经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影失败原因分析

目的 探讨经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影失败的原因.方法 应用Seldinger法穿刺右桡动脉,使用5Fr桡动脉造影导管进行造影.结果 共456例患者,其中最终成功434例,失败22例,失败率4.8%.结论 失败的主要原因有桡动脉痉挛、上肢动脉严重迂曲、冠状动脉开口异常、主动脉严重扩张等.     

经右桡动脉冠状动脉造影操作失败及并发症原因分析

目的研究经桡动脉冠状动脉造影操作失败和产生并发症的原因. 方法回顾2000年1月至2003年7月3098例,准备进行冠状动脉造影的患者,其中3005例穿刺成功.记录临床和造影过程失败以及并发症的原因.     

国人经皮穿刺桡动脉冠状动脉造影182例分析

目的 :评价国人经皮穿刺桡动脉冠状动脉造影的可行性。方法 :从该院 1 998年 5月～ 1 999年 2月间欲行冠状动脉造影的 2 0 1例患者中选出 1 82例 ,采用 Judkins技术 ,均以右桡动脉为穿刺血管。其中有 1 35例及 76例分别于术前、术后用彩色多普勒二维超声检测右桡动脉的内径及平均血流速度。结果 :术前与术后相比 ,男性与女性的桡动脉内径及平均血流速度之间均无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。手术成功率为 96 .7% (1 76 / 1 82 ) ,6例失败 ,其中 5例发生在前 5 0例。失败的原因 ,3例为穿刺失败 ,3例为导管无法进入升主动脉 ,其中 2例为血管严重痉挛 ,1例为血管严重粥样硬化及扭曲。2例为并发症 ,右冠状动脉夹层分离造成非 Q波心肌梗死 ,1例为导丝误入右冠状动脉引起 ,1例为导管进入过深造成近端斑块破裂引起。术后未见桡动脉闭塞及血管并发症。结论 :经皮穿刺桡动脉冠状动脉造影易于掌握 ,成功率高 ,并发症少 ,患者痛苦少 ,恢复快 ,是选择性冠状动脉造影的又一理想穿刺途径     

70岁以上老年患者急诊经桡动脉途径冠状动脉介入治疗的临床疗效

目的:探讨70岁以上老年冠心病患者急诊经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉动脉介入治疗(PCI)的可行性和安全性。方法:97例冠心病患者男性66例,女性31例,平均年龄(76.44±6.20)岁。经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉动脉介入治疗。结果:93例患者均取得穿刺和介入治疗成功。1例桡动脉穿刺失败改行股动脉穿刺,3例患者桡动脉穿刺成功但头臂干迂曲、升主动脉扩张,在造影后改行股动脉途径经皮腔内冠状动脉动脉介入术(PCI)成功。扩张病变血管包括右冠状动脉32支,前降支52支,回旋支13支。97例患者靶血管植入支架共221个。21例患者术中须更换导引导管。术后股动脉穿刺局部较大血肿2例,桡动脉闭塞2例,前臂皮下淤血2例     

经右桡动脉冠状动脉造影时右锁骨下动脉和(或)头臂干迂曲致选择左冠状动脉口困难的处理

目的探讨经右桡动脉冠状动脉造影时右锁骨下动脉和(或)头臂干迂曲致选择左冠状动脉口困难的处理方法。方法经右桡动脉行冠状动脉造影时,由于右锁骨下动脉和(或)头臂干迂曲,致共用导管选择左冠状动脉口困难,此时将共用导管前端即第一、二弯之间及第二弯近段徒手塑形,使其弯曲度增大,观察用此方法行选择性左冠状动脉造影的结果及安全性。结果 35例选择左冠状动脉口困难的患者均造影成功,成功率100%,无相关并发症发生。28例患者经造影确诊冠心病。结论经右桡动脉冠状动脉造影时右锁骨下动脉和(或)头臂干迂曲致选择左冠状动脉口困难时,行导管前端塑形是一种有效、简便、安全且经济的方法。     

经桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗232例临床分析

目的 探讨经桡动脉冠脉介入诊疗的可行性及安全性.方法 选择符合冠脉造影指征且Allen's试验阳性患者232例,首选以右桡动脉途径行冠脉造影,对符合介入指征者158例行介入治疗.结果 造影成功221例,成功率95.3%,失败11例,其中7例为穿刺不成功(桡动脉痉挛),另外4例因动脉狭窄或迂曲(桡动脉迂曲1例、肱动脉狭窄...     

