原发性蛛网膜下腔出血502例临床分析

目的 总结原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床特点、影像学特征、并发症和预后.方法 回顾性分析总结502例SAH患者的临床资料.结果 84.3%(423/496)患者以剧烈头痛为主要症状,13.1%(66/496)出现头晕或眩晕,意识障碍占27.5%(138/496),局灶性神经功能缺损体征58.2%(292/496),脑膜刺激征阳性72.5%(364/496),数字减影血管造影术检查阳性率54.1%(93/172),病因以动脉瘤最常见占20.1%(101/496).绝大部分预后好,老年人病死率高.结论 SAH病因复杂,临床表现多样化,脑血管造影常可明确病因,多数患者恢复良好.     

腰椎穿刺在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中的价值

目的 探讨腰椎穿刺在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)诊断中的价值.方法 回顾分析13例经头CT为阴性诊断而腰椎穿刺诊断为SAH,数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊颅内动脉瘤的患者的临床资料.结果 腰椎穿刺诊断SAH阳性率为100%.结论 腰椎穿刺诊断动脉瘤性SAH具有重要意义.     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血502例临床分析

目的 总结原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床特点、影像学特征、并发症和预后.方法 回顾性分析总结502例SAH患者的临床资料.结果 84.3%(423/496)患者以剧烈头痛为主要症状,13.1%(66/496)出现头晕或眩晕,意识障碍占27.5%(138/496),局灶性神经功能缺损体征58.2%(292/496),脑膜刺激征阳性72.5%(364/496),数字减影血管造影术检查阳性率54.1%(93/172),病因以动脉瘤最常见占20.1%(101/496).绝大部分预后好,老年人病死率高.结论 SAH病因复杂,临床表现多样化,脑血管造影常可明确病因,多数患者恢复良好.     

低水平的血清胱抑素C与脑动脉瘤关系密切

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)水平与蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)及颅内动脉瘤的关系。方法:随机选取非动脉瘤性SAH患者(SAH组)52例,动脉瘤非SAH患者(动脉瘤组)81例,动脉瘤性SAH患者(aSAH组)75例,良性位置性眩晕患者124例(对照组)。对所有患者血清CysC水平及相关临床资料行回顾性分析。结果:动脉瘤组及aSAH组血清CysC水平显著低于对照组和SAH组(P0.05);CysC水平与尿酸成正相关。结论:颅内动脉瘤患者血清CysC水平较低,血清CysC可能与脑动脉瘤的发生有关,与SAH无明显关系。     

容积CT数字减影血管造影诊断颅内动脉瘤的价值及影响因素

目的 探讨容积CT数字减影血管造影(VCTDSA)检出颅内动脉瘤的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析204例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者的临床、VCTDSA及3D-DSA资料,观测颅内动脉瘤的数量、位置、大小、颅内血管情况及减影后颅底骨质去除效果,计算VCTDSA诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感度、特异度、阴性及阳性预测值,分析影响VCTDSA颅内动脉瘤诊断的相关因素。结果 204例SAH患者中3D-DSA共检出178例246个颅内动脉瘤,VCTDSA共检出180例248个颅内动脉瘤,其中多发动脉瘤51例119个。以3D-DSA为金标准,VCTDSA因血管痉挛及载瘤动脉解剖变异漏诊2个动脉瘤,因头部运动、血管痉挛及部分容积效应误诊4个动脉瘤。VCTDSA诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为99.17%(244/246)、84.62%(22/26)、98.39%(244/248)、91.67%(22/24)。VCTDSA对最大径≤3 mm的颅内动脉瘤的敏感度为96.72%(59/61);对>3 mm的颅内动脉瘤敏感度为100%(187/187)。结论 VCTDSA对颅内动脉瘤的诊断效能与3D-DSA相似;动脉瘤的大小、血管痉挛、载瘤动脉解剖变异及检查时的头部运动是影响VCTDSA诊断颅内动脉效能的主要因素。     

蛛网膜下腔出血剧烈头痛相关因素分析

目的　了解蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)后剧烈头痛的相关因素 ,探讨SAH性头痛发病机制 ,为头痛的治疗提供理论依据和途径。方法　制定头痛程度量表 ,根据CT分析SAH在颅内的分布情况以及脑压、脑脊液 (CSF)改变与头痛程度的关系。结果　CT显示阴性或阳性结果均出现剧烈头痛 ;SAH头痛程度与CSF发生血性质变有关 ,而与血性程度和出血部位无关 ;脑压在 30 0mmH2 O以下时 ,头痛加重不明显 ;当脑压升高超过 30 0mmH2 O时 ,头痛明显加重 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;用地塞米松鞘内注射能显著改善头痛。结论　发生质变的血性CSF引起蛛网膜下腔广泛的炎性反应是导致头痛的重要原因 ,高颅压是SAH头痛的次要因素 ,出血量导致高颅压引起头痛 ,可能与头痛持续时间有关。     

