2009年大连市82份自愿无偿献血者血样HIV感染指标复检结果分析

[目的]了解自愿无偿献血者艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,确认HIV感染者。[方法]2009年3～12月,对大连市血液中心筛查HIV抗体阳性的82份自愿无偿献血者血样进行HIV抗体和抗原复检,复检阳性血样用WB确认,部分血样3～6个月复查。[结果]复检血样82份,确认HIV抗体阳性3份,未发现p24抗原阳性的早期感染者。[结论]2009年3～12月,大连市在自愿无偿献血人群中发现3例HIV感染者。     

2008-2012年深圳市无偿献血人群HIV感染者流行特征分析

目的分析深圳市无偿献血人群HIV感染者的流行病学特征,探讨无偿献血招募应对措施。方法采用描述性流行病学方法回顾性分析2008—2012年深圳市无偿献血者HIV感染情况及其人群特征。结果2008--2012年共检测无偿献血者血样330635人份,检出HIV阳性99例,阳性率为29．94／10万,各年阳性检出率分别为10．96／10万、10．41／10万、33．62／10万、41．34／10万、43．61／10万,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。99例HIV阳性献血者中,男性96例,女性3例,男女性别比为32：1;年龄以18～30岁为主（65例,占65．7％）;外地户籍占82．8％（82例）;职业以职员为主（45例,占45．5％）;文化程度以高中及以下为主（63例,占63．6％）;未婚者占72．7％（72例）;初次献血者占71．7％（71例）。HIV合并梅毒感染25例,占25．3％。结论深圳市无偿献血人群中HIV感染率呈逐年上升趋势,应针对深圳市无偿献血人群HIV感染现状,在献血宣传中全面开展健康教育,提高工作人员对献血者的健康评估、咨询技巧及甄别排除高危人群的能力。     

泰安市无偿献血人群梅毒与HIV抗体调查

[目的]了解泰安市无偿献血人群中梅毒与艾滋病的感染情况，加强安全输血。[方法]采用血清流行病学方法，对标本HIV初复检均采用ELISA法及蛋白印迹法（WB）进行确认。梅毒阳性者再用TPPA进行检测。[结果145679例献血者中，检测梅毒抗体阳性者82例，阳性率为0．18％；艾滋病抗体阳性者24例，经山东省HIV确认实验室做WB确认，23例为HIV抗体阴性，假阳性率为0．002％，1例为抗-HIV1阳性。[结论]梅毒抗体阳性率在男女闻无差异（P〉0．05），初次献血者阳性率明显高于多次献血者（P〈0．01），街头献血与集体献血的梅毒阳性率存在显著差异（P〈0．01）。     

2003-2006年阳泉市艾滋病哨点及其他高危人群监测结果分析

目的了解2003-2006年阳泉市艾滋病病毒哨点及相关高危人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒检测（RPR）结果，为性病艾滋病预防控制工作提供参考。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法进行哨点人员和艾滋病高危人群的艾滋病病毒、梅毒检测。结果4年检测性病就诊者1333人，未发现初筛HIV阳性和复检阳性者；4年中，RPR阳性率分别为5．06％、4．92％、7．14％和9．00％。4年检测暗娟865人，未发现初筛HIV阳性和复检阳性者。4年检测吸毒者588人，2003、2004、2005年初筛均未检测出HIV阳性者，2006年初筛和复检均检测出2例（1．10％）HIV阳性者。临床检验哨点有记录的检测结果68人份，2003年与2006年检验结果缺失。2004年初筛阳性结果24份（54．55％），复检阳性结果4份（9．09％），2005年初筛与复检均有阳性结果4份（16．67％），没有RPR阳性结果。其他高危人群也有HIV与RPR阳性结果检出。结论4年中阳泉市在不同高危人群中均有HIV和RPR阳性检出结果，控制艾滋病、性病传播形式不容乐观。应加强预防艾滋病、性病知识的健康教育，采取有力措施，遏制艾滋病、性病的传播。     

宁德市无偿献血者HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的了解无偿献血者HIV感染特点,确定无偿献血招募指南,为血液安全提供依据。方法对宁德市HIV抗体阳性的无偿献血者进行流行病学分析。结果 2009—2013年宁德市无偿献血者HIV抗体阳性率24.89/10万(16/64 276),2013年最高,达53.65/10万(7/13 048)。感染者男性(75.0%)多于女性,18~39岁占68.8%,62.5%未婚,≤初中和≥大专占81.2%,职业呈散在分布,31.3%为重复献血者,87.5%可能通过异性接触感染,1例(6.3%)同性性接触感染。结论 2012年后宁德市无偿献血者HIV抗体阳性率呈上升趋势,应普及艾滋病防治知识,加强献血前的健康咨询和献血者的自我排查,建立艾滋病信息网络,保证临床用血安全。     

