一氧化氮对缺氧和急性肺损伤犬的血液动力学与气体交换的影响

应用化学发光法监测氮氧化物浓度，观察１０只缺氧和急性肺损伤犬在吸入不同浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ）时血液动力学和气体交换功能的变化。结果显示，５～５０ＰＰＭＮＯ均可降低缺氧犬肺动脉压２５％±３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肺血管阻力３７％±５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），并使急性肺损伤犬的动脉血氧分压／吸入氧浓度（ＰａＯ＿２／ＦｉＯ＿２）比值上升３３．４±２．３（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺内动静脉分流量与总血流量（Ｑ＿ｓ／Ｑ＿Ｔ）比值下降５％±２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示，低浓度ＮＯ（５～２０ＰＰＭ）即可有效降低缺氧性和急性肺损伤犬肺动脉高压并改善其动脉氧合功能。     

一氧化氮吸入治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭

为观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭的疗效，应用我院自行研制的ＮＯ吸入装置，对１５例急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）和急性呼吸衰竭（简称急性呼衰）患儿进行ＮＯ吸入治疗。结果：７例有效，ＮＯ吸入前后比较氧分压与吸入氧浓度比值上升４．１±２．３ｋＰａ（３０．５±１７ｍｍＨｇ，１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）（ｔ＝４．５２，Ｐ＜０．０５），氧合指数降低９±３（ｔ＝４．６３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。对２例肺动脉导管压力监测显示，肺动脉压和肺血管阻力明显下降，体动脉压和心率无显著性变化。结论：ＮＯ吸入疗法对部分急性呼衰患儿有效，宜在急性低氧性呼衰、心功能未受严重损害时应用。     

低浓度一氧化氮及妥拉苏林对兔低氧性肺动脉高压的作用比较

目的　探讨吸入低浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 及妥拉苏林气管内和右心室内给药对肺动脉高压的作用。方法　予急性低氧性肺动脉高压家兔模型吸入６×１０－ ６ ＮＯ及气管内滴入和右心室内注入０－５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 妥拉苏林,通过左颈总动脉插管和右心室插管观察平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ） 、右心室收缩压（ＳＲＶＰ）及血气的变化。结果　低氧通气使家兔ＳＲＶＰ由（１４－０ ±２－２） ｍｍＨｇ（１ ｍｍＨｇ＝ ０－１３３ ｋＰａ）上升至（１７－４±２－０） ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０－０５）,吸入６×１０－６ ＮＯ 后降至基础水平（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）;吸入前后ＭＡＰ差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞ ０－０５）。低氧通气同时吸入ＮＯ对动脉血氧分压无影响。妥拉苏林两种给药途径均使ＭＡＰ和ＳＲＶＰ下降（Ｐ＜０－０５） ;气管内给药还使ＳＲＶＰ／ＭＡＰ比值由０－２１±０－０６ 下降至０－２０±０－０６（ Ｐ＜０－０５）,该效应与吸入ＮＯ相比,差异有显著意义（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。气管内给药使ＭＡＰ、ＳＲＶＰ下降的百分率均小于右心室内给药（Ｐ＜０－０５）。结论　吸入６ ×１０－６ ＮＯ能选择性扩张肺血管;妥拉苏林气管内给药具有一定的肺血管选择性,仍弱于ＮＯ的作用;但右心室内给药缺乏肺血管选择性。     

一氧化氮与Ⅰ型辅助细胞因子在过敏性紫癜中的作用

目的观察过敏性紫癜（ＨＳＰ）患儿急性期的一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及Ⅰ型辅助细胞（ＴＨ１）因子水平,以探讨其在该病全身血管炎发病机制中的作用。方法用镉还原法测定血浆ＮＯ水平,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血浆及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清中白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）及干扰素－γ（ＩＦＮ－γ）水平。结果ＨＳＰ急性期血浆ＮＯ水平较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜００５）,血浆ＩＬ－２及ＩＦＮ－γ与正常对照组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）,但患儿的ＰＢＭＣ培养上清的ＩＬ－２及ＩＦＮ－γ明显低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。结论ＮＯ及ＴＨ１细胞因子在ＨＳＰ全身血管炎的发生、发展中起作用     

哮喘儿童发病与血液一氧化氮、肿瘤坏死因子变化的研究

检测哮喘患儿血浆亚硝酸根／硝酸根（ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－）和血清肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）含量，并分析其相关关系。结果：正常对照组ＴＮＦα、ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－含量分别为（１６４．８５±３１．０８）ｎｇ／Ｌ和（２９．５４±１４．４３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ；哮喘发作组分别为（１９８．７６±４２．０６）ｎｇ／Ｌ和（４６．６７±１９．１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；哮喘缓解组为（１９２．４１±３９．５）ｎｇ／Ｌ和（３２．４±１４．９３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＴＮＦα高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－低于发作组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＴＮＦα和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）可能参与哮喘发作期气道炎症的形成，ＴＮＦα在缓解期的慢性炎症持续中具有重要意义     

