尿毒症和肾移植患者精液参数的变化

目的:探讨尿毒症和肾移植患者精液参数的变化。方法:检测25例尿毒症患者(尿毒症组)和25 例肾移植术后患者(肾移植组)以及12例正常志愿者(正常对照组)的精液,并对其主要参数进行比较。结果:尿毒症组、肾移植组及正常对照组的精子活动力分别为(14.8±3.4)%、(50.7±4.8)% 和(63.8±3.6)% ;精子存活率分别为(27.2±4.8)% 、(71.9±6.0)%和(80.4±2.2)% ;精子密度分别为(22.2±3.8)×106/ml、(53.0±10.7)×106/ml和(67.6±14.9)×106/ml。肾移植组精液主要参数明显好于尿毒症组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:肾移植可明显改善尿毒症患者的精液质量。     

肾移植前后男性精液质量变化的对比分析

目的　探讨尿毒症患者肾移植前后精液质量的变化。　方法　检测 10例尿毒症患者肾移植手术前后以及 12例正常对照者的精液 ,并对 3组精液主要参数进行比较。　结果　肾移植前后和正常对照者的精子活动力分别为 (13.8± 2 .8) %、(48.3± 7.2 ) %和 (6 3.8± 3.6 ) % ;精子存活率分别为 (2 4 .2± 4 .1) %、(76 .3± 3.9) %和 (80 .4± 2 .2 ) % ;精子正常形态率分别为 (15 .6± 2 .3) %、(17.7±1.9) %和 (33.8± 3.7) %。肾移植术后患者的精子活动力、存活率明显好于术前 ,差异有显著性意义(P均 <0 .0 1) ;与正常对照组比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;精子正常形态率肾移植前后比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　成功的肾移植可以改善尿毒症患者的精液质量。     

特发性无、少精子症病人精浆中性激素水平的测定及意义

目的 :通过测定特发性无、少精子症病人精浆中的性激素水平 ,比较分析精浆性激素与无、少精子症的关系。　方法 :特发性无、少精子症男性各 5 0例 ,正常对照 5 0例。精液常规分析判断精子密度 ,化学发光技术测定精浆性激素水平。　结果 :特发性无、少精子症组黄体生成素 (LH)分别为 (5 .19± 0 .6 7)IU/L和 (4.77± 0 .6 8)IU/L ,与正常组 (2 .19± 0 .2 2 )IU/L相比 ,特发性无精子症组差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,特发性少精子症组与正常组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;卵泡刺激素 (FSH)分别为 (1.90± 0 .79)IU/L和 (2 .2 7± 0 .2 5 )IU/L ,与正常组 (1.6 1± 0 .14)IU/L相比 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;泌乳素 (PRL)分别为 (6 .2 5± 0 .34 )ng/ml和 (6 .33±0 .5 1)ng/ml,与正常组 (6 .36± 0 .32 )ng/ml相比差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;睾酮 (T)分别为 (1.5 1± 0 .12 )ng/ml和 (1.6 8± 0 .71)ng/ml,与正常组 (1.83± 0 .0 9)ng/ml相比 ,特发性无精子症组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,特发性少精子症组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;T/LH的比值分别为 0 .2 9± 0 .0 4和 0 .35± 0 .0 9,与对照组 0 .84± 0 .2 0相比 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :特发性无、少精子症病人 ,精浆     

精子DNA荧光分析与两种常规精液分析方法的比较

目的 :比较计算机辅助的DNA荧光染色精子分析系统 (简称荧光CASA)与两种常规精液分析方法。　方法 :随机选择 2 2例男性不育患者 ,采用荧光CASA、灰度CASA和人工技术分析精液 ,以荧光CASA检测的精子密度为基础 ,分别与常规精液分析及灰度CASA的结果进行比较。　结果 :荧光CASA检测可以区别非精子颗粒及死活精子。与荧光CASA分析方法获得的精子密度相比 ,常规精液分析和灰度CASA法获得的精子密度差值绝对值的平均值分别为 (9.2 3± 8.0 1)× 10 6/ml和 (10 .2 7± 6 .2 2 )× 10 6/ml,检测精子密度误差的百分率分别为 (4 9.0 6±4 9.87) %和 (4 3.39± 2 5 .5 6 ) %。　结论 :荧光CASA更符合最新WHO男性不育实验室诊断标准的要求 ,推荐在临床工作中使用DNA荧光染色精子分析系统来分析精子特性 ,尤其是精子密度分析。     

