血液病患儿细小病毒B19感染的检测及临床意义

人细小病毒Ｂ１９（Ｈｕｍａｎ Ｐａｒｖｏｖｉｒｕｓ，Ｂ１９，ＨＰＶＢ１９）与人类多种疾病密切相关，可通过接触和使用血液制品等在人群中传播＾［１］，本文采用聚合酰链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测４５例血液病患儿血清ＨＰＶＢ１９－ＤＮＡ，结果总阳性率为２６．６％，其中急性白血病占３８．８％（７／１８），ＩＴＰ占４０．０％（４／１０），过敏性紫瘢占８．３％（１／１２），再障５例均为阴性；同时检测对照组１０名正常     

幼年类风湿性关节炎与人细小病毒B19感染的关系及其临床特征

目的 探讨幼年类风湿性关节炎（ＪＲＡ）与人细小病毒Ｂ１９（Ｂ１９）感染的关系及其临床特征。方法 采用巢式ＰＣＲ方法对３０例ＪＢＡ患儿血清、２６例ＪＲＡ患儿骨髓、４例ＪＲＡ患儿关节液标本进行Ｂ１９－ＤＮＡ检测。结果 ⑴３０例ＪＲＡ患儿血清Ｂ１９－ＤＮＡ阳性１２例（４０％）,１０例对照组阳性１例（１／１０）,两组差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０１）。⑵２６例骨髓Ｂ１９－ＤＮＡ阳性１２例（４６％）,２５例对照组     

婴儿先天性巨结肠与巨细胞病毒感染

为了解婴儿先天性巨结肠（ＨＤ）与巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染的关系，对１９例２～１８个月的ＨＤ患儿（经病理证实）的血清、尿和组织块用病毒分离和ＤＮＡ探针杂交方法进行ＣＭＶ检测。结果：１９例ＨＤ患儿分离ＣＭＶ的１９份尿标本中２份污染，在１７份尿标本中７份阳性，阳性率为４１．２％；正常儿尿标本阳性率为１４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１９例ＨＤ血清中，ＣＭＶＩｇＭ抗体２例阳性，阳性率为１０．５％；正常儿阳性率为８．０％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。１９例ＨＤ痉挛段组织块中无一例ＣＭＶ阳性，但６例ＨＤ痉挛段组织块ＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ探针杂交全部阳性，其中２例强阳性，阳性率为１００％。说明婴儿ＨＤ与ＣＭＶ感染关系密切，ＣＭＶ感染可能是包括ＨＤ在内的一些先天性畸形的重要致畸因素。     

弓形体,人巨细胞病毒和人微小病毒B19感染对新生儿畸形和生长发 …

探讨弓形体（ＴＯＸＯ）人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）及人微小病毒Ｂ１９（ＨＰ－ＶＢ１９）对新生儿畸形及生长发育的影响。采取聚合酶链反应技术对４２例畸形新生儿进行了ＴＯＸＯ－ＤＮＡ，ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ和ＨＰＶＢ１９－ＤＮＡ的检测，并对检测阳性与阴性畸形新生儿，用标准差记分法（ＳＤＳ）衡量生长发育。ＰＣＲ检测阳性率为１８／４２（４２．８８％），中枢及心血管系统畸形阳性率为１２／１８（６６．６７％），其他系统畸     

60例人类微小病毒B19感染患儿的病原血清学检测及特征

目的了解人类微小病毒Ｂ１９（ｈｕｍａｎｐａｒｖｏｖｉｒｕｓ，Ｂ１９）在儿童中的感染情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）和酶联免疫吸附（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法，对１９４例住院治疗（大部分来自血液病房）患儿和１００例健康查体儿童的血清标本进行了检测。抗原为作者采用基因工程方法制备的重组Ｂ１９病毒外壳蛋白ＶＰ１和ＶＰ２。结果在１９４份患儿血清标本中，５５份检测出Ｂ１９病毒ＤＮＡ，３０份Ｂ１９病毒特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测为阳性，３７份Ｂ１９病毒特异性ＩｇＧ抗体检测结果为阳性，阳性率分别为２８．４％，１５．５％和１９．１％，共有６０例患儿存在Ｂ１９病毒的近期感染。在１００份健康查体儿童血清标本中，３份检出Ｂ１９病毒ＤＮＡ，２份Ｂ１９特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测结果为阳性，１２份Ｂ１９特异性ＩｇＧ抗体检测结果为阳性，阳性率分别为３０％，２０％和１２０％。结论人类微小病毒Ｂ１９在我国儿童中有较高的感染率，能够导致人类多种疾病，应该引起足够的重视     

