咪唑安定复合异丙酚镇静时的心率变异性变化

目的：观察心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）在咪唑安定、异丙酚及其复合镇静时的变化。方法：选择ＡＳＡⅠ－Ⅱ级,在下胸腰段硬膜外阻滞下择期手术的成同人６０例,随机分为四组,每组１５例,Ⅰ组为咪唑安定组,Ⅱ组为咪唑安定０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ加异丙酚组,Ⅲ组为咪唑安定０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ加异丙酚组,Ⅳ组为异丙酚组Ⅰ组,Ⅳ组每间隔２－３分钟静注咪唑安定１．５ｍｇ或 丙酚２０ｍｇ;Ⅱ组,Ⅲ组先静注咪唑安定０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ     

静脉注射异丙酚或咪唑安定对呼吸循环功能的影响

比较异丙酚与咪唑安定对呼吸循环功能影响的程度和时程。４５例ＡＳＡⅠ成年手术患者，分别静注咪唑安定０．２８ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ｉ组，ｎ＝１６）、０．４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅱ组，ｎ＝１６）或异丙酚２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅲ组，ｎ＝１３）。观测注药前及注药后３０ｍｉｎ内ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＳｐＯ２、ＴＶ、ＭＶ、ＲＲ和Ｐ＾ＥＴＣＯ２，并行动脉血气分析。结果：注药后三组ＭＡＰ的最大降幅分别为２０．０％、２２．８％和２２．２％；ＨＲ最     

阈下剂量氯胺酮与异丙酚并用的临床研究

选择２４例择期下肢手术患者，在硬膜外阻滞及血流动力学稳定的条件下，临床组静注氯胺酮０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和异丙酚２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，对照组单独静注异丙酚２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。做两组间血压、心率、经皮血氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）和麻醉苏醒时间的比较。结果表明，氯胺酮 ０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ能防止由异丙酚引起的血压下降，同时两药的某些副作用明显减轻或消失，但异丙酚的呼吸抑制作用和苏醒时间明显延长。作者认为阈下剂量氯胺酮并用异丙酚用于麻醉诱导和维持，能产生较稳定的血流动力学效果，适宜门诊短小手术。     

7种常用静脉麻醉药对血流动力学影响的比较

比较常用静脉麻醉药对血流动力学的影响。方法：８０９例拟行全麻醉患者随机分成八组,分别给予生理盐水１０ｍｌ、硫喷妥钠６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、异丙酚２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ咪唑安定０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ,依托咪酯丙二醇制剂０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ,依托咪酯乳剂０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、氯胺酮２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和芬太尼５μｇ／ｋｇ。用Ｕｌｔｉｍａ监测仪和阻抗法记录并计算血液动力学有关参数。结果：ＢＰ而言,其降幅排序为异丙酚〉咪唑安定〉硫喷妥钠〉硫喷     

小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较

目的：探讨氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外腔术后镇痛效应和伍用后是否可提高镇痛效果并减少副作用。方法：５０例硬膜外腔麻醉下行骨科手术的患者，随机分为５组，每组１０例。Ａ组：吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｂ组：氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｃ组氯胺酮０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｄ组：Ａ＋Ｂ；Ｅ组：Ａ＋Ｃ。于术后４、８、１２、２４、４８、７２ｈ记录疼痛评分（ＶＡＰＳ）及副作用的发生情况。结果：Ａ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为２．９５，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为５２．０ｈ；Ｂ组镇痛效果差，ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为７．２６，有效镇痛３例，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为３．６０，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为４４．４ｈ；Ｄ组ＶＡＰＳ平均评分为２．７３，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，平均持续时间为５０．８ｈ；Ｅ组平均ＶＡＰＳ评分为１．５８，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），持续时间为５８．１ｈ。结论：１．氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ硬膜外腔术后镇痛效果差，剂量增至０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ镇痛效果与吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ相近，恶心、呕吐发生较少，无精神方面的副作用；２．氯胺酮与吗啡配伍，随着氯胺酮剂量增加到０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ     