成都地区549例大学生精子质量调查

目的 :了解成都地区大学生精子质量现状。　方法 :用计算机辅助精子分析 (CASA)技术 ,检查成都地区 14所高校 5 4 9例志愿学生的精子密度、a级精子、b级精子、精子活率及精子运动功能。以精子密度≥ 2 0× 10 6/ml,a +b级精子≥ 5 0 %或a级精子≥ 2 5 %为参考标准 ,将受试者分为正常组和异常组来统计调查结果 ;同时 ,以精子的密度和活率与国内文献报道的结果进行对比。　结果 :5 4 9例志愿者的精子密度、a +b级精子、a级精子及精子活率分别为(5 0 .90± 2 7.31)× 10 6/ml、(42 .2 1± 15 .38) %、(2 9.4 8± 13.71) %及 (5 6 .4 0± 14 .77) % ,其中正常组 345例(6 2 .84 % ) ,异常组 2 0 4例 (37.16 % )。正常组精子的曲线速度 (VCL)、路径速度 (VAP)及直线速度 (VSL)均大于 2 5μm/s,VCL、VAP、VSL及运动的直线性 (LIN)、运动前向性 (STR)均显著大于异常组 (P <0 .0 1)。异常组中 ,187例精子活力异常 (91.6 7% ) ,39例精子密度异常 (19.12 % ) ,2 2例精子密度和精子活力异常 (10 .78% ) ,未发现无精子症者。 5 4 9例志愿者的精子的密度和活率均低于国内文献报道的结果。　结论 :成都地区大学生精子质量异常的情况比较突出 ,其精子的密度和活率与国内文献报道的结果相比呈下降趋势。     

男性不育病人精液中磷脂酶A2的测定及其临床意义

目的 :探讨人精液中磷脂酶A2 (PLA2 )含量测定在男性不育症中的临床意义。　方法 :以自制的 2株PLA2单克隆抗体建立酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)、免疫细胞化学法 (ICC)和流式细胞术 (FCM)等 3种方法 ,分别检测男性不育病人精浆及精子头部PLA2的含量 ,并与生育组进行比较。精液常规分析采用计算机辅助精液分析系统 (CASA)进行。　结果 :男性不育病人精浆中PLA2含量分别为 :无精子症组 (31.13± 14 .4 9)ng ml,少精子症组 (17.71±12 .4 5 )ng ml,精子数目正常组 (16 .4 6± 11.31)ng ml;与生育组 [(8.0 9± 3.15 )ng ml]相比差异均有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;精浆中PLA2含量与精子密度呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 .6 0 2 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与精子活动力及活率无显著相关性 (r=0 .2 6 6和r=- 0 .2 0 0 ,P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;ICC和FCM试验均提示 ,生育组精子头部PLA2含量显著高于各不育组病人 ,且FCM试验显示差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :精浆中PLA2与男性生育密切相关 ,精子头部PLA2含量缺乏可能是引起男性不育的病因之一。精液中PLA2含量测定方法的建立可为探讨男性不育的发病机制提供有力的依据。     