应用利多卡因外擦导管减少桡动脉痉挛的临床观察

目的:桡动脉痉挛是经桡动脉路径冠状动脉造影(CAG)和(或)介入治疗(PCI)的常见并发症之一。本研究旨在观察应用利多卡因外擦动脉鞘和造影导管,减少桡动脉痉挛的临床疗效。方法:将连续237例接受经桡动脉路径CAG/PCI的患者随机分为两组,分别于动脉鞘和造影/导引导管插入前应用2%利多卡因溶液(118例,利多卡因组)或0.9%氯化钠溶液(119例,对照组)外擦其表面。主要观察终点:严重桡动脉痉挛(导管推进或操作困难并伴前臂疼痛、桡动脉造影示管腔内径狭窄>70%)发生率。次要终点:前臂出血或血肿、患者不适程度以及操作成功率。结果:利多卡因组5例(4.2%)和对照组16例(13.4%)发生严重桡动脉痉挛(P=0.013);利多卡因组中无一例发生前臂出血或血肿,但对照组中3例前臂轻度出血(表现为造影剂外渗)和1例局部血肿形成,均经局部加压包扎后好转;利多卡因组因疼痛引起的重度不适减少;两组CAG/PCI均成功。结论:CAG/PCI时,应用2%利多卡因溶液外擦动脉鞘和造影/导引导管可能是一种减少严重桡动脉痉挛及其相关并发症的简易方法。     

1.33 mm(4 F)造影导管经桡动脉入路行冠状动脉造影的可行性分析

目的探讨使用1.33mm(4F)造影导管经桡动脉入路行诊断性冠状动脉造影的可行性。方法选择经桡动脉入路冠状动脉造影患者138例,术后随访2周至1个月,观察操作过程、造影图像质量、术中及术后并发症。结果造影成功率为97.7%;X线透视时间5.05±3.23min,操作总时间20.51±3.37min;造影导管到位固定不佳10例(7.8%),超选12例(9.4%);造影图像质量评分前降支2.87±0.40分,回旋支2.88±0.39分,右冠状动脉2.90±0.35分;术中桡动脉痉挛6例(4.3%),冠状动脉痉挛2例(1.5%),术后无桡动脉闭塞。结论合理选择病例使用1.33mm造影导管经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影导管操作、控制方便,造影图像质量好,血管并发症少。     

经上肢行介入性检查38例报告

病例均为我科 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 11月住院患者 ,男性 2 7例 ,年龄 2 7～ 79岁 ,女性 11例 ,年龄 4 7～ 74岁。术前诊断冠心病心绞痛 2 8例 ,冠心病急性心肌梗死 2例 ,冠心病陈旧性心肌梗死 2例 ,高血压病、高血压性心脏病 2例 ,心肌病 2例 ,主动脉瘤 2例。术前患者均经Ａｌｌｅｎ试验为阴性。 1例经左侧桡动脉行升主动脉造影 ,手术顺利 ,导管可进入升主动脉和降主动脉。经肱动脉途径造影成功率为 82 4 %,经桡动脉途径造影成功率为 87 0 %。经两支动脉造影事件发生率为 15 8%,穿刺桡动脉失败或进导管时桡动脉痉挛是导致造影失…     

经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影术1200例临床分析

目的探讨常规经桡动脉冠状动脉造影术的可行性、安全性和方法学。方法1200例患者经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影术。结果1174例获得成功,成功率97.8%,26例失败,8例桡动脉穿刺和插管未成功,3例导丝或导管在上肢动脉中前进受阻,11例因锁骨下动脉硬化和迂曲而不能插管至冠状动脉开口处,4例严重桡动脉痉挛;1200例患者中无一例造影相关的死亡,1174例中3例桡动脉搏动消失,无1例手部缺血的事件发生,21例(1.7%)出现前壁肿胀、瘀斑,无1例出现骨筋膜室综合征。结论经皮穿刺桡动脉冠状动脉造影术是一种安全、可行的冠状动脉介入诊断新途径,具有止血容易、术后无须卧床休息、病人痛苦小和并发症少的优点。     

