ICU患者压疮发生危险因素分析

目的：探讨导致ICU患者压疮发生的危险因素。方法：采用自行设计的“ICU患者压疮风险因素调查表”记录735例ICU患者的患病情况、主要治疗情况等资料。结果：性别、糖尿病、脑卒中、入ICU时间、是否持续进行动脉血压监测、水肿、平均动脉压、乳酸Lac、心率、Apachell评分是ICU患者发生压疮的影响因素。结论：ICU患者压疮发生是多因素共同参与的病理生理过程,护理人员应充分认识各种危险因素对ICU患者发生压疮的影响,对存在或可能存在危险因素的ICU患者实施重点防护以减少压疮的发生。     

Differences in prevalence of pressure ulcers between the Netherlands and Germany--associations between risk, prevention and occurrence of pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homes

Aim. This study compares pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention activities in nursing homes and hospitals within two European countries. Background. Over three years stable differences have been found between the Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER) with higher pressure ulcer rates in the NL. As previous analyses have shown, the differences cannot be entirely explained by differences in the population’s vulnerability to pressure ulcers because they still remain after risk adjustment. Therefore, the differences in prevalence must be caused by other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyse if any potential differences in preventive activities can account for the varying occurrence of pressure ulcers. Method. In both countries, nation-wide surveys were conducted annually using the same standardised questionnaires. Trained nurses examined all consenting patients of the voluntarily participating facilities. This examination included a skin assessment of the entire body. Data regarding risk factors, prevention and details about wounds were then collected. Results. In-patients of 29 German (n = 2531) and 71 Dutch (n = 10 098) nursing homes and 39 German (n = 8515) and 60 Dutch (n = 10 237) hospitals were investigated. The use of pressure-reducing devices was more common in the NL than in GER, but all other interventions were more frequently provided to German risk patients than to their Dutch counterparts. The pressure ulcer prevalence was significantly higher in the Dutch sample. After adjusting for gender, age, Braden Score and prevention, the probability of having a pressure ulcer was 8·1 times higher for Dutch nursing home residents than for German residents. Conclusion. Some of the variance in pressure ulcer prevalence between the two countries can be explained by varying pressure ulcer prevention. However, some remarkable differences still remain unexplained. Relevance to clinical practice. The extent of pressure ulcer prevention, especially repositioning and nutrition intervention provided to patients at risk, is not in accordance with international guidelines.     

全面流程管理在老年住院患者医院获得性压疮预防中的应用

目的 :探讨全面流程管理在老年住院患者医院获得性压疮(HAPU)预防中的应用效果。方法 :通过成立流程管理小组,采用优化、再造流程方法循证制订压疮管理规范,把握运行中的关键环节和问题,实施全面流程管理。比较实施全面流程管理前后老年住院患者HAPU的预防效果。结果 :经过1年的临床实践,老年住院患者HAPU的发生率由0.28%下降为0.16%,符合难免发生压疮申报条件的老年住院患者难免HAPU发生率由8.4%下降为6.2%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:实施全面流程管理使压疮预防及管理工作流程化、标准化、科学化,有效降低了老年患者HAPU的发生率,提升了老年专科压疮防治护理工作质量。     

The identification of older nursing home residents vulnerable for deterioration of grade 1 pressure ulcers

Aims and objective. The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors associated with the development of pressure ulcer lesions (grade 2–4) in nursing home patients with non‐blanchable erythema. Background. No studies could be found that identify risk factors for further development of pressure ulcer in patients with non‐blanchable erythema. For some patients with non‐blanchable erythema, standard preventive measures do not suffice to prevent pressure ulcers from deterioration. Identifying these patients beforehand can considerably contribute to the efficiency of pressure ulcer prevention. Design. Secondary data analyses of a previously conducted randomised controlled trial were performed. Methods. Eighty‐four wards of 16 Belgian nursing homes participated in the study. In total, 235 nursing home residents with a grade 1 pressure ulcer (non‐blanchable erythema) were included. All the residents received standard preventive care. Potential prognostic factors were collected using a standardised form. The incidence of pressure ulcers was recorded according to the European pressure ulcer classification system. Results. The cumulative pressure ulcer incidence was 18·7% (44/235). Hypotension (relative risk = 3·42, 95% CI = 1·56–7·49), a history of a cerebral vascular accident (relative risk = 1·94, 95% CI = 1·10–3·70) and contractures (relative risk = 2·02, 95% CI 1·03–3·95) were identified as independent predictive factors for developing pressure ulcers. Remarkably, being urinary incontinent decreased the risk of developing a pressure ulcer by 76%. Conclusions. In nursing home residents with non‐blanchable erythema, hypotension, contractures, and a history of cerebral vascular accident were independent risk factors for the development of pressure ulcer lesions. Relevance to clinical practice. Patients with non‐blanchable erythema who have hypotension, contractures or a history of cerebral vascular accident are in need of more intensive preventive measures. Identifying these patients can contribute considerably to a more efficient pressure ulcer prevention policy, resulting in a lower pressure ulcer lesion incidence and in lower costs.     