增精颗粒对大鼠附睾精子质量的影响

目的 :观察中药增精颗粒 (ZJG)对不育大鼠附睾精子质量的影响 ,探讨ZJG改善附睾精子质量的机制。　方法 :将 4 0只雷公藤多甙 (GTW )实验性SD雄性大鼠不育模型随机分成 4组 ,每组 10只 ,包括不育组 [GTW 2mg/(ml·10 0g) ]和ZJG高、中、低剂量组 [高 :ZJG0 .6 7g/(ml·10 0g) +GTW 2mg/(ml·10 0 g) ,中 :ZJG0 .33g/(ml·10 0g) +GTW 2mg/(ml·10 0 g) ,低 :ZJG0 .17g/(ml·10 0 g) +GTW 2mg/(ml·10 0g) ],另设正常组 (对照 ) 10只(等量的 1%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液 )。整个实验周期 6周 ,由 3周造模期和 3周用药期组成。ZJG各组按指定的剂量用药 3周 (实验第 4 3d)观察大鼠附睾精子质量、附睾腺管壁厚度及主要性腺器官系数的变化。　结果 :ZJG高、中、低剂量组附睾精子密度分别为 (5 9.6± 3.72 )、(6 3.3± 5 .70 )、(6 9.7± 6 .91)× 10 6/ml,精子活率分别为 (6 5 .4±6 .33) %、(6 9.3± 10 .96 ) %和 (72 .6± 9.6 1) % ,畸形率分别为 (5 2 .3± 7.4 7) %、(4 6 .2± 7.73) %和 (33.2± 7.97) % ,与不育组 [精子密度 (13.1± 6 .81)× 10 6/ml,精子活率 (7.6± 5 .87) % ,畸形率 (77.2± 8.75 ) % ]相比 ,ZJG各组差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与正常组 [精子密度 (75 .6± 10 .82 )× 10 6/ml,精子?     

少精子症患者血清、精浆中游离睾酮水平的测定及意义

目的 :通过测定少精子症患者血清、精浆中游离睾酮 (FT)水平 ,分析血清、精浆FT与少精子症的关系。　方法 :正常对照组 (n =4 4 )、少精子症组 (n =4 4 )男性于上午 8:0 0～ 10 :0 0留取血标本 ;正常对照组 (n =30 )、少精子症组 (n =37)同时留取精液。男性精液常规分析判断精子密度 ,放射免疫分析法测定血清、精浆中FT水平。　结果 :少精子症患者血清中FT浓度为 [(94 .88± 4 2 .0 4 )pmol/L],与正常对照组 [(97.5 0± 4 6 .96 )pmol/L]相比差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但少精子症患者精浆中FT浓度 [(0 .5 2± 0 .4 4 ) pmol/L]显著低于正常对照组 [(2 .0 1±0 .32 )pmol/L],P <0 .0 1。　结论 :精浆中FT的测定较早反映睾丸的功能 ,有利于少精子症患者的早期诊断和治疗。     

男性不育患者精浆尿酸的检测及临床意义初探

目的 :检测男性不育患者精浆尿酸的含量 ,并探讨其与不育的关系。　方法 :2 0 0 3年 2～ 8月就诊的男性不育患者 1 6 3例 ,分为 4组 :梗阻性无精子症组 ,1 5例 ;非梗阻性无精子症组 ,36例 ;少精子症组 ,4 3例 ;弱精子症组 ,6 9例。 2 0例正常生育男性为正常对照组。上述各组均作精液参数分析及精浆尿酸含量的测定。　结果 :正常对照组精浆尿酸含量为 (396 .9± 5 3.1 ) μmol/L ,显著高于梗阻性无精子症组 [(79.5± 1 8.1 ) μmol/L]、非梗阻性无精子症组[(2 4 5 .8± 76 .5 ) μmol/L]、少精子症组 [(2 6 2 .2± 79.2 ) μmol/L]和弱精子症组 [(2 5 1 .4± 75 .4 ) μmol/L](P均 <0 .0 1 )。其中 ,梗阻性无精子症组精浆尿酸含量又显著低于其他各不育症组 (P均 <0 .0 1 ) ,其余各不育症组间精浆尿酸含量差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :精浆中尿酸作为生殖系统中的一种重要抗氧化物 ,可能在男性生殖中具有一定意义。     