CT/计算机断层血管成像代替CT/腰穿检查诊断蛛网膜下腔出血

急性头痛是急诊室常见的临床症状,最可怕的是蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),需首要排除。在美国,每年约有3万人发病,约占所有卒中的5%[1]。在中国,SAH年发病率为2.0/10万人[2]。而50%～85%由颅内动脉瘤破裂引起[3]。因动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)是急症,其导致的病死率接近50%,     

102例颅内动脉瘤CT血管成像与数字减影血管造影对比分析

目的探讨CT血管成像（CTA）及数字减影血管造影（DSA）对颅内动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法收集因动脉瘤引起蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的住院患者102例,男52例,女50例。均行CTA及DSA检查;CTA及DSA检查均为阴性的患者,4周后复查CTA。比较CTA与DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断及辅助治疗方面的差异。结果 102例患者中确诊动脉瘤108个。其中CTA检出动脉瘤107个,2个为假阴性,1个为假阳性;DSA检出动脉瘤107个,1个为假阴性。CTA提示可行介入或外科手术治疗者100个,由于动脉瘤基底过宽或发出大分支而采取保守治疗者7个;DSA提示可行介入或外科手术治疗者100个,保守治疗者7个;两者之间差异无统计学意义。结论 DSA作为颅内动脉瘤传统的诊断方法仍是诊断的＂金标准＂。CTA作为简便的非损伤性血管检查方法,可作为SAH的首要诊断依据,对术后复查患者更具实用价值,而对于SAH急性期病因诊断更加具有广阔的应用前景。     

急诊室蛛网膜下腔出血误诊20例临床分析

目的 为提高急诊科医生对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的诊断准确率.方法 对急诊科误诊其他疾病,经CT或腰椎穿刺确诊为SAH 20例患者的病历资料进行分析.结果 本组SAH患者分别被误诊为偏头痛4例,高血压性头痛3例,病毒性脑炎2例,脑出血2例,上呼吸道感染2例,椎基底动脉供血不足1例,眩晕症3例,酒精过量1例,癫痫2例.结论 CT诊断SAH有局限性,应重视老年患者不明原因的头痛、眩晕、意识障碍、癫痫等症状,对头颅CT阴性、临床不能排除SAH的患者及时行腰穿以明确诊断.     

经颅多普勒超声联合C形臂CT在急性缺血性脑血管介入治疗前的临床预判价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合C形臂CT技术在急性缺血性脑血管(ICVD)介入治疗前预判的临床价值。方法 选取收治的急性ICVD患者57例为研究对象。所有患者行介入治疗时,利用C形臂CT技术、TCD获取图像,并详细记录检查结果。以数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果为“金标准”,评估TCD联合C形臂CT技术在急性ICVD介入治疗前的临床评估价值。结果 采用DSA检测57例急性ICVD患者颅内外血管共613条。DSA检测显示,颅内外狭窄或者闭塞血管153(24.96%)条,正常颅内外血管460(75.04%)条;与DSA金标准相比,C形臂CT技术的阳性预测率为91.16%(134/147), TCD检测的阳性预测率为90.60%(135/149), TCD联合C形臂CT技术检测阳性预测率为90.42%(151/167)。C形臂CT技术、TCD检测、TCD联合C形臂CT技术检测阳性预测值、特异度、准确度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); C形臂CT技术、TCD检测阴性预测值、灵敏度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); TCD联合C形臂CT技术检测阴性预测值、灵敏...     