经桡动脉介入时桡动脉痉挛的危险因素研究

目的观察经桡动脉介入时,引起桡动脉痉挛的危险因素及临床预后,尤其是与桡动脉闭塞的关系。方法选择择期行经桡动脉冠状动脉造影或介入治疗的患者1427例。术前行双侧桡动脉超声检查。术后1个月随访患者预后情况。根据患者是否发生桡动脉痉挛分为桡动脉痉挛组(112例)和非桡动脉痉挛组(1315例),比较2组术前、术中和术后的差异。结果 112例(7.8%)患者发生桡动脉痉挛。logistic回归分析显示,桡动脉痉挛的独立预测因素为女性、桡动脉直径、糖尿病、反复穿刺和桡动脉变异。术后1个月有1361例患者完成了随访(失访率4.6%),较多桡动脉痉挛患者存在持续前臂中重度疼痛(16.1% vs 6.8%,P=0.001)。结论桡动脉痉挛主要是由桡动脉细小、变异和术中反复穿刺导致。桡动脉痉挛常合并持续前臂疼痛,但并不增加桡动脉闭塞发生率。     

Anatomical consideration of the radial artery for transradial coronary procedures: arterial diameter, branching anomaly and vessel tortuosity

BACKGROUND: The radial artery is currently regarded as a useful vascular access site for coronary procedures. Adequate anatomical information of the radial artery should be helpful in performing the transradial coronary procedure. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the size of radial artery, the incidence and clinical significance of anomalous branching patterns and tortuosity of the radial artery related with transradial coronary procedure. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In 1191 cases, mean radial arterial diameter (RAD) was measured before and after the procedure using a two-dimensional ultrasound and retrograde radial artery angiography was performed before the transradial coronary procedure in all patients. Branching anomaly, tortuosity of the radial artery and procedural characteristics including procedure times and local vascular complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean RAD was 2.60 +/- 0.41 mm by two-dimensional ultrasound: 2.69 +/- 0.40 mm in men and 2.43 +/- 0.38 mm in women (p < 0.001). Radial artery occlusion occurred in 0.6% in coronary angiography and 1.4% in coronary intervention. In multivariate analysis, coronary intervention was significantly related to the radial artery occlusion (p = 0.048). Anomalous branching of upper extremity artery was found in 38 cases (3.2%); high origin of the radial artery was most frequent in 28 cases (2.4%). Tortuosity of radial and brachial artery was found in 67 of 50 cases (4.2%). Most common forms of tortuosity were S-shape in 21 cases (31.3%) and Omega-shape in 21 cases (31.3%). And most common site of radial artery tortuosity was proximal third of antecubital fossa (35 cases, 52.2%). Prolonged procedure times and cross-overs to other arteries were related with tortuosity of the radial artery, but not with anomalous branching. CONCLUSION: In our study, radial artery diameter was larger than the outer diameter of 5Fr sheath in 82.7% for transradial coronary procedure. Radial artery occlusion was associated with coronary intervention using larger size sheath than diagnostic angiography using 5Fr sheath. The incidence in branching anomaly and tortuosity of radial artery was not rare in our study. Radial artery tortuosity was associated with old age and prolonged procedure time.     

Radial artery spasm in transradial cardiac catheterization. Assessment of factors related to its occurrence, and of its consequences during follow-up

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Radial artery spasm is the most frequent complication of transradial cardiac catheterization. It causes patient discomfort and reduces the procedure's success rate. The aims of this study were to identify variables associated with this complication, such as clinical parameters, angiographic characteristics of the radial artery and factors related to the procedure, and to analyze the clinical consequences of spasm, both generally and for radial artery patency, during follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The study included 637 patients who were undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. Radial artery spasm was recorded using a scale that reflected the presence of pain and the technical difficulty of the procedure. RESULTS: Radial artery spasm was reported in 127 patients (20.2%). Multivariate analysis showed that the variables associated with radial artery spasm were radial artery anatomical anomalies (odds ratio [OR]=5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.1-11.4), use of >size-3 catheters (OR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.9-4.7), moderate-to-severe pain during radial artery cannulation (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.9), the use of phentolamine as a spasmolytic (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.9), and postvasodilation radial artery diameter (OR=0.98; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99). At follow-up [20 (18) days], severe pain in the forearm was more frequent in patients who presented with radial artery spasm (12.4% vs 5.3%), but there was no significant difference in the radial artery occlusion rate (4.5% vs 2.2%). CONCLUSION: Radial artery spasm during transradial catheterization mainly depends on radial artery characteristics and procedural variables. At follow-up, radial artery spasm was associated with more frequent severe pain in the forearm, but the radial artery occlusion rate was not increased.     

Bilateral selective internal mammary artery angiography via right radial approach: clinical experience with newly designed Yumiko catheter.