人精液中未成熟生殖细胞的检测及临床意义

目的 :探讨检测人精液中未成熟生殖细胞含量的临床意义。　方法 :运用非连续梯度Percoll法分离人精液中的各类细胞 ,May Grunwald Giemsa染色及FITC标记的CD4 5单克隆抗体免疫荧光鉴定未成熟生殖细胞及白细胞 ,并检测 30份精液中未成熟生殖细胞含量 ,其中生育组 10例 ,不育组 2 0例。　结果 :精液中未成熟生殖细胞主要集中分布于 30 %～ 4 5 %Percoll分离液中 ,白细胞则分布在 5 0 %～ 5 5 %的分离液中。未成熟生殖细胞在生育组为(0 .70± 0 .4 0 )× 10 6/ml,不育组为 (1.2 8± 0 .70 )× 10 6/ml,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与精子密度、活率及正常形态百分率无明显相关性 (密度r=0 .0 0 2 ,P >0 .0 5 ;活率r=- 0 .2 2 7,P >0 .0 5 ;正常形态百分率r=0 .2 4 0 ,P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :运用非连续梯度Percoll法能有效地分离精液中未成熟的生殖细胞 ,其含量有可能作为一项临床指标反映精液质量。     

Influence of erythropoietin treatment on gonadotropic hormone levels and sexual function in male uremic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether levels of sex hormones and sexual function differ in renal failure patients with and without uremia and the effect of treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen males with chronic renal failure who were not receiving hemodialysis and 25 male renal failure patients with uremia who were undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled before and after rhuEPO therapy. Fifteen male volunteers matched for age and weight were also studied. Levels of various blood biochemicals were measured in all patients before and 1 week after rhuEPO treatment. Sexual function was also studied in all patients before and 6 months after rhuEPO treatment. RESULTS: The control group had significantly higher levels of testosterone (6.21 +/- 1.21 ng/ml) and hematocrit (Hct) (43.2 +/- 2.1%) and significantly lower levels of prolactin (5.27 +/- 1.21 ng/ml), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) (7.51 +/- 2.36 mIU/ml) and leutinizing hormone (LH) (4.23 +/- 2.10 mIU/ml) than the two patient groups (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Patients with renal failure only had significantly lower levels of testosterone and Hct (2.54 +/- 0.53 ng/ml and 21.4 +/- 1.4%, respectively) than those with uremia (3.65 +/- 0.52 ng/ml and 24.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). After rhuEPO therapy, the testosterone and Hct levels of the two patient groups did not reach the level of the control subjects (p < 0.05 for both comparisons). Similarly, the levels of prolactin, FSH and LH were significantly higher in both patient groups than those of control subjects after rhuEPO therapy (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). However, after rhuEPO therapy, significant increases in testosterone and Hct levels were found in both patient groups (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Sexual function was also markedly improved in the hemodialysis patient group. While 20/25 (80%) male hemodialysis patients reported improved sexual function after rhuEPO treatment, only 3/15 (20%) chronic renal failure patients reported improvement. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced uremia, rhuEPO therapy may result in improved gonadotropic hormone levels and sexual function. Good dialysis quality may contribute to the increase in the incidence of patients with better sexual function.     

肾移植对尿毒症患者生精功能的影响

目的:探讨尿毒症患者肾移植后睾丸生精功能的改变。方法:比较30例男性尿毒症患者,肾移植前后精液参数变化及精子超微结构改变。结果:肾移植术后3个月精子活力与移植前比较显著升高[(70.08±2.86)%vs(36.04±8.01)%,P<0.01],活率显著增加[(76.15±3.75)%vs(39.27±4.14)%,P<0.01],运动速度显著加快[(16.80±1.11)μm/svs(8.43±2.01)μm/s,P<0.01]。精子超微结构发现,肾移植后支持细胞、顶体及线粒体的结构趋向正常。结论:肾移植可显著改善尿毒症患者的生精功能。     

Abnormal semen quality and low serum testosterone in men with inflammatory bowel disease treated for a long time with sulfasalazine

Our purpose was to study the effects of long-term salazopyrine treatment on male fertility. Seven patients, 21-37 years old, who had been treated for ulcerative colitis with 3 g/day of salazopyrine for more than 6 months, were examined. All their semen samples showed abnormal sperm motility (17% +/- 9.3) and abnormal morphology (36.3% +/- 14.4) with the predominance of large-headed spermatozoa. The endocrine picture and pituitary reserve were evaluated by GnRH and TRH tests. The basal values of testosterone were lower than the normal in our laboratory (greater than 3 ng/ml) and significantly lower (2.4 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p less than 0.025) than in the control group (fertile men). LH was significantly higher (9 +/- 2 mIU/ml, p less than 0.005) but still within the limits of normal. The responses of FSH and LH to GnRH and of PRL to TRH were normal. The mechanisms by which salazopyrine may affect fertility are discussed.     

