不同敷料对糖尿病慢性伤口疗效的对比研究

目的 观察自配敷料与交互式敷料在糖尿病伤口愈合中的作用。方法 将58例计67处伤口分为A、B两组,两组伤口分别采用交互式敷料和自配敷料。采用同一标准观察两组伤口的显效时间、愈合时间及换药次数。结果 A组伤口Ⅱ期愈合率及总愈合率均高于B组,伤口愈合的显效时间、愈合时间及换药次数均明显小于B组。结论 在有效处理伤口的基础上,交互式敷料较自配敷料更有助于伤口愈合。     

负压吸引技术在外科延迟愈合伤口护理中的应用

[目的]观察自制的负压吸引技术在外科术后延迟愈合伤口中的应用。[方法]将术后伤口延迟愈合的60例病人随机分成对照组和观察组,对照组采用湿性换药方法,观察组采用自制负压吸引装置,即用16F吸痰管,前端开数个侧孔,将吸痰管前端包埋于湿纱布中,放入伤口内,伤口用生理盐水纱布填塞,用透明薄膜敷料封闭伤口,吸痰管与墙式中心负压连接,压力-80mmHg~-200mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)。观察两组病人伤口愈合情况、换药频率及换药总费用。[结果]两组伤口愈合时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但观察组较对照组每日平均换药次数明显减少(P0.05),换药总费用明显减少(P0.01)。[结论]自制负压吸引技术应用于外科延迟愈合伤口护理中,不影响伤口愈合时间,但可减少伤口换药次数、降低换药总费用。     

负压吸引技术在外科延迟愈合伤口护理中的应用

[目的]观察自制的负压吸引技术在外科术后延迟愈合伤口中的应用.[方法]将术后伤口延迟愈合的60例病人随机分成对照组和观察组,对照组采用湿性换药方法,观察组采用自制负压吸引装置,即用16F吸痰管,前端开数个侧孔,将吸痰管前端包埋于湿纱布中,放入伤口内,伤口用生理盐水纱布填塞,用透明薄膜敷料封闭伤口,吸痰管与墙式中心负压连接,压力-80mmHg～-200mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）.观察两组病人伤口愈合情况、换药频率及换药总费用.[结果]两组伤口愈合时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但观察组较对照组每日平均换药次数明显减少（P〈0.05）,换药总费用明显减少（P〈0.01）.[结论]自制负压吸引技术应用于外科延迟愈合伤口护理中,不影响伤口愈合时间,但可减少伤口换药次数、降低换药总费用.     

4类皮肤伤口护理的方法学及其疗效研究

目的 :优选临床常见的 4类皮肤伤口的最佳护理方法。方法 :将 5 5例病人计 6 7处 4类伤口 (褥疮、糖尿病足溃疡、烫伤溃疡、药物性溃疡 )按基本条件相当原则分为A、B、C 3组 ,A组 18例 2 2处伤口采用生理盐水涡流式冲洗 /双氧水冲洗 生理盐水涡流式冲洗后 ,给予 12～ 36 u 胰岛素用自制封闭敷料封闭外敷 ,同时口服 /鼻饲Vitc 1.5g/d。B组 18例 2 1处伤口除口服VitC量为 0 .3g/d外 ,其余方法同A组。C组 19例 2 4处伤口除采用进口封闭敷料封闭伤口外 ,其余方法同A组。 3组均采用统一标准评价伤口疗效。结果 :C组Ⅱ期愈合率最高而且平均显效时间和愈合时间均较A、B组明显缩短 ,换药次数亦显著少于A、B组 ,Ⅱ期愈合伤口的费用与A组相近 ,但明显少于B组。结论 :采用涡流式水流冲洗伤口后 ,用进口封闭敷料封闭外敷适量胰岛素 ,加服大剂量VitC ,是有助于各类伤口愈合的最佳方法     

肛周脓肿切开引流术后伤口应用湿性敷料的临床效果

[目的]观察湿性敷料在肛周脓肿切开引流术后伤口护理中的疗效。[方法]将行肛周脓肿切开引流术的78例病人分为观察组和对照组,每组39例,术后观察组使用湿性敷料换药,对照组使用普通敷料换药,比较两组病人伤口愈合时间、换药疼痛情况及换药次数。[结果]与对照组比较,观察组伤口愈合时间短、换药次数减少、疼痛程度降低,经比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]使用湿性敷料用于肛周脓肿切开引流术后的护理可缩短伤口愈合时间、减少换药次数、减轻病人的痛苦。     

