘤动脉栓塞疗法是将抗癌药物制剂选择性注入支配     

聚乳酸载药微球的制备及修饰研究进展

聚乳酸(PLA)是一种新型的高分子聚合物,不溶于水、乙醇,可溶于二氯甲烷(DCM)、丙酮等.PLA无免疫原性,它以玉米为主要原料,合成及改性技术已经趋于成熟[1].PLA和乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)都具有良好的生物相容性,在体内最终代谢为二氧化碳和水,是可用于人体的生物降解材料.PLA有良好的力学性能[2],也有亲水性不足等缺点,为改善药物的靶向性及释药速度,常需要对其进行修饰.与其他靶向释药系统相比,微球具有制备较简单、稳定性好、成本低等特点,为近年来研究的热点[3].不过有些PLA微球的包封率和载药量低,突释及体内生物降解而造成药物难以在最恰当的时间内释放,以至于有些制剂尚难以应用于临床.本文从制备和修饰方面综述近几年PLA微球的研究进展.     

局部应用环孢素A聚乳酸微球的性状及释药研究

目的对局部应用环孢素A聚乳酸微球的性状及其在体外、体内释放进行研究。方法通过采用O/W型乳化-溶剂挥发法制备环孢素A聚乳酸微球。观察微球分散度、粒径及外观形态及体外释药特性,对比全身与局部给药后全血中及气管组织中的环孢素A药物浓度。结果环孢素A聚乳酸微球的形态圆整,平均粒径18.234μm,跨距:1.131,粒径在9.525～32.400μm者占总数的80%以上。包封率为(86.1±0.8)%,载药量为(34.5±0.6)%。环孢素A聚乳酸微球的体外释药情况:30d的累积释药量为40.8%,采用局部埋植微球后前2周可以维持较高的血药浓度,2周后也可以维持在200ng/ml的药物浓度。结论环孢素A聚乳酸微球具有较好的缓释性能。局部应用可获得有效的血药浓度,在局部气管组织中的药物浓度高于全身用药组。     

喷雾干燥法制备的壳聚糖微球

壳聚糖为亲水性聚糖,具有生物相容性和生物降解性,低毒。近年来被用于开发药物递送系统(DDS),如制成微球控释给药系统。将壳聚糖微球用作粘膜粘附给药系统的研究亦不断增加,尤其多肽类鼻腔给药或口服给药,以提高药物吸收。喷雾干燥用于从药物/辅料的溶液或混悬液中生产粉末、颗粒或附聚物,最近的报道中喷雾干燥法制备微球所使用的材料主要有聚乳酸或乳酸/羟乙酸共聚物、蛋白、乙基纤维素等。本研究用喷雾干燥法制备了包裹H2受体拮抗剂西咪替丁、法莫替丁和尼扎替丁的壳聚糖微球,微球带正电,以增强粘膜粘附性能,并使之适合于鼻腔或胃肠道给…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.