双J管置入治疗妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛11例报告

目的 探讨输尿管内双J管置入治疗妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛的疗效和安全性.方法 2006年9月至2010年8月,对11例妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛的患者行输尿管内双J管置入治疗.患者年龄24～31岁,平均27岁,初诊时妊娠20～31周,平均25周.结石最大径6 -13 mm.患者就诊时均有典型肾绞痛症状,...     

双J管内引流用于妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者的护理

目的 探讨妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者行双J管内引流术的护理方法与效果.方法 通过膀胱镜将双J管置入10例妊娠期输尿管结石患者的患侧输尿管实施内引流,并进行针对性护理.结果 置入双J管后10例肾绞痛均消失,并顺利渡过围生期,顺产健康新生儿.结论 严密监测患者及胎儿情况并做好术前心理护理、体位护理,术中密切观察血压变化,术后做好并发症护理,对患者的康复和胎儿的安全起重要作用.     

双J管内引流用于妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者的护理

目的 探讨妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者行双J管内引流术的护理方法与效果。方法 通过膀胱镜将双J管置入10例妊娠期输尿管结石患者的患侧输尿管实施内引流，并进行针对性护理。结果 置入双J管后10例肾绞痛均消失，并顺利渡过围生期，顺产健康新生儿。结论 严密监测患者及胎儿情况并做好术前心理护理、体位护理，术中密切观察血压变化，术后做好并发症护理，对患者的康复和胎儿的安全起重要作用。     

妊娠期合并输尿管结石输尿管镜下双J管置入引流术20例临床分析

目的探讨应用输尿管镜下输尿管双J管置入引流治疗妊娠期输尿管结石的效果。方法对20例妊娠期输尿管结石患者实施输尿管镜下输尿管双J管置入术治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 20例患者中,16例(80%)妊娠晚期患者,生产后带双J管经体外碎石排出结石,顺利拔除双J管。4例(20%)妊娠早中期患者结石自行排出,顺利取出双J管。本组未发生泌尿系感染、流产、输尿管损伤等并发症,术后恢复良好。结论对于保守治疗效果不满意的妊娠期输尿管结石患者,选择输尿管镜下输尿管双J管置入引流术,可以有效解除输尿管梗阻,迅速缓解肾绞痛,可以作为保守治疗失败后首选的外科治疗方法。     

妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛9例治疗体会

目的探讨妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛安全有效的治疗方法。方法本组9例,妊娠7～34周,结石直径4.5～13mm。输尿管上段结石5例,中段2例,下段2例。合并轻度肾积水3例,中段肾积水6例,合并发热3例。均经保守治疗无效。上段结石1例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术,2例将结石推入肾盂,留置双J管,2例单纯留置双J管;中下段结石均行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果9例患者腔内治疗后肾绞痛均缓解,2例单纯留置双J管患者有反复发作的隐痛或钝痛,保守治疗均可缓解。结论应用腔内治疗妊娠期输尿管结合并顽固性肾绞痛安全有效。     

妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛的临床处理

目的探讨妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛安全有效的临床处理方法。方法妊娠合并输尿管结石致肾绞痛经保守治疗无效患者11例，孕6～33周，平均26周。结石最大径4～11mm。输尿管上段结石6例，中段3例，下段2例。上段结石中5例单纯留置双J管，1例将结石推回肾盂后留置双J管。中下段结石中3例采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术击碎结石，2例应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石。结果10例术后肾绞痛消失；1例单纯放置双J管者仍有间断轻微肾绞痛，服用解痉药物可以缓解。6例未碎石在结石排出前每3个月更换双J管。11例孕妇均较顺利度过围产期，并产健康婴儿。结论妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者采用逆行输尿管插管或输尿管镜取石术安全有效。     

