头孢呋辛钠在木糖醇注射液中的稳定性考察

目的：考察室温（25℃）下头孢呋辛钠在木糖醇注射液中的稳定性。方法：用紫外分光光度法测定配伍液中头孢呋辛钠的含量,并观察外观、pH值的变化。结果：头孢呋辛钠与木糖醇注射液配伍后5h内其外观,pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论：室温（25℃）下头孢呋辛钠在木糖醇注射液中稳定性良好。     

甲硝唑注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠配伍稳定性考察

目的　 考察甲硝唑注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠在 2 0℃、37℃下的配伍稳定性。 方法 　采用紫外分光光度法 ,在 2 0℃、37℃下 ,观察甲硝唑注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠在 5h内的外观、pH值及含量变化。 结果　甲硝唑注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠混合 ,5h内其外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。 结论 　甲硝唑注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠 5h内配伍基本稳定     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用头孢呋辛钠与注射用氯诺昔康的配伍稳定性

目的 考察注射用头孢呋辛钠与注射用氯诺昔康在0.9％氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性.方法 在(25±1)℃条件下,观察和检测两药配伍液在8h内的外观及pH值变化,并用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定配伍液中头孢呋辛钠与氯诺昔康的含量变化.结果 配伍液8h内氯诺昔康的含量无明显变化,pH值随时间而逐渐下降,溶液颜色随时间而逐渐加深,头孢呋辛钠相对百分含量在5h后降至95％以下.结论 室温条件下,注射用头孢呋辛钠与注射用氯诺昔康在0.9％氯化钠注射液中4h内保持稳定.     

注射用炎琥宁与头孢呋辛钠配伍的稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用炎琥宁与注射用头孢呋辛钠在0.9%氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,测定注射用炎琥宁与注射用头孢呋辛钠配伍后在室温下8 h内的含量变化,并观察和检测配伍液的外观及pH值变化.结果:配伍液pH值无明显变化,颜色随时间变化逐渐加深,头孢呋辛钠相对百分含量在5 h后降至95%以下,4 h后降解产物峰面积占总峰面积百分比超过1%.结论:注射用炎琥宁与注射用头孢呋辛钠在0.9%氯化钠注射液可配伍使用,但应在4 h内用完.     

注射用头孢呋辛钠与氟康唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的：考察室温（25±1）℃下,注射用头孢呋辛钠与氟康唑氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法测定配伍液中头孢呋辛钠与氟康唑0～6h内的含量变化,同时测定配伍液pH并观察外观变化情况。结果：注射用头孢呋辛钠与氟康唑氯化钠注射液配伍6h内配伍液颜色逐步加深、pH下降,氟康唑含量无明显变化,但头孢呋辛钠的含量逐步下降。结论：在室温下,注射用头孢呋辛钠与氟康唑氯化钠注射液不宜配伍使用。     

头孢呋辛钠与木糖醇注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:探讨头孢呋辛钠和木糖醇注射液在室温(25℃)条件下的配伍稳定性。方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后0～8h内头孢呋辛钠的含量和紫外吸收光谱的变化,用pHS-3C型酸度计测定pH的变化,并观察配伍液的外观、颜色、澄明度。结果:室温下配伍溶液的各项指标0～8 h内无显著性变化。结论:头孢呋辛钠与木糖醇注射液可以配伍使用。     

注射用硫酸头孢噻利与木糖醇注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用硫酸头孢噻利与木糖醇注射液配伍的稳定性。方法:在25℃、37℃下6h内,考察配伍液的外观、pH值和硫酸头孢噻利的紫外光谱的变化;采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍液中硫酸头孢噻利的含量。结果:6h内,注射用硫酸头孢噻利与木糖醇注射液的配伍液外观、pH值、紫外光谱及含量无明显变化。结论:硫酸头孢噻利与木糖醇注射液在6h内配伍稳定。     

注射用头孢呋辛钠与利巴韦林注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的考察注射用头孢呋辛钠与利巴韦林注射液在20℃、37℃下的配伍稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法,在20℃、37℃下,观察注射用头抱呋辛钠与利巴韦林注射液在5h内的外观、pH值及紫外吸光度变化。结果注射用头孢呋辛钠与利巴韦林注射液混合,5h内其外观、pH值及紫外吸光度均无明显变化。结论注射用头孢呋辛钠与利巴韦林注射液5h内配伍基本稳定。     

胰岛素注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠配伍的稳定性

目的:考查胰岛素注射液与注射用头孢呋辛钠在5%葡萄糖注射液中配伍稳定性.方法:观察配伍液外观、测定配伍液pH值,采用HPLC法测定头孢呋辛钠含量,用化学发光免疫法测定胰岛素含量.结果:配伍液在12 h内无明显外观、pH值、头孢呋辛钠含量的变化,但胰岛素含量在3 h后变化超过10%.结论:胰岛素注射液和头孢呋辛钠在5%葡萄糖注射液中室温下可配伍应用,但应在3 h内用完.     

头孢呋辛钠在果糖氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性考察简

目的：考察在室温25℃和4℃下,头孢呋辛钠与果糖氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性.方法：模拟临床用药浓度,将头孢呋辛钠0.75g加入到250 ml果糖氯化钠注射液中,混合均匀后,在25℃和4℃下考察24 h内配伍液的外观和pH值变化,并采用HPLC法测定头孢呋辛钠的含量.结果：在25℃下,0～4 h及4℃下,0～12 h内配伍液的外观、头孢呋辛钠的含量均无明显变化;pH值稍有升高.结论：头孢呋辛钠与果糖氯化钠注射液配伍,在25℃时4h内,以及在4℃时12h内相对稳定.建议该配伍液临用新配,若不能马上使用,应置4℃冰箱保存,保存时间不得超过12 h.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.