直接腔静脉途径建立肝内门腔分流的适应证与临床结果

目的评估在肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常时，经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支完成肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)操作的可行性和安全性，探讨其临床意义。资料与方法65例肝硬化门静脉高压患者行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉完成TIPS。结果65例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现与术中技术相关并发症，1年内再狭窄率明显低于常规TIPS，3例肝性脑病需限流支架置入得以控制。结论经肝段下腔静脉TIPS技术用于肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常病例是安全、有效的，同时由于肝内分流道曲度较小，1年内支架开通率明显提高。     

Recanalization of an Occluded Intrahepatic Portosystemic Covered Stent via the Percutaneous Transhepatic Approach

A 41-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis had recurrent portal hypertension and bleeding from esophageal varices due to complete occlusion of a previously inserted transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent. Because recanalization of the stent by the transjugular approach was unsuccessful, ultrasound-guided entry to the splenic vein and portal vein was used. After catheter-directed intrathrombus thrombolysis, successful opening of the stent was achieved and a stent was placed. We herein report a rare case in which thrombolysis and recanalization of a TIPS stent were performed via a percutaneous transhepatic approach.     

Treatment of Portosystemic Shunt Myelopathy with a Stent Graft Deployed through a Transjugular Intrahepatic Route

A case of surgically created splenorenal shunt complicated with shunt myelopathy was successfully managed by placement of a stent graft within the splenic vein to close the portosystemic shunt and alleviate myelopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of shunt myelopathy in a patient with noncirrhotic portal fibrosis without cirrhosis treated by a novel technique wherein a transjugular intrahepatic route was adopted to deploy the stent graft.     

Detachable balloon-modified reducing stent to treat hepatic insufficiency after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation

A patient developed severe hepatic insufficiency after creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, which was treated unsuccessfully with a constrained Wallstent ("reducing stent"). After a failed attempt at occluding the shunt with an occlusion balloon, a detachable balloon was placed at the portal end of the constrained stent. This balloon-modified reducing stent reduced flow while maintaining shunt patency, and the patient's hepatic insufficiency improved. She went on to undergo successful liver transplantation several months later.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流双支架技术研究进展

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)目前已成为治疗肝硬化门静脉高压及其并发症的主要方法.TIPS专用Viatorr支架2015年底在中国上市,但至今未能在国内广泛应用,国内多个中心目前仍采用裸支架与覆膜支架各1枚叠加释放的双支架技术模拟Viatorr支架行TIPS.双支架技术具有独特优势,但在远期疗效上不及单支架植入.该文就TIPS双支架技术分类与优势、术后分流道功能障碍原因、术后随访、分流道功能障碍处理处理等研究进展作一综述,以期更好地发挥该技术在肝硬化门静脉高压治疗中的作用.     

Technical advances in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can be created percutaneously with the Palmaz balloon-expandable stent. This article describes a transjugular-only approach with a 16-gauge needle. A functional and efficacious shunt can be achieved in most cases with stent diameters of 8-10 mm. Occasionally, a 12-mm-diameter shunt is necessary for effective variceal decompression. The procedure is considered successful when the portosystemic gradient is lowered to 12 mm Hg or less after stent placement. Hepatic vein stenosis in the shunt outflow can develop after the TIPs procedure. This complication has been treated successfully with additional stent placement. TIPS can undoubtedly be performed successfully and safely with a transjugular-only approach; however, the full impact of TIPS on the treatment of portal hypertension remains to be determined.     

Intentional occlusion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is a well-described means of treating portal hypertension and its complications. Occasionally, the consequences of this shunt prompt the desire for its subsequent obliteration. We report one unsuccessful and one successful method of TIPS occlusion. Key words: TIPS, complications-Occlusion-Thrombosis-Balloon occlusion catheter-Amplatz spi-der-Embolization coil     

Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous transhepatic portacaval shunt creation

We successfully created a percutaneous transhepatic portacaval shunt under ultrasonography (US) guidance in a 46-year-old man with refractory ascites. The shunt was created to salvage an attempt to create a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) that failed because of the elevated level of portal vein bifurcation due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Under US guidance, we simultaneously punctured the right branch of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC) using a two-step biliary drainage set. An Amplatz gooseneck snare was introduced transjugularly to retrieve the percutaneously inserted guidewire. The intrahepatic tract between the portal vein and the IVC was dilated using a balloon catheter, and a stent was placed in the tract. The patient showed complete resolution of ascites at discharge. We assume that our method is an alternative method for TIPS creation in patients with inadequate anatomical relations between the portal vein branches and the hepatic veins. This approach is thought to be feasible for patients with occluded or small hepatic veins.     

Percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created via a femoral vein approach

Creation of a percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was attempted in a patient with portal hypertension and acute variceal hemorrhage. Abnormal hepatic venous anatomy precluded formation of the shunt with the standard transjugular method. An alternate technique was devised in which a femoral vein approach was used to construct an intrahepatic channel between the inferior right hepatic vein and the right portal vein. The patient stopped bleeding after the procedure and has not rebled during an 8-month follow-up period.     

Percutaneous transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The preliminary experience and proposal of a new method]

A new interventional procedure employing metallic stents has been recently suggested to perform percutaneous portosystemic shunts in the treatment of variceal bleeding in portal hypertension; the technique is called TIPSS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt). This percutaneous treatment presents several advantages over surgery: the shunt diameter can be calibrated according to the degree of portal hypertension; moreover, TIPSS can be performed in patients waiting for liver transplantation because it does not alter the vascular anatomy of liver. The original technique employed transhepatic portography. In this paper the authors report on their personal experience and present their series of 4 patients with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding, in whom TIPSS was performed utilizing noninvasive US guidance. Variceal bleeding was successfully treated in all patients and variceal distension was also obtained.     

Imaging and radiological interventions in extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction

Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is a primary vascular condition characterized by chronic long standing blockage and cavernous transformation of portal vein with or without additional involvement of intrahepatic branches, splenic or superior mesenteric vein. Patients generally present in childhood with multiple episodes of variceal bleed and EHPVO is the predominant cause of paediatric portal hypertension (PHT) in developing countries. It is a pre-hepatic type of PHT in which liver functions and morphology are preserved till late. Characteristic imaging findings include multiple parabiliary venous collaterals which form to bypass the obstructed portal vein with resultant changes in biliary tree termed portal biliopathy or portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. Ultrasound with Doppler, computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiography and magnetic resonance portovenography are non-invasive techniques which can provide a comprehensive analysis of degree and extent of EHPVO, collaterals and bile duct abnormalities. These can also be used to assess in surgical planning as well screening for shunt patency in post-operative patients. The multitude of changes and complications seen in EHPVO can be addressed by various radiological interventional procedures. The myriad of symptoms arising secondary to vascular, biliary, visceral and neurocognitive changes in EHPVO can be managed by various radiological interventions like transjugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunt, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, partial splenic embolization, balloon occluded retrograde obliteration of portosystemic shunt (PSS) and revision of PSS.     

TIPSS治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的术后并发症及护理

目的:探讨经颈静脉肝内门体支架分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt,Tipss)治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的并发症及护理。方法:对我院50例肝硬化Child-Push分级B、C级患者分别给予Tipss术,术中、术后严密观察病情变化、手术进程及各种并发症的发生情况,并针对不同情况,给予细致的护理观察,总结观察结果。结果:50例患者术后平均门静脉压力下降20cm H2O,术后肝硬化门脉高压患者的腹水或上消化道出血两大并发症得到不同程度的缓解;术后1月内,除1例1周后支架即闭塞,1例术后即并发严重肝性脑病外,未见其他并发症的发生,远期并发症主要以反复的肝性脑病及支架闭塞为主,其他肝静脉闭塞、肝性神经病变较少见;术后1月复查肝功,平均Child积分变化不大。结论:Tipss是治疗肝硬化合并门脉高压症有效方法,术后门脉压力缓解明显,但术后支架狭窄与肝性脑病高发,通过加强护理可降低其发生率,但肝性脑病仍处在较高的水平,是Tipss开展的又一难题。     

Experimental TIPS with spiral Z-stents in swine with and without induced portal hypertension

Purpose To assess the suitability of spiral Z-stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and the influence of portal hypertension on shunt patency in young swine. Methods TIPS were established using spiral Z-stents in 14 domestic swine. In 7 animals, the portal venous pressure was normal; in the other 7, acute portal hypertension was induced by embolization of portal vein branches. Follow-up portal venography and histologic evaluations were done from 1 hr to 12 weeks after TIPS. Results Follow-up transhepatic portal venograms showed progressive narrowing of the shunt, most priminent in the midportion of the tract. Ingrowth of liver parenchyma between the stent wires found after 3 weeks led to progressive shunt narrowing and shunt occlusion by 12 weeks. A pseudointima grew rapidly inside the stent, peaked in thickness around 4 weeks, and decreased later. Acutely created portal hypertension rapidly returned to normal and there was no difference in TIPS patency between the two groups of animals. Conclusion Although the spiral Z-stent can be used as a device for creation of TIPS in patients with cirrhotic livers, it is associated with extensive liver ingrowth in swine that leads to rapid shunt occlusion. Portal hypertension was only transient in this model.     

