Management strategies in tuberculous atlanto-axial dislocation.

Tuberculous atlanto-axial dislocation is an uncommon disease. Five of six patients with tuberculous atlanto-axial dislocation were successfully managed using different strategies. The advantages and disadvantages of these different protocols and their appropriateness in a particular clinical situation are discussed.     

寰枢椎脱位术后翻修的手术策略分析

【摘要】 目的：分析寰枢椎脱位（atlanto-axial dislocation,AAD）手术后翻修的手术策略。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月~2019年8月在我院行寰枢椎翻修手术的12例患者。其中男3例,女9例,翻修时年龄7~62岁[45.5（34.25,52.50）岁]。初次手术距翻修手术间隔3~360个月[30（5,93）个月]。翻修术中有内固定首先进行内固定及植骨取出,根据1/6体重牵引情况评估是否行前路松解术;根据术前影像结合术中探查,个性化选择原位钉道-增粗增长螺钉、更换螺钉钉道、延长固定节段增加整体内固定强度,选择寰枢侧块关节松解植骨增加植骨融合。翻修后随访12~50个月[24.0（17.25,34.00）个月]。术后3d及末次随访时测量寰齿间距（atlantodental interval,ADI）、枢椎斜坡角（clivus-axial angle,CAA）、延髓脊髓角（cervico-medullary angle,CMA）评价寰枢椎复位情况,日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分评价神经功能恢复情况;术后3d、3个月、6个月、12个月及末次随访行CT检查评价植骨融合情况。结果：12例翻修手术中,8例先进行原内固定及植骨取出,根据牵引情况,4例行前路松解联合后路复位固定融合术,8例行后路复位固定融合术。其中枕骨螺钉翻修4例,均更换螺钉钉道;C1螺钉翻修4例,2例选择增粗、增长螺钉固定,2例选择更换螺钉钉道;C2螺钉翻修8例,5例选择增粗、增长螺钉固定,3例选择更换螺钉钉道;延长固定节段3例;12例患者均进行寰枢侧块植骨。所有患者翻修术后均获得解剖复位,术后3d及末次随访ADI均较术前明显减少（P<0.05）,CCA、CMA较术前明显增加（P<0.05）。所有患者术后3d及末次随访时的JOA评分均较术前明显改善;所有病例骨性融合,融合率100%,融合时间为3~7个月[3.5（3.0,6.0）个月]。结论：前路松解术适用于拆除初次内固定后大重量牵引下寰枢椎仍未复位的患者。在进行后路翻修手术时,枕骨螺钉需更换钉道以维持内固定牢固,更换更粗、更长螺钉,更换螺钉钉道适用于C1、C2螺钉,延长固定节段适用于C1或C2无法置钉的患者。寰枢侧块关节植骨适用于所有寰枢椎翻修手术患者。     

Delayed diagnosis of a spontaneous atlanto-axial rotatory dislocation

Summary Without any known specific cause a 3-year-old boy developed a torticollis. Although the symptoms were treated immediately there was no improvement. Four months later X-rays showed that the dens-atlas distance was enlarged. In spite of this, he was treated by tenotomy and intensive physiotherapy, but the torticollis remained. Two years later a tomogram and a CT showed a complete rotatory dislocation between atlas and axis. At this stage it was impossible to treat the original cause. Physiotherapy was continued to improve the position of the head.

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Zusammenfassung Ein 3jähriger Junge entwickelte ohne ersichtlichen spezifischen Grund einen Schiefhals. Obwohl unmittelbar nach Auftreten der Symptome eine Behandlung begonnen wurde, konnte keine Besserung erzielt werden. 4 Monate später angefertigte Röntgenbilder zeigten eine Vergrößßerung des Abstandes zwischen Dens und Atlas. Trotz dieses Befundes wurde der Patient mit Tenotomie und intensiver Physiotherapie behandelt, der Schiefhals aber blieb bestehen. 2 Jahre später deckten ein Tomogramm and ein Computertomogramm eine komplette, rotationsbedingte Verrenkung zwischen Atlas und Axis auf. In diesem Stadium war eine ursächliche Behandlung nicht mehr möglich. Es konnte nur die physiotherapeutische Behandlung fortgesetzt werden mit dem Ziel, die Kopfstellung zu verbessern.