早、中期显微手术治疗破裂的颅内动脉瘤

目的 探讨早、中期显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤破裂的方法,讨论术中、术后出现的并发症及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析36例颅内动脉瘤患者临床资料,入院前均经头颅CT检查证实有蛛网膜下腔出血存在,35例患者经全脑血管造影检查证实为颅内动脉瘤,1例经手术探查证实右侧A2段动脉瘤.36例患者均在早、中期进行显微手术治疗.早期蛛网膜下腔出血后3 d内手术22例,中期蛛网膜下腔出血后4～10 d内手术14例.结果 格拉斯哥预后评分Ⅰ级21例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级4例.术后均复查头颅CT,无术后颅内血肿,不同部位脑梗死5例.死亡3例,1例为后交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭后发生枕叶梗死,发生脑疝,家属放弃治疗;1例为Hunt-Hess Ⅴ级的前交通动脉瘤患者,术后脑疝症状未解除:1例为前交通动脉瘤栓塞术后2年再发出血,手术夹闭后1周突发枕骨大孔疝.术后26例患者行全脑血管造影复查,1例患者提示前交通动脉瘤完全未被夹闭,1例后交通动脉瘤有残颈,1例后交通动脉瘤患者示后交通动脉未显影.结论 早、中期显微手术是治疗颅内动脉瘤的有效方法.术后脑缺血是颅内动脉瘤手术的严重并发症,特别是颈内动脉后交通段动脉瘤,术中对后交通动脉的保护十分重要.对载瘤动脉及动脉瘤体内血栓形成或粥样硬化患者的手术治疗还需进一步研究.     

Recurrent perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage within a short period of time: A case report

BACKGROUNDSpontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is primarily caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal SAH (PNSAH) accounts for approximately 5% of all spontaneous SAH. PNSAH displays favorable prognosis. The risk of hemorrhage recurrence is low. We report a case of PNSAH recurrence, occurring within a short time after the initial episode in a patient not receiving antithrombotic or antiplatelet drugs. CASE SUMMARYA 66-year-old male, without any history of recent trauma or antithrombotic/ antiplatelet medication, suffered two similar episodes of sudden onset of severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. A plain head computed tomography (CT) scan showed subarachnoid blood confined to the anterior part of the brainstem. Platelet count and coagulation function were normal. PNSAH was diagnosed by repeated head CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral angiography, none of which revealed the source of SAH. The patient was discharged without focal neurological deficits. At 6-mo follow-up, the patient had experienced no sudden onset of severe headache and presented favorable clinical outcome. Studies have reported a few patients with recurrent PNSAH, originating frequently from venous hemorrhage and conventionally associated with venous abnormalities. PNSAH recurs within a short time following the initial onset of symptoms, although the possibility of re-hemorrhage is extremely rare.CONCLUSIONPNSAH recurrence should arouse vigilance; however, the definite source of idiopathic SAH in this case report deserves further attention.     

三维CT血管重建成像在急性蛛网膜下腔出血的应用分析

目的：探讨三维CT血管重建成像在急性蛛网膜下腔出血的应用及局限性分析。方法：对147例CT表现为急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者进行CTA检查,由神经和放射两名医生对结果分析,对CTA阴性以及诊断有争议患者进行DSA检查。结果：在147例急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者中,109例患者3D-CTA结合出血CT图像确诊动脉瘤,瘤体直径2-12mm,均在手术或者介入治疗中证实;其余病例中,7例CT图像有明显的责任灶的蛛网膜下腔出血,3D-CTA阴性,通过DSA发现并经手术证实为动脉瘤,23例普通CT表现为中脑周围出血以及均匀弥漫蛛网膜下腔出血病例CTA提示阴性患者DSA检查也为阴性;3例CTA可疑动脉瘤均被DSA证实为动脉起始的壶腹,CTA在诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性和特异性分别为94％和100％。结论：对急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者使用CTA筛查是相对快捷、低风险检查方式,但结果的分析需结合CT图像出血形式以及放射和神经外科医生共同阅片可以完成CTA的诊断效能。     

Accuracy of transcranial Doppler sonography for predicting cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography using different criteria for predicting cerebral infarction due to symptomatic vasospasm. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients admitted with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the anterior cerebral circulation between January 2001 and June 2002. TCD sonographic examinations were performed on alternate days up to 20 days after admission. Cerebral infarction was defined on CT as a new hypodensity in the vascular distribution with corresponding clinical symptoms. Vasospasm was diagnosed as mild or severe when TCD sonography revealed a mean blood flow velocity (MBFV) greater than 120 and 180 cm/s in the middle or anterior cerebral artery and in the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients with aneurysmal SAH in the anterior cerebral circulation were included. Vasospasm was demonstrated by TCD sonography in 60 patients (64.5%) and was shown via multivariable logistic regression analysis to be predictive of cerebral infarction (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.46-6.59), with an 82.6% and 69.6% sensitivity, a 41.4% and 77.1% specificity, a 31.7% and 50.0% positive predictive value, and an 87.9% and 88.5% negative predictive value when the MBFV was greater than 120 and 180 cm/s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Vasospasm on TCD was found to be predictive of symptomatic cerebral infarction on CT, but its positive predictive value remained low despite the adoption of restrictive TCD criteria for vasospasm.     