早泄患者精浆生化指标测定及其意义

目的:观察早泄患者精浆生化指标的变化,探讨其与早泄的关系。方法:根据WHO对早泄的定义,随机选取56例早泄患者,及无早泄正常生育男性60例作为对照。留取各自精液,分离精浆后,分别测定精浆α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-Glu)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和果糖(Fru)。结果:早泄组精浆中ACP、α-Glu和Fru的含量分别为:(36.37±31.33)U/ml、(39.97±22.09)U/ml、(3.40±1.92)mg/ml,与对照组(54.27±20.96)U/ml、(55.71±16.19)U/ml及(2.55±1.12)mg/ml相比,精浆中ACP、α-Glu的含量明显降低(P<0.01和P<0.05)。而精浆中Fru的含量两组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。ACP合并α-Glu含量异常者,早泄组为31%,对照组为13%,两组相比有显著差异(P<0.05);ACP、α-Glu和Fru含量均正常者,早泄组为10%,对照组为33%,两组相比也有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:早泄患者精浆ACP和α-Glu含量明显低于无早泄者,提示临床诊治早泄时,考虑前列腺和附睾功能异常并进行治疗,可能是治疗早泄的一个新途径。     

Increased clearance rate of prednisone in the isolated perfused liver of uremic rats

The effect of uremia upon the hepatic clearance rate of prednisone was studied in isolated perfused livers of normal and uremic female rats. The perfusion rate was kept at a constant flow rate of 25 ml/min. In order to induce uremia, one group of rats was 5/6 nephrectomized 3 weeks prior to the perfusions. The concentrations of prednisone and other steroids were measured by a normal phase HPLC technique. In experiments with an initial prednisone concentration of 500-700 micrograms/l, the hepatic clearance rate of prednisone was significantly (p less than 0.001) increased by 40% in livers obtained from uremic rats (11.1 +/- 0.49 ml/min/liver) as compared to control rats (8.0 +/- 1.17 ml/min/liver). No significant correlation was found between the hepatic clearance rate of prednisone and increasing initial prednisone concentrations from 141 to 1,953 micrograms/l in the perfusate. It is concluded that an adaptive mechanism may exist in uremia which results in an increase of the hepatic clearance rate of prednisone.     

18～35岁男性军人精液质量调查

目的:了解部队男性官兵精液质量现况。方法:采用手工方法与计算机辅助精液分析对某部1054例基层官兵进行了精液参数10项分析,并根据年龄分为18～20岁,21～25岁,26～30岁和31～35岁4组,分析并比较各组精液参数。结果:1054例青壮年男性精液量为(2.6±1.4)ml、精子密度为(55.9±46.5)×106/ml、a+b级精子(47.1±19.0)%、精子存活率为(70.6±22.1)%、正常形态精子率为(84.7±10.2)%、顶体完整率为(86.1±7.2)%。18～20岁组精液量少、粘度大、pH值偏碱性,与其他3组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。精液质量指标符合WHO标准的百分率为精液量73.5%、液化时间91.1%、pH值93.0%、a+b级精子45.5%、精子存活率86.7%、精子密度80.4%、正常形态精子率为98.2%、精子总数为78.0%,上述各项指标都符合WHO标准的对象仅占40.2%。结论:18～35岁部队基层官兵男性精液质量现况好于国内同类文献报道。在不同年龄分组研究中26～30岁年龄组人员精液质量好于其他年龄组。     