The radial artery has been increasingly used as a primary access site for coronary angiography and intervention. But the technique for internal mammary artery (IMA) visualization via the right radial artery has not been well described. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the feasibility, safety, and adequacy of selective bilateral IMA angiography via the right radial artery using the recently developed Yumiko catheter. From November 1999 to October 2000, both IMA angiographies were undertaken immediately following the diagnostic coronary angiogram taken from right transradial approach in 114 patients. IMA angiography was successfully obtained in 99% (113/114) patients. For left IMA angiography, 73 (64%), 28 (25%), and 12 (11%) imagings were obtained in a selective, a semiselective, and a nonselective way, respectively. After initial periods of 33 left-IMA-only imaging, right IMA angiography was obtained in 81 patients (phase 2). Selective right IMA imaging was done in 73 (90%), semiselective in 6, and nonselective in 2 patients. The reasons for failure of selective or semiselective visualization were severe vascular tortuosity, far distal anatomical origin of left IMA and ulcerative plaque, or acutely angled left subclavian artery. The feasibility and safety of selective and semiselective bilateral IMA angiography were demonstrated using a 5 Fr Yumiko catheter from the right radial approach. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:19-24.     

Transradial percutaneous coronary interventions: technique, materials & procedure in the light of anatomical and technical considerations

Transradial access is associated with enhanced patients' comfort, significant lower complication rates in diagnostic coronary angiography and better immediate and long-term outcomes after transradial percutaneous coronary interventions. Access failure has been reported to occur in less than 3-7% of cases due to anatomical circumstances (e.g., anomalous radial branching patterns, tortuosity e.g. radial loops, and small radial artery diameters). Radial coronary angiography and angioplasty entail a secondary learning curve of at least 150 cases in order to become familiar and comfortable with this technique. In contrast to previous established techniques (e.g. Sones-arteriotomy), the patient should be positioned in a comfortable supine position with his right arm next to his hip and the interventionist next to the right side of the patient. 19 gauge needles and 0.018 inch wires enhance the chance of successful cannulation the radial artery. A spasmolytic cocktail (3 mg Dinitrate, 3 mg verapamil, at least 3.000 U Heparine) should always be given intraarterially. Longer sheaths (> 13 cm) are not necessary. Essential for easy passage of the vertebralian artery and the common brachio-cephalic trunc (as the most dangerous part of the procedure) in order to reach the ascending aorta, the patient should be asked for a deep inspiration and/or dorsoflexion of his head An Amplatz-II catheter can be used for LCA, RCA and in some cases for LV-angiogram. The sheath should always be removed immediately and hemostasis achieved by radial compression (e.g. clamp). There is a close relationship between access failure respective radial spasm or occlusions and anatomical circumstances (i.e., hypoplastic radial artery, radioulnar loop, or small radial diameters: radial diameter-to-catheter ration < 1.0; assessment by Duplex). Although the radial access can be used in the majority of patients, the use is limited in patients with very small radial diameters and/or with complex lesions (e.g kissing balloon, etc).     

Randomized comparison of transradial coronary angiography via right or left radial artery approaches

Previous studies have shown that the right radial approach encounters more tortuosity than the left radial approach during transradial coronary angiography. The objective of this study was to compare the procedural difficulty of the right and left radial approaches in the modern era with dedicated transradial catheters. One hundred ninety-three patients scheduled for transradial coronary angiography with normal Allen test results and without histories of coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized to the right or left radial approach. The choice of catheter was left to the discretion of the operator, with the preferred catheter being a dedicated transradial Optitorque catheter. The primary end point was procedural difficulty, defined as (1) hydrophilic or coronary wire use for tortuosity, (2) stiff wire use for the coronary engagement, (3) multiple catheters used, or (4) nonselective injection. The clinical characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Procedural success was achieved in 98 of 101 (98%) in the right radial group and 91 of 92 (99%) in the left radial group. Procedural difficulty, fluoroscopy time, and contrast use were similar between the 2 groups. The use of a single catheter was more common in the right radial group (73% vs 18%, p <0.001). In conclusion, procedural success and difficulty were similar in the comparison groups. The right and left radial approaches are feasible and effective to perform coronary angiography and intervention.     

