金属胆道支架在恶性胆道梗阻治疗中的临床应用

目的：探讨金属胆道支架置人结合肿瘤区域化疗在恶性胆道梗阻治疗中的应用价值。方法：46例不能根治切除的恶性胆管梗阻患者中，42例行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流（PTCD）后支架置放术，另4例行经腹胆道支架置放术。支架置放术后，36例采用皮下埋置化疗泵化疗药物注射，8例采用分次动脉插管化疗药物灌注。结果：经PTCD成功后支架置人成功率95．2％，经腹支架置人成功率100％。结论：金属胆道支架置人成功率高，手术损伤，支架通畅率高，结合肿瘤区域化疗，可进一步提高疗效。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法对256例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,施用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)加金属内支架置入术或结合局部动脉化疗术,共使用256条外引流管和256枚金属内支架。结果 256例患者采用经皮经肝穿刺置入外引流管及支架置入术,均一次置入成功。术后总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶均明显下降。术后256例患者黄疸消退满意;112例黄疸消退,并于术后4周行局部灌注化疗术。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆道外引流加内支架置入术是姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全、有效方法,结合局部动脉灌注化疗,能提高患者的生命质量及延长生存期。     

恶性胆道梗阻的肝脏病理组织学观察

恶性胆道梗阻是指由肿瘤堵塞或压迫胆汁流出道,使胆汁排出受阻,胆道内压力增高,引起肝脏继发性损害而产生梗阻性黄疸。恶性胆道梗阻导致肝脏组织学及超微结构的改变,国内未见报道,本研究旨在对此进行探讨。材料与方法标本来自1986年1～11月我院收治的恶性胆道梗阻病人,共32例。年龄30～78岁,平均54.5(±1.7)岁。男性22例,女     

68例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP诊治的分析

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)及其相关技术在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者诊断和治疗中的作用.方法 回顾性分析68例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的ERCP诊断情况,以及ERCP相关性治疗,包括内镜下鼻胆管引流(ENBD)、内镜下胆管金属支架引流术(EMBD)、塑料支架引流术(ERBD)、超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)联合ERCP支架植入术的应用情况,并对患者的预后及并发症进行总结分析.结果 68例患者均经ERCP检查,共成功发现病变显影54例(79.4％),其中壶腹癌(16/18)、乳头癌(10/12)、胆管下段癌(8/l0)、胆囊癌(5/5)、肝癌侵犯胆管(2/2)肝门部胆管癌(6/11)、胰腺癌(6/8).术后7d胆红素及ALP水平较术前均明显下降,大部分患者症状明显缓解.术后并发急性胰腺炎8例(14.8％),电解质紊乱9例(16.7％),并发消化道出血3例.49例接受为期6个月的随访,其中死亡12例(24.5％).结论 ERCP及其相关治疗手段能够减轻黄疸,缓解症状,提高生活质量,延长生存期,是姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的重要方法.     

恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次置入金属和塑料支架的比较

背景：在堵塞的支架中再次置入金属或塑料支架可解决支架的堵塞问题,然而关于支架间如何搭配组合将使患者受益更大却一直存在着争论。 目的：对比恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次在其内置入不同种类支架之间的临床效果。 方法：收集在南昌大学第二附属医院行经内镜胆道金属支架置入的,且在原支架堵塞后再次在其内置入另一支架的中、低位胆道恶性梗阻患者83例,并根据原支架与再次置入支架的不同搭配组合形式,将以上患者分为3组,即覆膜金属支架组、无覆膜金属支架组和塑料支架组。 结果与结论：在原金属支架堵塞后,再次置入覆膜金属支架的通畅时间显著长于塑料支架(P < 0.05);覆膜金属支架组的支架累计通畅时间显著长于无覆膜金属支架组(P < 0.05-0.01)。提示经内镜置入胆道金属支架治疗中、低位胆道恶性梗阻时,在原金属支架和支架堵塞后再次置入金属支架时,使用≥1根覆膜支架的累计通畅时间显著长于先后2次置入无覆膜金属支架者。     

术前胆道引流对恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫和炎症状况的影响

目的探讨术前胆道引流对恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫和炎症状况的影响。方法选择于我院就诊的31例恶性阻塞性黄疸患者作为研究对象,对患者进行术前胆道引流,比较引流前后患者的免疫和炎症状况。结果引流后患者的IL-6、IL-8、CRP、CD4+、CD8+与引流前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);引流后患者的TNF-α明显低于引流前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前胆道引流能够明显改善患者的TNF-α水平,TNF-α是恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫、炎症的敏感因子。     

预见性护理有利于稳定恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经P TCD术后情绪及降低术后并发症

目的 观察预见性护理对预防恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)术后并发症发生的效果.方法 将2018年1月至2019年10月徐州市中心医院肝胆胰中心收治的80例行PTCD治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者纳入研究,随机分为2组,各40例,对照组予以常规护理,实验组在其基础上实施预见性护理对策,比较2组干预前后焦虑(...     