     

Cervifix内固定系统在治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位中的应用

目的：评价Cervifix内固定系统在治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位伴高位颈髓压迫症中的应用价值。方法:对25例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位伴高位颈髓压迫症的患者进行前后路一期寰枢椎减压或仅行后路或分期前后路减压植骨融合，并同时采用Cervifix枕颈内固定。结果：随访6－23个月，采用自拟的影像学脊髓减压评定标准和JOA 17分法脊髓功能评喧标准评定治疗效果，术后脊髓减压改善率平均为70．2％，脊髓功能改善率平均为68．4％。所有病例植骨均愈合，未发生内固定移动、断裂和神经损伤，发生椎动脉损伤1例。结论：Cervifix颈椎后路内固定系统具有较好的生物相容性和良好的生物力学稳定性，不影响MRI检查，有利于术后观察，便于量化计算出术后的脊髓减压改善率，是目前较理想的枕颈后路内固定器。     

Delayed diagnosis of a spontaneous atlanto-axial rotatory dislocation

Without any known specific cause a 3-year-old boy developed a torticollis. Although the symptoms were treated immediately there was no improvement. Four months later X-rays showed that the dens-atlas distance was enlarged. In spite of this, he was treated by tenotomy and intensive physiotherapy, but the torticollis remained. Two years later a tomogram and a CT showed a complete rotatory dislocation between atlas and axis. At this stage it was impossible to treat the original cause. Physiotherapy was continued to improve the position of the head.     

Rotatory atlanto-axial dislocation in an infant with osteogenesis imperfecta

This is a case report of a 15-month-old patient with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) who sustained atlanto-axial dislocation. Our objective is to report a unique case of traumatic atlanto-axial subluxation in a child with osteogenesis imperfecta associated with bilateral femoral fractures. The management is discussed. Atlanto-axial dislocation occurring with associated osteogenesis imperfecta is very rare. There have been no previous reported cases. A 15-month-old girl with osteogenesis imperfecta sustained a traumatic atlanto-axial dislocation. The child was followed-up through presentation, diagnosis, management and post-discharge. The initial diagnosis was confirmed with a CT scan. The patient was treated conservatively with a halo-traction for 4 weeks followed by a halo jacket for a further 4 weeks. Both appliances were fitted under general anaesthetic. An anatomical reduction was achieved. There was no neurological deficit at any stage. The child has had a successful outcome. She is asymptomatic with a full range of movement at the atlanto-axial joints at 9 months. In conclusion, this paper records our management of this rare problem.     

齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节脱位的治疗

目的　报告 38例齿状突骨折致寰枢关节脱位患者的治疗结果。方法　手术 35例 ,保守治疗 3例 ;随访 6个月～ 5年 ,平均 2 1.4个月。介绍了齿状突骨折所致寰枢关节脱位的症状、体征、影像学表现特点及治疗方法 ,并对其临床特点、损伤机制及手术适应证的选择进行了讨论。结果　优 2 4例 ,良 11例 ,无变化 3例。结论　手术治疗应为首选 ,移位≥ 4m m作为判断严重骨折脱位和选择术式的标准     

An unusual case of atlanto-axial traumatic dislocation in a child

The authors refer about a rare case of traumatic atlo-axial dislocation observed three months after the accident. The traumatic etiology was caused by an episode of violence within child's family. The characteristic of the lesion, the months intervened since the traumatic accident, the involved health of the patient and the importance of neurological damage imposed the surgical corrective treatment of the lesion. The authors report about the care of the patient, particularly about the anesthesiological techniques and intensive care during the surgical treatment.     