某市无偿献血者HIV感染现状分析及建议

目的了解无偿献血者HIV感染情况，有针对性地采取措施，保障血液安全。方法采用2种不同厂家的ELISA试剂，对献血者标本进行抗-HIV、抗-HCV及HBsAg筛查，并采用免疫印迹法确认抗-HIV筛查阳性的标本。结果郑州市2003年1月～2010年11月抗-HIV确认阳性94例，平均感染率为12．05／10万；男性高于女性；年龄以21-40岁为主；HIV与HCV、HBV存在合并感染，尤以与HCV合并感染率最高。结论采供血机构应在无偿献血者招募及体检过程中加强排查．并适时调整检测方法．以保障血液安全。     

23306份血清标本中HIV抗体检测阳性结果分析

目的：了解本地区HIV感染者在各年龄段感染的情况以及发展的趋势，为艾滋病防控宣教提供理论依据。方法：对2003～2008年来我院作介入性治疗和检查的住院和门诊病人23306例，用北京万泰生物药业生产的抗HIV（1＋2型）酶联免疫吸附试剂（ELISA），雅培抗HIV金标试纸条进行HIV抗体初筛试验。结果：23306份血清标本中，检出HIV抗体初筛阳性占1．14％（266／23306），确认阳性占1．06％（246／23306），不确定标本0．04％（9／23306）。结论：HIV感染者有逐渐上升的趋势，并从比较集中的高危年龄组逐渐向一般年龄人群传播，应引起社会各界的关注。     

2010-2014年衡阳市无偿献血者抗-HIV检测结果分析

目的了解衡阳市无偿献血者抗-HIV感染情况,探究血液的安全隐患,为采供血机构开展无偿献血宣传招募和检测工作提供参考依据。方法对2010-2014年衡阳市无偿献血者191 271份血液标本进行ELISA初筛试验,初筛阳性样本送衡阳市疾病控制预防中心,用WB(蛋白免疫印迹法)进行试验结果确认。结果 2010-2014年衡阳市无偿献血人群抗HIV初筛阳性数220例,初筛阳性率为0.115%,确认阳性数43例,确认阳性率为0.022 5%;HIV感染率呈逐年下降趋势(χ~2=52.5,P<0.01);结论衡阳市无偿献血人群中HIV感染率逐年下降,处于低流行稳定水平,感染主要为男性,具有低龄化趋势。为保证输血安全,政府应加强对献血人群,特别是青年男性的宣传教育。加强献血前的健康征询和预防艾滋病的宣传力度。     

南宁市1999～2005年献血者HIV检测结果分析

目的：分析南宁市1999-2005年献血者HIV感染状况及流行特征和趋势,为采供血机构和相关部门提供决策依据。方法：对南宁中心血站1999-2005年献血者血液标本HIV常规筛查和广西壮族自治区疾病控制中心艾滋病确认实验室等资料进行分析统计。结果：7年共筛查献血者血清样本439 202份,南宁中心血站检验科筛查抗-HIV阳性599例,上送广西壮族自治区疾病控制中心艾滋病确认实验室确认HIV阳性55例。HIV感染者中无偿献血者所占比例超过98%,主要为男性青壮年,传播途径以曾经吸毒人员为主。结论：南宁市献血者HIV感染率处于较高水平,且呈上升势头。     

太原市无偿献血者HIV流行率及血液筛查后残余风险度的评估

目的了解太原市首次/重复无偿献血者艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况,评估血液经ELISA筛查后存在的经输血传染HIV的危险度。方法收集2008年-2012年无偿献血者HIV项目实验结果,分别统计男、女首次献血者和重复献血者的HIV阳性数并计算阳性率,用流行率/窗口期数学模型法对经输血传播HIV的残余危险度进行评估。结果太原市2008年-2012年无偿献血者血液标本共389 796次,首次献血者中男性和女性HIV的阳性率分别为0.039 7%和0.001 4%;重复献血者中男性和女性HIV的阳性率分别为0.017 9%和0.004 1%。经评估抗-HIV筛查后无偿献血者HIV的总残余风险为10.518×10-6。结论太原市无偿献血者HIV流行率首次献血者高于重复献血者,男性高于女性,无偿献血者血液仍存在传播HIV的风险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.