一氧化氮与肾小球疾病关系的初步研究

目的　了解一氧化氮（ＮＯ）与肾小球疾病发病关系。方法　采用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ 硝酸盐还原法对４４ 例急性肾炎,３２ 例肾病综合征,１８ 例紫癜性肾炎进行了血清亚硝酸／硝酸盐（ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３ －） 测定,并以２８ 例健康儿童作对照。结果　疾病组血清ＮＯ２ －／ＮＯ３ － 的浓度（ 急性肾炎：７０ ．８ ±３４．７ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ;肾病综合征：６６ ．６ ±２７．９;紫癜性肾炎：４７ ．４ ±２１．４ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ） 显著高于对照组（３０．３ ±８ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０ ．０１）,疾病急性期高于缓解期（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,伴有感染者（９３ ．５ ±３２．９ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ） 高于无感染者（４８ ．７±１４ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。肾病综合征血清ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３ － 浓度与胆固醇水平呈负相关（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,与血浆白蛋白及尿蛋白定量无相关（Ｐ＞ ０．０５） 。结论　ＮＯ 可能参与这３ 种肾小球疾病发病及病理损伤过程。     

小儿支气管哮喘时NO自由基与氧自由基的作用初探

采用镉还原柱层析和比色法测定了１７例哮喘患儿血浆亚硝酸／硝酸根离子（ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３）水平，另用生物学活性法测定了肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平。结果：小儿哮喘发作期血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ＭＤＡ及ＴＮＦ水平明显升高（Ｐ分别＜０．０５或００１）；在缓解期ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３和ＭＤＡ水平恢复正常（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＴＮＦ水平虽有明显降低，但仍高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而ＳＯＤ水平在急性发作期明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），缓解期恢复正常（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：哮喘发作时不仅有氧自由基增多，而且还有一氧化氮自由基增加，它们相互作用，共同损伤气道上皮等肺组织，加重炎症反应，导致气道高反应性而引起和（或）加重哮喘发病     

哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮的变化

目的观察哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的变化。方法采用化学发光法对１２８名７～１２岁正常儿童和７６例６～１４岁哮喘患儿进行呼出气ＮＯ浓度测定，同时测定哮喘儿童一秒钟用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１）及其占预计值百分比（ＦＥＶ１％）。对其中２１例哮喘患儿进行治疗后８个月内随访，监测其呼出气ＮＯ浓度，采用组胺激发试验测定其治疗前和治疗６个月后气道反应性。结果哮喘患儿呼出气ＮＯ浓度为３９±２１ｐｐｂ，正常儿童呼出气ＮＯ浓度为２３±１３ｐｐｂ，两组差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）；发作期哮喘患儿呼出气ＮＯ浓度略高于缓解期患儿，但差异无显著意义（４２±２４ｐｐｂ，３５±２１ｐｐｂ，Ｐ＞０．０５）；哮喘患儿呼出气ＮＯ浓度与ＦＥＶ１％无明显相关性（ｒ＝０．０９２，Ｐ＞０．０５）。１１例吸入糖皮质激素治疗的哮喘患儿治疗２周后缓解期呼出气ＮＯ浓度较治疗前降低（２７±９ｐｐｂ，４４±１８ｐｐｂ，Ｐ＜０．０５），治疗６个月后气道高反应性（ＡＨＲ）程度表现下降趋势，另１０例未用糖皮质激素治疗的患儿缓解期呼出气ＮＯ浓度和ＡＨＲ程度均无明显改变。结论哮喘患儿呼出气ＮＯ浓度高于正常，吸入糖皮质激素治疗可降低呼出气ＮＯ浓度和ＡＨＲ。     

生长发育迟缓与胰岛素样生长因子的关系

目的提高由于生长激素－胰岛素样生长因子（ＧＨ－ＩＧＦ）轴异常引起的生长发育迟缓诊断的准确性。方法分别收集门诊６８例生长发育迟缓儿童运动激发试验前后２次血清和１４例住院患儿药物激发试验１０次血标本,用免疫放射计量（ＩＲＭＡ）方法测定ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３,放免方法（ＲＩＡ）测定ＧＨ。结果药物激发试验ＧＨ水平与ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３测定一致。运动激发试验根据运动后ＧＨ水平及身高百分位的情况将６８例分为３组：ＧＨ＜５０μｇ／Ｌ,５０～１００μｇ／Ｌ,＞１００μｇ／Ｌ。ＧＨ＜５０μｇ／Ｌ组１４例,其中１０例身高小于第３百分位,其ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３水平分别是（３９±２０）,（２７４±１２２）,（４２０±２１０）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,低于正常值（Ｐ＜００１）,ＧＨ水平与ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３相符。结论用运动激发试验联合测定ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－１和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３三项指标可以提高由于ＧＨ－ＩＧＦ轴异常所引起的生长发育迟缓诊断的准确性。     