异丙酚伍用不同剂量芬太尼用于人工流产手术麻醉

目的：研究异丙酚联合应用不同剂量的芬太尼在人工流产手术的麻醉作用。方法：ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级人工流产患者６４例,随机分为三组,Ａ组２２例为对照组,Ｂ组２２例,Ｃ组２０例。Ａ组静注异丙酚２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｂ组静注异丙酚２ｍｇ／ｋｇ及１μｇ／ｋｇ芬太尼,Ｃ组静注异丙酚２ｍｇ／ｋｇ及２μｇ／ｋｇ芬太尼。异丙酚均于４５～６０秒缓慢注入。观察三组患者诱导及苏醒时间、异丙酚用量及呼吸抑制情况。结果：麻醉诱导时间Ｂ、Ｃ两组少于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,苏醒时间Ｂ组少于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。异丙酚用量Ｂ、Ｃ两组均少于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。呼吸抑制发生率Ａ组４５％、Ｂ组５０％、Ｃ组８５％,Ａ、Ｂ两组的发生率接近,无显著性差异,但两组均与Ｃ组相差显著（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）。而呼吸抑制的平均时间Ｂ组为最短。结论：异丙酚联合应用芬太尼用于人     

乌拉地尔预防气管插管时心血管反应的观察

４６例（ＡＳＡＩ￣Ⅱ）全麻择期手术患者随机分为Ａ（ｎ＝２３）、Ｂ（ｎ＝２３）两组。麻醉用安定０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．５％硫喷妥钠５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、琥珀胆碱１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ快速诱导气管插管。组Ａ在琥珀胆碱后即静注乌拉地尔０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果：组Ａ插管后心血管反应较稳定，ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ和ＲＰＰ分别升高６％、１２％、１５％、２４％和２８％；组Ｂ插管后上述参数分别升高３０％、３７％、３３％、４８     

异丙酚-阿芬太尼静脉麻醉和七氟醚-氧化亚氮吸入麻醉对脑血管CO2反应性的影响

目的 比较异丙酚－阿芬太尼和七氟醚－氧化亚氮麻醉对脑血管ＣＯ２反应性的影响。方法 选择４０例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级的腹部外科手术病人,常规诱导插管后,随机分成两组异丙酚组（ｎ＝２０例）采用异丙酚０．１ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｍｉｎ＾－１＋阿芬太尼１μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｍｉｎ＾－１微量泵静脉输注维持麻醉,七氟醚组（ｎ＝２０）例则采用１％七氟醚＋Ｎ２Ｏ／Ｏ２吸入维持,中调节通气指数使呼气未二氧化碳分压（ＰＥＴＣＯ２＿     

异丙酚的血药浓度与临床效应的关系

为评价静注异丙酚（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）后浓度效应关系，１６例择期手术病人分为连续硬膜外阻滞组（ｎ＝６）和全麻组（ｎ＝８），给药后连续监测血压、心率和潮气量，观察病人意识丧失，朦胧，时空定向能力，能否按指定行事，以及有无记忆缺失，同时测定血药浓度。结果表明：（１）全麻病人和连续硬膜外阻滞病人药代动力学无明显差异；（２）术中维持理想的麻醉状态血药浓度在２．５μｇ／ｍｌ左右，镇静和催眠状态血药浓度为１．５     

尼卡地平伍用芬太尼减轻气管插管时心血管副反应的研究

３６例ＡＳＡＩ级择期手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１２例。全麻诱导均静脉注射硫喷妥钠８ｍｇ／ｋｇ和琥珀胆碱２ｍｇ／ｋｇ．诱导前５分钟组Ｉ静注生理盐水４ｍｌ，组Ⅱ静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，组Ⅲ静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和芬太尼３μｇ／ｋｇ。结果显示组Ⅲ在插管后ＳＢＰ、ＨＲ和ＲＰＰ变化最小。表明静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和芬太尼３μｇ／ｋｇ是减轻气管插管时心血管副反应的有效方法。     

Comparison of alfetanil and ketamine in combination with propofol for patient-controlled sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy

BACKGROUND: During fiberoptic bronchoscopy, propofol, ketamine, benzodiazepines, and opiates are most commonly used, alone or in combination for sedation. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of propofol/ketamine with propofol/alfentanil for patient-controlled sedation (PCS) during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. METHOD: Patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either propofol/alfentanil (PA group; n = 138) or propofol/ketamine (PK group; n = 138) via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device for sedation and analgesia. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation were monitored. Degree of patient and bronchoscopist satisfaction was evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = extremely uncomfortable to 10 = extremely comfortable). RESULTS: After sedation, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) decreased in the PA group, but SAP was stable in the PK group. Compared with values immediately before starting bronchoscopy, SAP and HR increased during the procedure in both groups (P < 0.05). Patients in the PK group showed more satisfaction [(9.5 (6-10) vs. 9.0 (6-10)), P < 0.05] and amnesia (82% vs. 61%, P < 0.01). Despite these differences, the majority (greater than 90%) of the patients in both groups stated that they were comfortable during the procedure. CONCLUSION: Our results show that although both techniques proved effective for sedation in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, ketamine is superior to alfentanil when used in combination with propofol because of the high patient satisfaction and amnesia.     