在褥疮发生中的力学因素及对策

目的 :探讨褥疮发生的机制及护理措施。方法 :分析褥疮发生的危险因素 ,研究褥疮发生的机制及护理措施。结果 :压力、摩擦力、剪力这三种力学因素在褥疮的发生中起重要作用 ,针对三种力学因素预防褥疮可使医护根据病人的情况灵活而有效地采取预防措施。结论 :这种针对力学因素预防褥疮的方法可方便临床护理工作且有利于褥疮的工具及设备的研制     

Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: a systematic review

AIM: This paper reports a systematic review conducted to determine the effectiveness of the use of risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention in clinical practice, degree of validation of risk assessment scales, and effectiveness of risk assessment scales as indicators of risk of developing a pressure ulcer. BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers are an important health problem. The best strategy to avoid them is prevention. There are several risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention which complement nurses' clinical judgement. However, some of these have not undergone proper validation. METHOD: A systematic bibliographical review was conducted, based on a search of 14 databases in four languages using the keywords pressure ulcer or pressure sore or decubitus ulcer and risk assessment. Reports of clinical trials or prospective studies of validation were included in the review. FINDINGS: Thirty-three studies were included in the review, three on clinical effectiveness and the rest on scale validation. There is no decrease in pressure ulcer incidence was found which might be attributed to use of an assessment scale. However, the use of scales increases the intensity and effectiveness of prevention interventions. The Braden Scale shows optimal validation and the best sensitivity/specificity balance (57.1%/67.5%, respectively); its score is a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (odds ratio = 4.08, CI 95% = 2.56-6.48). The Norton Scale has reasonable scores for sensitivity (46.8%), specificity (61.8%) and risk prediction (OR = 2.16, CI 95% = 1.03-4.54). The Waterlow Scale offers a high sensitivity score (82.4%), but low specificity (27.4%); with a good risk prediction score (OR = 2.05, CI 95% = 1.11-3.76). Nurses' clinical judgement (only considered in three studies) gives moderate scores for sensitivity (50.6%) and specificity (60.1%), but is not a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (OR = 1.69, CI 95% = 0.76-3.75). CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that the use of risk assessment scales decreases pressure ulcer incidence. The Braden Scale offers the best balance between sensitivity and specificity and the best risk estimate. Both the Braden and Norton Scales are more accurate than nurses' clinical judgement in predicting pressure ulcer risk.     

Knowledge, attitudes and practice among nursing staff concerning pressure ulcer prevention and treatment – a survey in a Swedish healthcare setting

The aim of this study was to investigate (i) attitudes among Registered Nurses (RNs) and Nursing Assistants (NAs) regarding pressure ulcer prevention, (ii) knowledge among RNs and NAs of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, (iii) practice of risk assessment and documentation regarding pressure ulcers among RNs and NAs and (iv) to identify perceived possibilities and barriers in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 230 questionnaires were distributed to an equal number of RNs and NAs in both municipality as well as hospital care settings. The response rate was 67% (n = 154). In general, all respondents displayed good knowledge on prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers and demonstrated a positive attitude towards this area of care. However, answers provided to some questions indicate that recent research findings and guidelines have not succeeded in reaching out to these occupational groups. Furthermore, only 37% (n = 55) of the participants said that they have an agreed strategy for the prevention of pressure ulcers in their unit. These shortcomings may affect the quality of care provided to the patient and lead to pressure ulcers developing as a consequence. Today, evidence-based methods for risk assessment are available but are not adopted and used in practice. The study highlights the need to further reduce the gap between research and practice.     