一氧化氮合酶mRNA在缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉的表达

目的探讨一氧化氮体系在缺氧性肺动脉高压形成机制中的作用。方法采用地高辛精标记的一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）ｃＲＮＡ探针对缺氧组大鼠（６只）及对照组大鼠（７只）进行原位杂交。结果缺氧２周后的大鼠肺动脉收缩压（３．８±０．７ｋＰａ）（２８±５ｍｍＨｇ，１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）、肺动脉平均压（２．８±０．６ｋＰａ）及肺动脉舒张压（１．４±０．４ｋＰａ）与对照组（２．９±０．５ｋＰａ，１．９±０．５ｋＰａ及０．９±０．５ｋＰａ）相比均显著升高。缺氧组大鼠肺动脉内皮细胞中ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达信号为弱阳性（３只）及阴性（３只），平滑肌细胞中表达信号均为阴性；对照组大鼠肺动脉内皮细胞中ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达信号为阳性（７只），平滑肌细胞中表达信号均为阴性。ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ的表达强度与大鼠肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉平均压及肺动脉舒张压分别呈负相关（ｒｓ＝－０．６７３、－０．５９６及－０．６２１，Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达的改变可能参与慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成。     

Comparison of patients with Kawasaki disease with retropharyngeal edema and patients with retropharyngeal abscess

Kawasaki disease with retropharyngeal edema (KD with RPE) is a rare complication, and it is diagnosed by neck CT. Most reported cases had a delayed diagnosis because those patients' conditions were misdiagnosed as retropharyngeal abscess (RPA). The purpose of this study was to differentiate KD with RPE from RPA. We performed a retrospective case–control study comparing children with KD with RPE to those with RPA hospitalized at the tertiary pediatric hospital in Tokyo between 2005 and 2011. The 39 patients revealing RPE on neck CT were divided into two groups: group A was classified as KD (n?=?21) and group B was classified as non-KD (n?=?18). Patients in group B were finally evaluated as having RPA clinically and were treated with antibiotic therapy. A significantly higher proportion of patients in group B complained of dysphagia (11 patients vs. 5 patients; p?=?0.0170) and neck pain (17 patients vs. 12 patients; p?=?0.0106). Neck CT revealed a ring enhancement (16 patients vs. no patients; p?<?0.0001) and mass effect in a greater proportion of patients in group B (11 patients vs. 1 patient; p?<?0.0003). Conclusion: Careful attention to manifestations and close analyses of CT imaging may allow clinicians to differentiate KD with RPE from RPA.     

Patients with moyamoya disease presenting with movement disorder

Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by idiopathic bilateral stenosis or occlusion of bilateral internal carotid arteries and the development of characteristic leptomeningeal collateral vessels at the base of the brain. Typical presentations include transient ischemic attacks or stroke, and hemorrhage. Presentation with movement disorders is extremely rare, especially in the pediatric population. The authors describe the cases of 4 children with moyamoya disease who presented with movement disorders. Among 446 patients (118 pediatric) with moyamoya disease surgically treated by the senior author, 4 pediatric patients had presented with movement disorders. The clinical records, imaging studies, surgical details, and postoperative clinical and imaging data were retrospectively reviewed. The initial presenting symptom was movement disorder in all 4 patients: chorea in 2, hemiballismus in 1, and involuntary limb shaking in 1. All the patients had watershed infarcts involving the frontal subcortical region on MR imaging. Additionally, 1 patient had a ganglionic infarct. Single-photon emission computed tomography studies showed frontoparietal cortical and subcortical hypoperfusion in all patients. Three patients had bilateral disease, whereas 1 had unilateral disease. All the patients underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass. Postoperatively, all 4 patients had complete improvement in their symptoms. The SPECT scans revealed normal perfusion in 3 patients and a small residual perfusion deficit in 1. Movement disorders are a rare presenting feature of moyamoya disease. Hypoperfusion of the frontal cortical and subcortical region was seen in all patients, and the symptomatology was attributed to ischemic dysfunction and imbalance in the cortical-subcortical-ganglionic-thalamic-cortical circuitry. Combined revascularization with superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass and encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis leads to excellent results.