湿性愈合敷料用于腹部术后愈合不良伤口的效果观察

目的 探讨湿性愈合敷料对腹部术后愈合不良伤口的疗效.方法 将42例腹部术后伤口愈合不良患者随机分为观察组22例和对照组20例,观察组采用湿性敷料治疗,对照组采用传统换药方法.比较2组患者的治愈率、愈合时间、换药次数、换药所花的时间和费用.结果 观察组的治愈率明显高于对照组(p<0.05),平均愈合时间、换药次数、换药时间明显少于对照组(p<0.05),而2组患者换药费用比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05).结论 湿性愈合敷料治疗术后愈合不良伤口效果明显优于传统干性疗法,具有治愈率高、伤口愈合快、总体费用降低、换药次数少及患者舒适等优点.     

伤口护理的方法及其效果观察

目的优选对伤口损伤小、疗效好、费时少的伤口护理方法。方法将63例病人计77处伤 口(褥疮、糖尿病足溃疡、烫伤、药物性溃疡)分为A、B、C 3组,采用“生理盐水涡流式冲 洗”或“双氧水 涡流式冲洗+生理盐水涡流式冲洗”清洁伤口后,分别给予自制敷料封闭胰岛素湿敷+口 服常用量维生素C和自制敷料/进口敷料封闭胰岛素湿敷+口服大剂 量维生素C进行对比治疗,观察了疗效并比较了自制敷料和进口敷料的效果及费用。 结果进口敷料封闭胰岛素湿敷加服大剂量维生素C组的Ⅱ期伤口愈合率高且平均愈 合时间短,换药次数及时间明显减少而平均费用无明显增加。结论采用“涡流式水流冲 洗伤口”后,用进口敷料封闭胰岛素湿敷,加服大剂量维生素C,可缩短各类伤口的愈 合时间,节省护理时间而不增加病人费用。     

脓肿切开引流术后伤口应用湿性敷料的效果观察

目的观察脓肿切开引流术后伤口应用湿性敷料的效果。方法选择伤口换药的患者60例,随机分为两组,分别用湿性敷料和常规方法进行换药,比较两组的伤口愈合时间、换药次数及疼痛分级。结果观察组和对照组的愈合时间分别为（19．533±3．335）d和（25．286±3．539）d,观察组愈合较快（P〈0．05）;换药次数分别为（6．333±0．724）次和（8．714±1．437）次,观察组低于对照组（P〈0．05）;换药疼痛分级观察组明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论使用湿性敷料处理脓肿切开伤口,缩短伤口愈合时间,减少换药次数,减轻患者的疼痛。     

湿性敷料在切口裂开护理中的效果观察

目的观察使用湿性敷料换药对手术后裂开的愈合时间的影响。方法将38例切口裂开患者按照伤口基本条件相当的原则分为观察组和对照组,观察组中伤口渗出较少者选择清得佳凝胶填充伤口,外敷优赛,安舒妥薄膜封闭固定;伤口渗出多者选择优赛敷料填充伤口,外层敷料使用安普贴。对照组使用普通敷料换药,直至伤口愈合。对2组伤口愈合时间及换药次数进行比较。结果观察组伤口愈合时间和换药次数少于对照组,2组之间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论使用湿性敷料换药可缩短手术后裂开切口的愈合时间,效果优于普通敷料。     

皮肤溃疡的护理方法及研究

目的：探讨临床常见皮肤溃疡的最佳护理方法。方法：将55例病人计67处溃疡按基本条件相当原则随机分成A、B、C三组，A组18例22处伤口采用清创冲洗后，给予自制油纱敷料封闭外敷，同时口服或鼻饲维生素C片，1．5dd；B组18例21处．伤口采用口服或鼻饲维生素C片，0．3g/d．其它同A组；C组19例24处，伤口采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子外喷溃疡面处，其它方法同A组。结果：C组愈合率最高，且平均显效时间和愈合时间均较A、B两组明显缩短；C组伤口愈合所需费用与A组相近，但明显少于B组。结论：采用清创冲洗后用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子加自制油纱敷料封闭，糖尿病足外用胰岛素，加用大剂量维生素C有助于各种皮肤溃疡愈合的最佳方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.