Can Computed Tomography Angiography of the Brain Replace Lumbar Puncture in the Evaluation of Acute‐onset Headache After a Negative Noncontrast Cranial Computed Tomography Scan?

Objectives: The primary goal of evaluation for acute‐onset headache is to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Noncontrast cranial computed tomography (CT), followed by lumbar puncture (LP) if the CT is negative, is the current standard of care. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the brain has become more available and more sensitive for the detection of cerebral aneurysms. This study addresses the role of CT/CTA versus CT/LP in the diagnostic workup of acute‐onset headache. Methods: This article reviews the recent literature for the prevalence of SAH in emergency department (ED) headache patients, the sensitivity of CT for diagnosing acute SAH, and the sensitivity and specificity of CTA for cerebral aneurysms. An equivalence study comparing CT/LP and CT/CTA would require 3,000 + subjects. As an alternative, the authors constructed a mathematical probability model to determine the posttest probability of excluding aneurysmal or arterial venous malformation (AVM) SAH with a CT/CTA strategy. Results: SAH prevalence in ED headache patients was conservatively estimated at 15%. Representative studies reported CT sensitivity for SAH to be 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82% to 97%) and sensitivity of CTA for aneurysm to be 97.9% (95% CI = 88.9% to 99.9%). Based on these data, the posttest probability of excluding aneurysmal SAH after a negative CT/CTA was 99.43% (95% CI = 98.86% to 99.81%). Conclusions: CT followed by CTA can exclude SAH with a greater than 99% posttest probability. In ED patients complaining of acute‐onset headache without significant SAH risk factors, CT/CTA may offer a less invasive and more specific diagnostic paradigm. If one chooses to offer LP after CT/CTA, informed consent for LP should put the pretest risk of a missed aneurysmal SAH at less than 1%. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:444–451 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

Survival of a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient who presented with prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest: case report and review of the literature.

A 63-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit after resuscitation from prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). A brain CT scan revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which was considered to be the cause of the CPA. The patient recovered neurologically after admission, and the elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) was controlled by inducing mild hypothermia. The day after admission, cerebral angiography revealed a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully treated with detachable coils by an endovascular technique. Mild hypothermia was continued for 3 days, and the patient was gradually rewarmed. After rehabilitation, the patient was discharged to her home with severe disability. Although aneurysmal SAH is one of the most common causes of CPA, survival of SAH patients after CPA is rare. This case illustrates the ability and possibility of multidisciplinary treatment, including the use of endovascular techniques and mild hypothermia, to improve the outcome of SAH patients with CPA who have been considered to be inoperable and untreatable.     

Attitudes and Judgment of Emergency Physicians in the Management of Patients with Acute Headache

OBJECTIVES: There is little evidence guiding physicians in the evaluation of acute headache to rule out nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors assessed emergency physicians in: 1) their pretest accuracy for predicting SAH, 2) their comfort with not ordering either head computed tomography (CT) or lumbar puncture (LP) in patients with acute headache, and 3) their comfort with not ordering head CT before performing LP in patients with acute headache. METHODS: This two-and-a-half-year prospective cohort study was conducted in three tertiary care university emergency departments with 51 emergency physicians. Consecutive patients more than 15 years of age with a nontraumatic, acute headache (onset to peak headache less than one hour) and normal results on neurologic examination were enrolled. Patients known to have cerebrospinal fluid shunt, aneurysm, or brain neoplasm, and patients with recurrent headaches of the same intensity/character as their current headache were excluded. Physicians recorded their pretest probability for SAH and their comfort with performing either no tests or an LP without first obtaining head CT. RESULTS: The authors enrolled 747 patients (mean age 42.8 years; 60.1% female; 77.0% their worst headache; 83.4% had CT and/or LP), including 50 (6.7%) with SAHs. Physicians reported being "uncomfortable" or "very uncomfortable" with performing no test in 75.4% of cases and being "uncomfortable" or "very uncomfortable" with performing LP without CT in 49.6% of cases. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for SAH was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.80 to 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians were able to moderately discriminate SAH from other causes of headache before diagnostic testing.