Propofol-ketamine vs propofol-fentanyl combinations for deep sedation and analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing burn dressing changes

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare propofol-ketamine (PK) and propofol-fentanyl (PF) combinations for deep sedation and analgesia in pediatric burn wound dressing changes. METHODS: Thirty-two ASA physical status II and III inpatients with a second degree total burn surface area ranging from 5% to 25% were studied in a randomized, double blind fashion. Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and Ramsey sedation scores of all patients were recorded perioperatively. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either PK or PF: PK group (n = 17) received 1 mg.kg(-1) ketamine + 1.2 mg.kg(-1) propofol, and PF group (n = 15) received 1 microg.kg(-1) fentanyl + 1.2 mg.kg(-1) propofol for induction. Additional propofol (0.5-1 mg.kg(-1)) was administered when the patients showed discomfort in both groups. If the patient showed discomfort and/or increase in heart rate or systolic arterial pressure, despite additional propofol dose, additional bolus of 0.5-1 mg.kg(-1) ketamine or 0.5-1 microg.kg(-1) fentanyl was administered. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and sedation scores during the procedure between the groups. Restlessness during the procedure was seen in seven (47%) patients in Group PF and one (5.9%) patient in Group PK (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Both propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl combinations provided effective sedation and analgesia during dressing changes in pediatric burn patients. But propofol-ketamine combination was superior to propofol-fentanyl combination because of more restlessness in patients given propofol-fentanyl.     

Sedation and analgesia with propofol plus low-dose ketamine for retrobulbar block

OBJECTIVES: To determine if adding ketamine to propofol provides better sedation than propofol alone for patients receiving a retrobulbar block for eye surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized double-blind trial enrolling 50 patients receiving a retrobulbar nerve block for eye surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. In the propofol group sedation was induced with 0.45 mg x kg(-1) of propofol. In the ketamine plus propofol group sedation was induced with 0.45 mg x kg(-1) of propofol plus 0.25 mg x kg(-1) of ketamine. We recorded patient characteristics (age, weight, ASA class, height, sex), hemodynamic variables (blood pressure, heart rate), puncture conditions, sedation (score on the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation [OAA/S] scale), ventilation (end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure, apneas, need for reanimation maneuvers, pulse oximetry), time until onset of effect, duration of effect, and amnesia. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in time to onset, duration of effect, patient characteristics, hemodynamic or respiratory variables, or amnesia. Sedation assessed on the OAA/S-scale was lower in the propofol group and the puncture conditions were significantly better in the ketamine plus propofol group. The only adverse psychomimetic reaction was transient agitation, observed in 2 propofol group patients. CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of ketamine associated with propofol improve puncture conditions for performing a retrobulbar block without increasing unwanted side effects.     

Propofol-ketamine vs propofol-fentanyl for sedation during pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of propofol-ketamine with propofol-fentanyl in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE). METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double blinded comparison of propofol-ketamine with propofol-fentanyl for sedation in patients undergoing elective UGIE. Ninety ASA I-II, aged 1 to 16-year-old patients were included in the study. Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory rate (RR) and Ramsey sedation scores of all patients were recorded perioperatively. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either propofol-ketamine (PK; n = 46) or propofol-fentanyl (PF; n = 44). PK group received 1 mg x kg(-1) ketamine + 1.2 mg x kg(-1) propofol, and PF group received 1 microg x kg(-1) fentanyl + 1.2 mg x kg(-1) propofol for sedation induction. Additional propofol (0.5-1 mg x kg(-1)) was administered when a patient showed discomfort in either group. RESULTS: The number of patients who needed additional propofol in the first minute after sedation induction was eight in Group PK (17%), and 22 in Group PF (50%) (P < 0.01) and those who did not need additional propofol throughout the endoscopy were 14 in Group PK (30%) and three in Group PF (7%) (P < 0.01). HR and RR values after induction in Group PF were significantly lower than Group PK (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both PK and PF combinations provided effective sedation in pediatric patients undergoing UGIE, but the PK combination resulted in stable hemodynamics and deeper sedation though more side effects.     