妊娠晚期人类小DNA病毒B19感染情况,母婴传播及与早产或小于胎龄儿关系的研究

为了解妊娠晚期人类小ＤＮＡ病毒Ｂ１９（ＨＰＶＢ１９）感染情况、母婴传播及与早产或小于胎龄儿的关系，将１０４例母亲及其新生儿分成两组，试验组包括１９例早产儿、３２例小于胎龄儿及其母亲；对照组包括５３例正常新生儿及其母亲。采用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）检测母血、脐血和胎盘组织ＨＰＶＢ１９ＤＮＡ；用鼠抗Ｂ１９单克隆抗体和Ｂ１９联合抗原（ＶＰ１＋ＶＰ２）建立了捕获式ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测母血和脐血ＨＰＶＢ１９特异性ＩｇＭ抗体。结果：１０４例母血中，ＨＰＶＢ１９ＩｇＭ阳性２例（１．９％），１０４例脐血中阳性３例（２．９％）。在母血、脐血及胎盘组织各１０４例中检出ＨＰＶＢ１９ＤＮＡ阳性分别为６例、４例、６例。因此试验组５１对母婴共１０２例中６例有ＨＰＶＢ１９感染（５．９％）；对照组５３对母婴共１０６例中２例有ＨＰＶＢ１９感染（１．９％）。两组Ｂ１９感染率差异无显著意义。提示：在北京地区，妊娠晚期存在Ｂ１９急性感染，应引起重视；Ｂ１９感染与早产或小于胎龄儿的发生可能不相关；新生儿Ｂ１９感染是通过胎盘传播的。对有Ｂ１９感染证据的新生儿进行随访及研究如何阻止胎盘传播很重要。     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿巨细胞病毒感染的初步研究

为探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＩＴＰ）与人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）活动性感染的关系，用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测了４４例临床确诊为特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿外周血白细胞中ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，同时作病毒分离及ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ测定。结果表明：ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性者１４例，阳性率为３２％；而病毒分离阳性者８例，阳性率为１８％；ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ阳性率分别为３９％和２３％。提示：（１）部分ＩＴＰ患儿发病时有ＨＣＭＶ活动性感染；（２）ＰＣＲ技术特异、敏感、快速，对ＩＴＰ患儿的ＨＣＭＶ活动性感染的早期快速诊断有重要作用。     

急性白血病患儿骨髓巨细胞病毒感染的检测

为探讨急性白血病（ＡＬ）患儿骨髓巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染情况，采用多聚酶链反应（ＰＣ）法检测骨髓细胞ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ及间接发免疫荧光法检测骨髓细胞ＨＣＭＶ早期抗原（ＥＡ）。７１例ＡＬ患儿，其中初诊组３９例，阳性４例，感染率１０．２５％；化疗后完全缓解组３２例，阳性１２例，感染率３７．５％，后者与对照组及初诊组比较，差异有显著意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。阴性的１７例随访观察２～１４个月后，１０例转为阳性     

应用聚合酶反应技术检测婴儿肝炎综合征巨细胞病毒和乙型肝炎病…

用聚合酶以应技术（ＰＣＲ）检测６０例婴儿肝炎综合征患儿尿人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ０ＤＮＡ在清乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）ＤＮＡ，同时做尿ＨＣＭＶ病毒分离。结果表明：ＨＣＭＶ ＤＮＡ阳性４７例，阳性率７８．３％，而ＨＣＭＶ分离阳性３０例，阳性率５０．０％。ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ阳性１２例，阳性一率２０％。提示婴儿肝炎综合征与ＨＣＭＶ和ＨＢＶ感染有关。ＰＣＲ技术特异，敏感，快速及简便，可协助临床医生对婴儿肝炎综合征做     

407例新生儿抗—HCV调查

４０７例血清ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性母亲分娩的婴儿，于出生后２４－３６小时内用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测其血清的抗－ＨＣＶ，阳性率为４．６７％（１９／４０７），其中１０５例母亲产前检测血清抗－ＨＣＶ，９例阳性，检出率为８．５７％。此９例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性的母亲所生婴儿有４例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性，而９６例抗ＨＣＶ阴民生的母亲所生婴儿只有３例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性，差异非常显著（ｘ＾２＝２２．５７，Ｐ〈０．００１），提示ＨＣＶ存在母婴生趣     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.