经皮经肝胆管引流途径胆道支架置入与姑息性胆肠内引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效比较

目的：探讨不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮经肝胆管引流（ PTCD)途径放置胆道支架与姑息性胆肠内引流减轻黄疸方式的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科2005年12月—2011年12月不能手术切除且资料完整的210例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中 PTCD 途径胆道金属支架置入术137例（支架组),男83例、女54例,年龄（67．64±12．68)岁;姑息性胆肠 Roux-en-Y 内引流术73例（引流组),男50例、女23例,年龄（64．69±12．99)岁。比较两组患者的疗效差异。结果支架组和引流组均可有效解除患者胆道梗阻、改善肝功能;在身体状况、黄疸程度及肝功能损害更严重的情况下,支架组在解除胆道梗阻、改善肝功能方面优于引流组,且不增加手术并发症和住院时间;两组术后生存时间分别为（9．25±6．24)个月和（10．36±8．02)个月,差异亦无统计学意义（P>0．05)。结论对于失去手术切除肿瘤机会的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,可选择PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术解除胆道梗阻、改善全身状况,其与姑息性胆肠内引流相比具有简便、安全、创伤小、可重复及可为后续治疗创造条件等优点,可作为首选。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸及其诊疗进展

目的：总结近期恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊疗进展。方法：在PubMed数据库中查阅近5a与恶性梗阻性黄疸相关的文献,了解恶性梗阻性黄疸诊断治疗相关研究的前沿动态。结果：恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断技术进展相对缓慢,早期诊断率仍较低;治疗手段与以往相比更丰富,包括粒子支架、射频消融等新技术逐渐应用于临床。结论：目前恶性梗阻性黄疸的早期诊断及治疗依然不容乐观,但随着诊疗技术的不断发展,对恶性梗阻性黄疽将会取得更好的诊疗效果。     

梗阻性黄疸患者胆道内、外引流手术前后血清白细胞介素的表达及临床意义

了解梗阻性黄疸胆道内、外引流术式对血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-12(IL-12)含量的影响。方法：43例由恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸中，胆道内引流32例，胆道外引流术11例，43例患者术前、术后均测得血清IL-6和IL-12含量。结果显示，梗阻性黄疸内、外引流术前血清IL-6和IL-12低于正常组，行胆道内引流术后血清IL-6、IL-12的值与正常组比较无显著性差异，表明其免疫功能有所恢复，而胆道外引流术后血清IL-6、IL-12的值低于正常组，表明免疫功能仍受损。该结论提示在临床上对于一般情况差，不能行根治手术的梗阻性黄疸病人，应尽可能行胆道内引流术。     

金属支架管在解除输尿管肿瘤源性和慢性良性梗阻中的疗效观察

目的观察留置金属支架管解除输尿管肿瘤源性和慢性良性梗阻方法的治疗效果。方法 2013年10月至2014年4月,我科使用金属支架管治疗输尿管肿瘤源性和慢性良性梗阻患者10例,肾功能显像(ECT)检查用于评估留置金属支架管后单肾功能。结果经过平均4个月时间的随访,单侧肾功能改善11例,1侧肾功能未见明显改善,所有留置金属支架管肾脏功能未见下降。结论留置金属支架管可有效解除输尿管肿瘤源性和慢性良性梗阻,保护肾功能。     

Myeloid sarcoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts presenting as obstructive jaundice

We report a rare case of myeloid sarcoma (MS) of the extrahepatic bile ducts presenting as obstructive jaundice in a patient without leukemia at time of diagnosis. A 75-year-old female presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and jaundice. Computerized tomography scan of the abdomen showed stenosis of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography disclosed an irregular narrowing of the common biliary duct, suggestive of a cholangiocarcinoma, and resection was performed. Histologic examination showed diffuse transmural infiltration of malignant cells. These cells exhibited medium-sized round nuclei with central nucleoli and eosinophilic cytoplasm, and were strongly positive for myeloperoxidase, CD68, lysozyme, CD45, CD117 (c-kit protein) and CD43. Eight months following surgery the patient presented with multiple cutaneous nodules and bone marrow trephine biopsy showed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. A literature search identified two previously reported cases of MS of the extrahepatic biliary duct. MS should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of a patient with obstructive jaundice. Immunohistochemistry is essential for a correct diagnosis.     

Isolated biliary cryptococcosis manifesting as obstructive jaundice in an immunocompetent adult

Cryptococcosis is a symptomatic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus, which frequently occurs in patients who are immunologically compromised or chronically ill. Localized involvement of the hepatobiliary system in an immunocompetent adult is extremely rare. We report a unique case of isolated biliary cryptococcosis manifesting as obstructive jaundice and mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma in an immunocompetent woman. By integrating surgical and antifungal drug therapy, the disease was effectively controlled. Despite an increasing incidence of biliary malignancies, hepatobiliary surgeons and gastroenterologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for other rare possibilities of non-specific biliary inflammation.     