Non-traumatic atlanto-axial dislocation associated with nasopharyngeal infections (Grisel's disease)

Zusammenfassung Die Griselsche Krankheit — eine nicht traumatisch verursachte atlanto-axiale Verschiebung im Zusammenhang mit zervikalen entzündlichen Prozessen — kommt bei Kindern häufiger vor als bei Erwachsenen.Die Arbeit beschreibt drei Erwachsene mitGriselscher Erkrankung, bei denen zunächst der Verdacht auf eine Meningitis im Zusammenhang mit einer nasopharyngealen Infektion bestanden hatte. Die klinischen, pathogenetischen, radiologischen und therapeutischen Gesichtspunkte werden dargestellt.

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Dislocación atlanto-axial no traumática asociada a infección nasofaringea (Enfermedad de Grisel)

Resumen La enfermedad deGrisel — dislocación atlanto-axial no traumática asociada a un proceso cervical inflamatorioes más frecuente en niños que en adultos.Este trabajo describe tres casos de adultos con enfermedad deGrisel, en los cuales en un principio se sospechó una meningitis con infección nasofaringeal.Se pasa revista a los aspectos clínicos, patogénicos, radiológicos y terapéuticos.

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Dislocation axo-atloidienne non traumatique associée à des infections nasopharyngiennes (maladie de Grisel)

Résumé La maladie deGrisel est plus fréquente chez les enfants que chez les adultes.Ce travail décrit 3 adultes atteints de maladie deGrisel, prise d'abord pour méningite associée à une infection naso-pharyngée.L'auteur passe en revue les aspects clinique, radiologique, pathogénique et thérapeutique de cette maladie.

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Dislocazione atlanto-assiale non traumatica associata ad infezione nasofaringea (Malattia di Grisel)

Riassunto La malattia diGrisel — dislocazione atlantoassiale non traumatica associata a processi infiammatori cervicali e' piu' comune nei bambini che negli adulti. Vengono descritti tre casi di malattia diGrisel che inizialmente suscitarono il sospetto di meningite associata ad infiammazione nasofaringea.Gli aspetti clinici, patogenetici, radiologici e terapeutici vengono passati in rassegna.

     

对寰枢椎脱位的手术适应证与外科治疗原则的思考

寰枢椎脱位(atlanto axiald islocation)常累及延髓生命中枢与椎-基底动脉,导致严重残废,甚至威胁生命,该部位的手术难度大,风险高,是外科手术的"危险区"。此外,寰枢椎是颈椎中活动度最大的节段,其旋转活动约占整个颈椎旋转活动度(120°～160°)的50%以上[1]。因此,选择合理的寰枢椎脱位手术适应证和外科治疗原则对其治疗的安全性和颈椎功能的保留具有重要意义。近十多年来,寰枢椎脱位的基础和临床研究进步很快,例如:前路经口腔寰枢椎病灶清除,螺钉钢板复位内固定术;经口腔或内窥镜下行寰枢椎前方软组织松解、后方寰枢     

Congenital dislocation of the knee

Congenital dislocations of the knee (CDK) are rare, occurring 40-80 times more rarely than congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). In a multicentric study of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, 56 cases of CDK were found in 46 babies. Many other malformations associated with CDK were noticed, and muscular abnormality was always found at the knee. According to the classification of Leveuf, three grades have to be considered: grade 3, or complete dislocation, was the most frequent. At birth, treatment consisted of physiotherapy with rigid splint. Twenty-four patients with CDK have been treated only by the conservative technique. Operations were performed according to the abnormalities of the extensor apparatus: a progressive release and lengthening of the quadricipital tendon was necessary in all cases. In all forms of treatment, the range of the knee flexion was 120 degrees. Only two children had a bad result because of unstable knees. Results were always better with conservative treatment.