Persistent downregulation of calcium-sensing receptor mRNA in rat parathyroids when severe secondary hyperparathyroidism is reversed by an isogenic kidney transplantation

Experimental severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is reversed within 1 wk after reversal of uremia by an isogenic kidney transplantation (KT) in the uremic rats. Abnormal parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in uremia is related to downregulation of CaR and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the parathyroid glands (PG). The aim of this investigation was to examine the expression of CaR and VDR genes after reversal of uremia and HPT in KT rats. 5/6 nephrectomized rats were kept on a normal or high-phosphorus (hP) diet for 8 wk to induce severe HPT (n = 8 in each group). In another group of seven uremic hP rats, uremia was reversed by an isogenic KT and PG were harvested within 1 wk posttransplant. Plasma urea, creatinine, total calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels were measured. Parathyroid CaR and VDR mRNA were measured by quantitative PCR. Uremic hP rats had significantly elevated levels of creatinine, urea, and phosphorus (P < 0.001) and developed significant hypocalcemia (plasma calcium 1.83 +/- 0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.001) compared with normal control rats. After KT, the levels were normalized from day 3 to 7: creatinine from 0.117 +/- 0.016 to 0.050 +/- 0.002 mmol/L; urea from 23 +/- 4 to 7 +/- 0.3 mmol/L; phosphorus from 3.9 +/- 0.6 to 1.5 +/- 0.06 mmol/L; calcium from 1.8 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.02 mmol/L. Plasma PTH levels fell from 849 +/- 224 to a normal level of 38 +/- 9 pg/ml (P < 0.01). In uremic rats on a standard diet, CaR mRNA was similar to that of normal control rats, whereas VDR mRNA was significantly decreased. In uremic rats kept on hP diet, CaR mRNA was significantly decreased to 26 +/- 7% of control rats (P = 0.01) and VDR mRNA reduced to 36 +/- 11% (P < 0.01). In KT, previously hP uremic rats, both CaR mRNA and VDR mRNA remained severely reduced (CaR, 39 +/- 7%; VDR, 9 +/- 3%; P < 0.01) compared with normal rats. In conclusion, circulating plasma PTH levels normalized rapidly after KT, despite persisting downregulation of CaR and VDR gene expression. This indicates that upregulation of CaR mRNA and VDR mRNA is not necessary to induce the rapid normalization of PTH secretion from hyperplastic parathyroid glands.     

Association between freezing agent and acrosome damage of human spermatozoa from subnormal and normal semen

This experimental study compares the effects of human sperm preservation medium (HSPM) with TEST-yolk buffer (TYB) as cryoprotectants of human spermatozoa with respect to the integrity of the acrosome after the freeze-thawing procedure. Fifty-six semen samples were included in this study; 18 were subnormal (G1) and 38 were normal (G2) based on World Health Organization criteria, except for morphology, which was evaluated according to strict criteria. Each semen sample was divided into two parts: the first part was prepared for cryopreservation by the addition of HSPM (1:1) and the second by addition of TYB (1:1). Freezing was performed in liquid nitrogen vapour. Smears were made before freezing and after the thawing process for evaluation of acrosome integrity using fluorescent-lectin labelling. The mean percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes in the subnormal group was 77.0 +/- 7.2% before freezing and decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after thawing: to 63.7 +/- 8.2% with the use of HSPM and 66.8 +/- 8.7% with the use of TYB. The corresponding values in the normal semen samples were 83.4 +/- 9.2%, 76.0 +/- 8.8% and 77.9 +/- 9.2%, respectively. It is obvious that the decrease in the mean percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosome was significantly higher when using HSPM in comparison with TYB, not only for G1 (-14.9 +/- 1.9% versus -11.8 +/- 1.4%) but also for G2 samples (-13.8 +/- 1.5% versus -11.9 +/- 1.3%). In conclusion, TYB should be recommended for freeze-thawing of human spermatozoa as the first-choice cryoprotectant, for normal as well as subnormal semen samples, in order to protect the sperm acrosome from the deleterious effects of the freeze-thawing procedure.