梗阻性黄疸的CT分析

目的 分析梗阻性黄疸的ＣＴ表现,研究ＣＴ在诊断中的价值。方法 收集经手术病理证实的梗阴性黄疸６８例,对其ＣＴ表现结合病理改进进行回顾性分析。结果 ＣＴ诊断梗阻部位准确性为９７％,判断梗阻原因的准确性为８１％。结论 ＣＴ在梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断和鉴别诊断上是一种十分有效的手段。     

超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗

目的:探讨超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗的临床效果。方法:选择收治的60例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,划分为30例/组,两组均行经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术,对照组采取X线辅助,观察组采取超声导航技术辅助,比较两组的穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、穿刺次数、生命体征指标、疼痛评分、舒适度评分、并发症发生率、胆汁引流量、肝功能指标。结果:（1）统计首次穿刺和首二次穿刺的成功率,观察组均较对照组高（P<0.05）;（2）统计单次穿刺和总穿刺时间,观察组均较对照组短（P<0.05）,其穿刺次数,观察组也较对照组少（P<0.05）;（3）对照组穿刺前与穿刺后的心率、血压等生命体征指标均发生明显改变（P<0.05）,而观察组穿刺前与穿刺后的生命体征指标均未发生明显改变（P>0.05）;（4）穿刺时及穿刺后,观察组的疼痛评分均较对照组更低（P<0.05）,其舒适度评分均较对照组更高（P<0.05）;（5）并发症总发生率分别为0%（观察组）、13.33%（对照组）,观察组较对照组更低（P<0.05）;（6）术后第1天、第2天、第3天,观察组与对照组的胆汁引流量比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;（7）组内AST、ALT、TBIL等肝功能指标比较,两组手术后均较手术前降低（P<0.05）。结论:利用超声导航技术,完成经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术的实施,实现对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的胆汁予以充分引流,改善肝功能,还可提高穿刺成功率,减少穿刺耗时和次数,减轻穿刺疼痛感,减少并发症的发生。     

Factors producing bile infarction and bile duct proliferation in biliary obstruction

To clarify the factors producing bile infarction and bile duct proliferation in obstructive jaundice, the incidence of the hepatic lesions and the serum levels of the bile constituents were examined in three rat models. (1) Ligation of the common bile duct induced bile infarction, bile duct proliferation, retention of bile in the liver, and elevation of the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids. (2) The rats treated by choledochotomy had bile in the abdominal cavity, but there was no retention of bile in the liver. The degree of development of bile infarction was similar to that of the common bile duct ligation group, but bile duct proliferation was not found: the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids were elevated. (3) In the rats subjected to partial bile duct ligation, bile infarction and bile duct proliferation were seen only in the lobes with ligation of the hepatic ducts: only slight or no elevation of the serum levels of total bilirubin and total bile acids was found. These data suggest that bile infarction is caused by the toxic action of bile constituents other than bilirubin and bile acids, absorbed into the blood from the obstructed biliary system, and that bile duct proliferation is due to mechanical factors following bile retention or direct actions of retained bile in the liver.     

Endoscopic bile duct brushing of malignant pancreatic biliary strictures: retrospective study with comparison of conventional smear and ThinPrep techniques

Endoscopic bile duct brushing (EBDB) is carried out to differentiate benign from malignant biliary strictures in patients who have pancreaticobiliary disease. The sensitivity of this method for the diagnosis of malignancy is relatively low. The aim of this study is to analyze the cytomorphologic features that are helpful in increasing the sensitivity of detecting these lesions on cytologic samples. These features are compared with slides prepared with the ThinPrep technique. The study included 142 patients with bile duct obstruction or pancreatic mass who underwent EBDB and follow-up surgery or biopsy between 1997 to 2000. Twenty-five (18%) of these cases were positive for malignancy in both EBDB and follow-up surgical biopsy; 20 of these cases were used as positive controls (PC). Sixty-one (43%) were negative in both EBDB and follow-up surgical biopsy specimens, and 21 of those cases were used as negative controls (NC). Fifty-six (39%) cases were negative/atypical in EBDB cytology but were suspicious or positive in the surgical or biopsy specimens (false-negative). We identified the cytologic criteria that were helpful in differentiating our positive and negative control groups and applied these criteria to our false-negative group to see whether our sensitivity could be increased, using well-defined cytologic criteria alone. Of the 56 false-negative cases, 9 (16%) were upgraded to suspicious/positive based on the presence of the following features: three-dimensional (3D) micropapillae (95% PC vs 19% NC, P < 0.0001), anisonucleosis (90% PC vs 5% NC, P < 0.0001), high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio (95% PC vs 9% NC, P < 0.0001), nuclear contour irregularity (65% PC vs 24% NC, P = 0.0079), and prominent nucleoli (70% PC vs 38% NC, P = 0.0406). Cytomorphologic features which were not helpful in distinguishing positive and negative cases were: single naked nuclei (50% PC vs 28% NC, P = 0.1597), chromatin granularity (50% PC vs 62% NC, P = 0.54), and necrosis (10% PC vs 5% NC, P = 0.5197). Improvement in diagnostic sensitivity for carcinoma of pancreaticobiliary tract in EBDB samples may be achieved by identifying the key malignant cytomorphologic features: 3D micropapillae, anisonucleosis, nuclear contour irregularity, prominent nucleoli, and high N/C ratio. The sensitivity in detecting malignant biliary strictures increased from 31% to 42% based on these criteria in our current study.