Anatomical variations affect radial artery spasm and procedural achievement of transradial cardiac catheterization

Transradial cardiac catheterization (TRCC) has unique technical challenges such as access difficulty related to anatomical variations and/or radial artery (RA) spasm. We sought to evaluate the incidence of anatomical variations of the RA and whether they would affect RA spasm and procedural achievement of TRCC. A total of 744 consecutive patients who underwent TRCC were analyzed by routine radial arteriography. Anatomical variations were defined as abnormal origin of the RA and/or radioulnar loop and/or tortuous configuration. RA spasm was defined as >75 % stenosis at first radial arteriography. Overall, anatomical variations were noted in 68 patients (9.1 %), including 39 cases of abnormal origin (5.2 %), 11 cases of radioulnar loop (1.5 %), and 42 cases of tortuous configuration (5.6 %). Transradial procedures failed in 26 patients (3.5 %), and more frequently in patients with anatomical variation than in those with normal anatomy (23.5 % vs 1.5 %, P < 0.001). Importantly, on multivariate analysis the presence of anatomical variation was a distinct predictor of transradial procedure failure (odds ratio (OR) 17.80; 95 % CI 7.55–43.73; P < 0.001). RA spasm was observed in 83 patients (11.2 %), and more frequently in patients with anatomical variation than in those with normal anatomy (35.3 % vs 8.7 %, P < 0.001). Anatomical variation (OR 4.74; 95 % CI 2.61–8.47; P < 0.001) and female gender (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.01–4.73; P = 0.041) were distinct predictors of RA spasm. Anatomical variations were observed in 9.1 % of the patients, and strongly correlated with RA spasm and procedural achievement of TRCC.     

Verapamil and nitroglycerin improves the patency rate of radial artery grafts

The best way to prevent spasm of the radial artery is still under investigation. We retrospectively compared the effectiveness of topical verapamil-nitroglycerin with papaverine in preventing graft spasm in 215 patients who underwent isolated conventional coronary artery bypass using a radial artery. Postoperative angiographic data were successfully collected in 116 patients. Perioperative radial artery graft spasm was observed in 2 patients in the papaverine group and 1 in the verapamil-nitroglycerin group; this difference was not considered significant. Complete or functional occlusion was detected by postoperative angiography in 13 grafts (10 in the papaverine group and 3 in the verapamil-nitroglycerin group). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that topical papaverine and grafting to the right coronary artery significantly increased the rate of occlusion of radial artery grafts. Although further studies are needed, our data support the view that topical verapamil-nitroglycerin reduces the incidence of radial artery graft occlusion.     

Overcoming vascular anatomic challenges to cardiac catheterization by the radial artery approach: specific techniques to improve success.

Anatomical variations in the peripheral vasculature can result in decreased procedural success rates for cardiac catheterization performed through the radial artery approach. We describe four categories of vascular challenges encountered in our catheterization laboratory: severe spasm, severe tortuosity, vascular stenosis, and congenital anatomical variations (e.g., accessory radial artery, radioulnar loop). For each situation, we provide a case report illustrating techniques that allowed for successful completion of the case.     

经肱动脉路径开展经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后复查冠状动脉造影的可行性与安全性

目的评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后复诊经肱动脉路径开展冠状动脉造影的可行性与安全性。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2012年12月在广东医学院附属医院PCI术后复诊的患者,按血管路径分为经肱动脉组（1000例）和经桡动脉组（1000例）进行冠状动脉造影复查。主要观察指标包括造影成功率、导管插入时间、X线曝光时间、对比剂用量、血管路径并发症（包括血肿、假性动脉瘤、骨筋膜室综合征、动脉痉挛和闭塞）及不良事件（包括死亡、心肌梗死、靶病变血运重建、冠状动脉痉挛、冠状动脉穿孔、冠状动脉夹层）。结果两组患者的导管插入时间、X线曝光时间、对比剂用量比较,差异均无统计学意义。与经桡动脉组比较,经肱动脉组血肿以及动脉痉挛血管路径并发症发生率显著降低（1.5%比6.0%,0.1%比24.7%,均P〈0.05）;经肱动脉组冠状动脉造影的操作成功率显著高于经桡动脉组（98.8%比87.0%,P〈0.05）。经桡动脉组骨筋膜室综合征、桡动脉闭塞、假性动脉瘤和冠状动脉痉挛发生率分别为0.1%、0.1%、0.2%和0.2%,而经肱动脉组未见以上不良事件。结论在PCI术后的患者中开展经肱动脉冠状动脉造影检查安全、可行,经肱动脉行冠状动脉造影可降低患者血管路径并发症的发生率,提高冠状动脉造影操作的成功率。