异丙酚对氯胺酮诱发新生大鼠脑损伤的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对氯胺酮诱发新生大鼠脑损伤的影响.方法 新生SD大鼠80只,日龄7 d,雌雄不拘,体重12～20 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为4组(n=20):生理盐水对照组(NS组)腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml;氯胺酮致脑损伤组(K组)、异丙酚对照组(P组)和异丙酚+氯胺酮组(PK组)分别腹腔注射氯胺酮70mg/kg、异丙酚70mg/kg、异丙酚70mg/kg+氯胺酮70mg/kg,每隔2 h注射1次,共3次.于苏醒后24 h时各组随机取10只大鼠,处死后取海马组织,采用TUNEL法检测海马CA1区神经元凋亡情况,计算凋亡率,采用免疫组化法检测Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达,腹腔注射后21d时各组余大鼠采用Morris水迷宫实验测定学习记忆功能(逃避潜伏期和穿越平台次数).结果 与NS组相比,K组神经元凋亡率升高,P组和PK组Bcl-2蛋白表达上调,其余各组Bax蛋白表达上调,逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少(P＜0.05或0.01);与K组相比,PK组神经元凋亡率降低,P组Bax蛋白表达下调,P组和PK组Bcl-2蛋白表达上调,逃避潜伏期缩短,穿越平台次数增加(P＜0.05).结论 异丙酚可减轻氯胺酮诱发新生大鼠的脑损伤,可能与其调节Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达从而抑制海马神经元凋亡有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the cerebral injury induced by ketamine in neonatal rats. Methods Eighty 7-day-old SD rats of both sexes, weighing 12-20 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20 each): normal saline (NS) group, ketamine-induced cerebral injury group (group K), propofol group (group P) and propofol combined with ketamine group (group PK). Group NS received intraperitoneal NS 1 ml. In groups K, P and PK, ketamine 70 mg/kg, propofol 70 mg/kg and propofol 70 mg/kg + ketamine 70 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally once every 2 h for 3 times respectively. Ten rats in each group were selected and sacrificed at 24 h after emergence from anesthesia and the hippocampi obtained to determine the neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression(by immunohitochemistry). The apoptosis rate was calculated.The other 10 rats in each group were selected at 21 days after the intraperitoneal injection and the learning and memory functions (escape latency and frequency of crossing the original platform) were evaluated using Morris water maze. Results Compared with group NS, the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in group K, Bcl-2 protein expression was up-regulated in groups P and PK, and Bax protein expression was up-regulated, the escape latency was significantly prolonged and the frequency of crossing the original platform was significantly decreased in the other groups (P ＜ 0.05 .or 0.01 ). Compared with group K, the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased in group PK, Bax protein expression was down-regulated in group P, and Bcl-2 protein expression was up-regulated,the escape latency was significantly shortened and the frequency of crossing the original platform was significantlyincreased in groups P and PK ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Propofol can reduce the cerebral injury induced by ketamine in neonatal rats, and the regulation of the Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression and inhibition of the neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus may be involved in the mechanism.     

Addition of ketamine to propofol for initiation of procedural anesthesia in children reduces propofol consumption and preserves hemodynamic stability

Background: There is no ideal anesthesia protocol to perform short invasive procedures in pediatric oncology. The combination of propofol and ketamine may offer advantages over propofol alone.
Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we analyzed 63 consecutive procedures performed in 47 oncology children. All patients received 1 μg/kg fentanyl, followed by propofol 1 mg/kg in group P ( n =33) or propofol 0.5 mg/kg and ketamine 0.5 mg/kg in group PK ( n =30) for the initiation of anesthesia. The need for supplementation with propofol and/or fentanyl to maintain an adequate level of anesthesia was recorded. The hemodynamic and respiratory profile, recovery time and the occurrence of side effects were compared.
Results: Significantly more children required propofol (100% vs. 83.3%) and fentanyl (75.5% vs. 43.3%) rescue doses, and developed hypotension (63.6% vs. 23.4%) and bradycardia (48.5 vs. 23.4%) in group P compared with group PK, with a comparable incidence of respiratory adverse events and recovery times. However, 40% of children in group PK were agitated following recovery compared with 6% in group P.
Conclusions: The combination of propofol and ketamine for invasive procedures in pediatric oncology resulted in reduced propofol and fentanyl consumption and preserved hemodynamic stability, but more children in the combination group recovered with agitation.     

丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼在胆道镜操作过程中的镇静作用

目的研究丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼用于胆道镜操作过程中的镇静效果。方法选择18~65岁行胆道镜的患者90例,随机分为三组:PF组(n=31),首次静注芬太尼0.05 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg;PM组(n=29),首次静注咪唑安定2 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg;PMF组(n=30),首次静注芬太尼0.05 mg+咪唑安定2 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg。各组根据需要追加丙泊酚每次20~30 mg。记录心率、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、镇静分级,观察患者症状及记忆缺失情况。结果用药后1 min三组患者都能达到满意的镇静效果(镇静分级2~3级);所有患者停药后17 min完全清醒,PF组恢复时间最短(P<0.01),但有21例(67.7%)对操作过程有记忆,只有15例(48.4%)患者对麻醉镇静的方法感到很满意。结论丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼在胆道镜操作中镇静效果更好,无明显不良反应。     

Dexmedetomidine-ketamine and propofol-ketamine combinations for anesthesia in spontaneously breathing pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and propofol-ketamine combinations on hemodynamics, sedation level, and the recovery period in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Children (n = 44) undergoing cardiac catheterization. INTERVENTIONS: The dexmedetomidine plus ketamine group (group 1, n = 22) received an infusion over 10 minutes of 1 microg/kg of dexmedetomidine and ketamine, 1 mg/kg, as a bolus, for induction. The patients then received an infusion of 0.7 microg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine and 1 mg/kg/h of ketamine for maintenance. The propofol plus ketamine group (group 2, n = 22) received 1 mg/kg of propofol and 1 mg/kg of ketamine for induction. The patients received 100 microg/kg/min of propofol and 1 mg/kg/h of ketamine by infusion for maintenance. Additional doses of ketamine, 1 mg/kg, were administered when a patient showed discomfort in both groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamic data, respiratory rate, bispectral index, and sedation scores were recorded after induction and every 15 minutes thereafter. The time to reach a Steward recovery score of 6 was recorded. The heart rate in group 1 was significantly lower (average 10-20 beats/min) than group 2 after induction and throughout the procedure. Ketamine consumption in group 1 was significantly more than in group 2 (2.03 mg/kg/h v 1.25 mg/kg/h) for maintenance (p < 0.01). The recovery time was also longer in group 1 than in group 2 (49.54 v 23.16 minutes, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination was not superior to a propofol-ketamine combination because of insufficient sedation and analgesia and a longer recovery time.     

眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果

目的 探讨眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果.方法 择期行眼科短小手术患儿48例,年龄4～12岁,按年龄和麻醉药物分为4组(n=12):ⅠPK组4～7岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅠPR组4～7岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPK组8～12岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPR组8～12岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉.ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组静脉注射氯胺酮2 mg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导,静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1及间断静脉注射氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg维持麻醉.ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导;麻醉维持:静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1和瑞芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1,瑞芬太尼每2分钟增加0.025 μg·kg-1·min-1,直至0.2 μg·kg-1·min-1.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后冲洗眼球时、手术开始后即刻、手术开始后15 min和出手术室时,记录收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度和麻醉深度指数(CSI).记录术中和术后不良反应的发生情况.记录麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间、意识恢复时间和总镇静时间.计算瑞芬太尼平均输注速率.结果 与麻醉诱导前比较,4组SP、DP、HR、RR和CSI均降低(P＜0.05);与ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组比较,ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组RR和CSI降低,术中体动和术后躁动发生率降低,麻醉诱导时间延长,苏醒时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05);与ⅠPR组比较,ⅡPR组麻醉诱导时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05).ⅡPR组瑞芬太尼平均输注速率小于ⅠPR组(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于眼科短小手术患儿麻醉可产生良好的麻醉效果,且血液动力学平稳,不良反应少,术后苏醒迅速,而不同年龄患儿瑞芬太尼用量不同.     

Hemodynamic stability during induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation with propofol plus fentanyl, ketamine, and fentanyl-ketamine

Purpose. This study was conducted to investigate hemodynamic and cardiac stability during anesthesia induction and intubation, using propofol plus fentanyl, propofol plus ketamine, and propofol plus fentanyl and ketamine. Methods. Forty-five adult patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to the agents used for induction: propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) (PF), propofol (2 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PK), and propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PFK). Hemodynamic responses were assessed by measuring changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO; using dye dilution combined with pulse dye densitometry [PDD]). Results. BP and HR changes during the induction of anesthesia tended to be greater in the PK group than in the PF and PFK groups. After the injection of propofol, the cardiac index (CI) fell significantly below baseline values in the PF and PFK groups, but remained unchanged in the PK group. After tracheal intubation, BP and HR increased significantly only in the PF and PK groups, and reached a level significantly above baseline values only in the PK group. The CO responses to tracheal intubation were: PK group > PF group > PFK group. Conclusion. A combination of propofol plus fentanyl plus ketamine would provide greater reduction of fluctuations in hemodynamic variables associated with induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation than combinations of propofol plus fentanyl or propofol plus ketamine. Received: January 22, 2001 / Accepted: June 19, 2001