妊娠期尿石症诊治安全性的临床研究

目的:回顾性分析并总结妊娠合并上尿路结石的诊治经验,评估保守治疗与手术干预两种治疗手段的安全性。方法:2011年12月~2015年3月,46例孕妇因肾绞痛在我院接受治疗,治疗方法包括保守治疗、双J支架管置入术、经皮肾穿刺造瘘术(PCN)、输尿管镜碎石术(URSL)。其中31例接受解痉、镇痛及保胎等保守治疗,9例接受膀胱镜输尿管内双J管置入术,5例接受URSL,1例接受PCN。结果:31例保守治疗患者症状明显缓解,直至足月妊娠。15例采取手术干预的患者中,1例行PCN治疗者病情缓解,胎儿体征稳定;9例行双J支架管置入术者支架放置正确;5例行URSL者术后无残余碎片或残留碎片直径均小于3mm。分娩后,3例行经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术(PCNL),9例行URSL,8例接受体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),以去除残留结石。所有患者均足月妊娠,母子平安,未出现严重并发症。结论:对于妊娠期上尿路结石患者,首先采取保守治疗,缓解肾绞痛等症状;当保守治疗无效时,根据患者基础情况选择双J管置入术、PCN或URSL;对于双J支架管置入术和PCN术无法解除症状的患者,URSL(特别是钬激光碎石术)更有效,应作为首选。     

输尿管镜手术治疗妊娠期输尿管结石的临床研究

目的探讨输尿管镜手术治疗妊娠期输尿管结石的安全性和有效性。方法 2013年3月至2017年10月,我单位对21例妊娠期输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜手术治疗,回顾性分析其临床资料及临床疗效结果。结果手术时间平均为14～47分钟,平均31分钟,平均住院时间为5天,所有患者术后肾绞痛症状均得到明显缓解。18例患者一次手术碎石成功,1例患者结石上移入肾盂、2例因输尿管狭窄致操作困难而未行碎石治疗,留置双J管,妊娠结束后Ⅱ期治疗。本组患者围术期均未出现产科并发症。结论输尿管镜手术治疗妊娠期输尿管结石安全有效。     

输尿管镜腔内治疗妊娠期顽固性肾绞痛的疗效观察

目的探讨应用输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石术治疗妊娠期肾绞痛的安全性及其疗效。方法对34例保守治疗无效的妊娠期肾绞痛患者行输尿管镜检查术,患者妊娠12~32周,平均24周,术中发现有结石30例,其中上段12例,中下段18例,均行气压弹道碎石,碎石后留置D-J管;术中未发现结石患者,单纯留置D-J管4例。结果 34例患者的肾绞痛及发热症状经治疗后完全消失,无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。结石清除率83.3%（25/30）,5例输尿管上段结石冲入肾内,产后行体外碎石后排出。所有患者均顺利度过围产期并产健康婴儿。结论输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石术治疗妊娠期顽固性肾绞痛安全、有效,值得临床应用。     

妊娠期输尿管上段结石的微创手术疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨微创手术治疗妊娠期输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性。 方法收集127例我院2006年1月至2016年9月接受微创手术治疗的妊娠期输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。患者年龄24~38岁,平均29岁;初诊时妊娠时间10~36周,平均24周。患者均有典型肾绞痛症状,经常规治疗无效。采用改良的Clavien分级系统对术后并发症进行评估分级并记录,术后复查泌尿系彩超,评估结石清除状态。 结果所有患者手术过程顺利,术后肾绞痛症状均得到明显缓解,未出现先兆流产或早产、输尿管穿孔、撕脱、感染性休克及大出血等严重并发症。88例接受输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,一期清石率为85.3%（75/88）;11例接受彩超定位下经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,28例接受输尿管镜下双J管置入术。术后并发症以双J管刺激症、肉眼血尿及伤口疼痛三者发生率较高。 结论妊娠期输尿管上段结石诊治过程中严格掌握适应证,施行输尿管镜碎石术安全可行,一期清石率较高,并非禁忌。此外也应根据病情及妊娠情况,选择双J管置入或经皮肾造瘘术,以缓解肾绞痛及减轻泌尿系梗阻。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.