经皮经肝肝内门体分流术的手术方法与临床应用

目的介绍经皮经肝肝内门体分流术（PTIPS）的手术方法及围术期情况。 方法2009年11月—2013年3月,76例门静脉高压患者接受经门静脉右支PTIPS,临床表现为消化道出血69例（其中23例合并不同程度腹腔积液）,单纯性顽固性腹腔积液7例。术前肝功能Child-Pugh A级23例,B级35例,C级18例。上腹部CT/MRI显示34例肝脏重度萎缩,肝裂明显增宽;25例伴门静脉血栓/癌栓形成合并门静脉海绵样变性。经皮成功穿刺门静脉右下分支后,沿同一穿刺道经门静脉"逆行"穿刺肝静脉或肝段下腔静脉,建立肝内门体分流道。 结果76例患者PTIPS成功率100%。门静脉压差由术前（32.35±2.89）mmHg降至术后（18.42±1.32）mmHg（P<0.001）。2例患者发生腹腔出血,栓塞相应肝动脉后治愈。1例肝功能C级患者术后5天因肝衰竭死亡,余75例患者术后1个月内门脉高压症状消失。 结论PTIPS是传统经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）的补充,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,手术成功率高,大大拓展了介入性门体分流术的应用范围。     

Successful transfemoral creation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with use of the Viatorr device

Although the large majority of cases are anatomically favorable and therefore technically feasible, congenital or acquired conditions may complicate or even preclude successful creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The present report describes the use of the inferior right hepatic vein from a femoral vein access to obtain portal access and place a covered stent, reconstruct a partially occluded portal vein, and embolize large gastric varices in a patient with a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) and absent right SVC.     

经皮治疗门静脉血栓的临床研究

目的：研究和评价经皮治疗门静脉血栓技术的可行性和临床效果。材料与方法：16例有门静脉闭塞症状的患者,门静脉血栓均为非海绵状血管变性所致。通过建立经颈列脉肝内门腔静脉分流通道（TIPS）,带膜支架旁路术和经皮抽吸取栓法清除门静脉血栓提高门静脉的血流输出量。结果：13例采用经皮技术治疗获得成功。门静脉血栓所致的门脉高压均得到纠正,静脉曲张破裂出血立即停止;顽固性腹水和黄疸症状得到缓解。结论：经颈静脉门腔静脉分流术,门静脉内带膜支架旁路术和经皮门静脉抽吸取栓法对于治疗非海绵状血管变性和晨瘤栓所致的门静脉闭塞是安全有效的。     

Direct Percutaneous Embolization of Bleeding Stomal Varices

Stomal variceal bleeding can develop in patients with underlying cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Most patients are best treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation because this addresses the underlying problem of portal hypertension. However, some patients are not good candidates for TIPS creation because they have end-stage liver disease or encephalopathy. We describe such a patient who presented with recurrent bleeding stomal varices, which was successfully treated with percutaneous coil embolization. The patient had bleeding-free survival for 1 month before death from unrelated causes.     

门静脉血栓形成的TIPS治疗和临床结果

目的 研究和评价经皮治疗门静脉及其属支血栓的技术可行性和临床效果。方法 16例有门静脉及其属支闭塞症状的患，门静脉及其属支血栓均为非海绵状血管变性所致。通过建立经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流通道(TIPS)、带膜支架旁路术和经皮抽吸取栓法清除门静脉及其属支血栓提高门静脉的血流输出量。结果 13例采用经皮技术治疗获得成功。门静脉及其属支血栓所致的门脉高压均得到纠正，静脉曲张破裂出血立即停止；顽固性腹水和黄疸症状得到缓解。结论 经颈静脉门腔静脉分流术、门静脉内带膜支架旁路术和经皮门静脉及其属支抽吸取栓法对于治疗非海绵状血管变性和非瘤栓所致的门静脉闭塞是安全有效的。     

Hepatic Veins and Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in a Child Treated by Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

We report the case of a 9-year-old boy with portal hypertension, due to Budd-Chiari syndrome, and retrohepatic inferior vena cava thrombosis, submitted to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) by connecting the suprahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava directly to the portal vein. After 3 months, the withdrawal of anticoagulants promoted the thrombosis of the TIPS. At TIPS revision, thrombosis of the TIPS and the main portal vein and clots at the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins were found. Successful angiography treatment was performed by thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty of a severe stenosis at the distal edge of the stent.