The prevalence of pressure ulcers in four paediatric institutions

Aim and objective. Pressure ulcers are a common nursing care issue in hospitals. They are associated with psychological and physical suffering, an increased morbidity and mortality rate and higher overall health care costs. The aim of the current study is to describe the frequency of pressure ulcers in a paediatric care setting and to identify the population at risk, as well as to assess the factors predisposing to the development of pressure ulcers. Design. A point prevalence study. Methods. The study was conducted in four paediatric hospitals in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland and included children from the age of 0–18 years. The method of data collection was a direct systematic inspection and assessment of the skin, taking into account the clinical condition of the patient for risk assessment. A valid risk assessment and data collection instrument was used and, each patient was assessed by a previously instructed rater pair. Results. Of all possible patients, 81% (n = 155) were included. An overall pressure ulcer prevalence of 27·7% (including grade 1) was registered. Thirty‐six patients (84%) had grade 1 ulcers, including many caused by external medical devices. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 100) of all patients were considered at risk (Braden score ≤ 20) of developing a pressure ulcer. Thirty‐five per cent of patients in the risk group were afflicted with one or more pressure ulcers. Conclusions. The prevalence of pressure ulcers in paediatric patients is greater then previously appreciated and the problem requires further exploration. The high percentage of grade 1 pressure ulcers caused by medical devices requires nursing interventions to prevent lesions for these patients. Relevance to clinical practice. The high prevalence rate in paediatric patients is disconcerting and requires further exploration in terms of interventions needed to improve outcomes for this patient group.     

Evaluation of a falls prevention programme in an acute tertiary care hospital

Aims and objectives. To evaluate a systematic, coordinated approach to limit the severity and minimize the number of falls in an acute care hospital. Background. Patient falls are a significant cause of preventable injury and death, particularly in older patients. Best practice principles mandate that hospitals identify those patients at risk of falling and implement interventions to prevent or minimize them. Methods. A before and after design was used for the study. All patients admitted to three medical wards and a geriatric evaluation management unit were enrolled over a six‐month period. Patients’ risk of falling was assessed using a falls risk assessment tool and appropriate interventions implemented using a falls care plan. Data related to the number and severity of falls were obtained from the Australian Incident Monitoring System database used at the study site. Results. In this study, 1357 patient admissions were included. According to their risk category, 37% of patients (n = 496) were grouped as low risk (score = 1–10), 58% (n = 774) medium risk (score = 11–20) and 5% (n = 63) high risk (score = 21–33) for falls. The incidence of falls (per average occupied bed day) was eight per 1000 bed days for the study period. Compared with the same months in 2002/2003, there was a significant reduction in falls from 0·95 to 0·80 (95% CI for the difference ?0·14 to ?0·16, P < 0·001). Conclusion. We evaluated a systematic, coordinated approach to falls management that included a falls risk assessment tool and falls care plan in the acute care setting. Although a significant reduction in falls was found in this study, it could not be attributed to any specific interventions. Relevance to clinical practice. Preventing falls where possible is essential. Assessment of risk and use of appropriate interventions can reduce the incidence of falls.     

Linking RN workgroup job satisfaction to pressure ulcers among older adults on acute care hospital units

We examined the relationship between registered nurse (RN) workgroup job satisfaction and hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) among older adults on six types of acute care units. Random‐intercept logistic regression analyses were performed using 2009 unit‐level data from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®) and the NDNQI RN Survey. Overall, RN workgroup job satisfaction was negatively associated with HAPU rates, although the relationship varied by unit type. RN workgroup satisfaction was significantly associated with HAPU rates on critical care, medical, and rehabilitation units. No significant association was found on step‐down, surgical, and medical‐surgical units. Findings provide evidence that higher RN workgroup job satisfaction is related to lower HAPU rates among older adult patients in acute care hospitals. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36:181–190, 2013     

护理工作中潜在的危险因素及其预防

分析了护理工作中潜在的危险因素 ,介绍了减少护理职业危害发生的预防措施。     

军队医院护士锐器伤的不安全因素与防护措施

目的研究军队医院护士锐器伤发生的不安全因素,为军队护士预防锐器伤提供依据。方法采用流行病学调查]方法对广州市5所军队医院的1461名临床护士锐器伤发生的相关因素进行问卷调查。结果护士锐器伤的月发生率为35.9%,发生密度为0.75次/(人·月),导致锐器伤的主要不安全因素包括缺乏自我防护意识、错误的行为习惯、过多接触针头、不良的环境因素、安全产品运用的滞后、注射后用具处理不当等。结论加强护士培训,提高自我防护意识,制定安全指南,提供安全性护理用具,减少护士不必要的针头接触,建立安全注射管理与监测组织,促进安全注射相关法规的健全等措施可减少护士锐器伤的发生。     

湖北省住院患者压疮现患率的调查研究

目的 :对湖北省住院患者压疮现患率的基线资料进行调查。方法 :采用横断面调查法获取湖北省26家综合医院住院患者的压疮现患率。结果 :本次调查总人数为23 443人,发生压疮299例,现患率为1.28%;其中院内压疮62例,院内压疮现患率为0.26%;排除I期压疮后,现患率为0.91%。结论 :首次获得湖北省住院患者压疮现患率的信息,能够为今后压疮管理工作提供参考。