后腹腔镜与膀胱电切镜联合应用切除移植肾同侧自体泌尿系统肿瘤五例

目的探讨肾移植患者泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的手术方式,以减少对移植肾的干扰。方法5例尿毒症患者肾移植后发生自体肾盂和输尿管恶性肿瘤,肿瘤均位于移植肾同侧,为避免开放性手术对移植肾的干扰,采用后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行自体肾、输尿管及膀胱部分切除术,手术采用3个通路完成。结果5例手术经过顺利,手术耗时120～280min,术中出血量为50～200ml。术后12～36h恢复排气,尿量为1500～4000ml/d,血肌酐正常,不必调整免疫抑制方案,平均住院4.5d。结论采用后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜联合切除泌尿系肿瘤,具有安全、创伤小、术后恢复快等特点,尤其是对位于移植肾同侧的肿瘤,该术式对移植肾的干扰较小。     

经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术2例报告（附视频）

目的探讨经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植受者上尿路移行细胞癌的技术要点及临床效果。方法 2例肾移植术后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌患者,采用经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下操作方法切除移植肾同侧原肾及输尿管全长。通过腹腔镜切除的原肾及输尿管最终从下腹正中小切口完整取出。结果两例手术时间分别为180,120 min,术中出血量分别为80,20 mL;无术中、术后并发症,术后血红蛋白及血清肌酐无明显变化。术后随访6个月均未出现肿瘤复发及转移。结论经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌具有手术损伤小、患者痛苦少、术后恢复快等优点,是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法。     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的技术改进(附11例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜下手术治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤的技术方法及临床应用价值.方法 11例肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤患者.男3例,女8例.平均年龄45岁（39～51岁）.肿瘤位于左侧4例,右侧7例;与移植肾同侧8例.采用后腹腔镜根治性肾切除联合经尿道膀胱袖套状切除术,手助处理输尿管下段,标本自腰部小切口取出.观察手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、并发症及手术效果.结果 11例平均手术时间150 min（90～190 min）,术中平均出血量100ml（50～200ml）,术后平均住院时间10 d（9～12 d）,术中术后均未发生严重并发症.随访2～16个月,肿瘤无复发及远处转移.术后移植肾功能良好.结论 腹腔镜辅以手助处理输尿管末段治疗肾移植术后上尿路肿瘤效果良好,具有临床推广价值.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤(附25例报告)

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床特点及其诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析1998年～2006年间肾移植术后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的临床资料25例.就患者性别、移植时年龄、导致肾功能不全的原发病、移植后肿瘤发生的时间、临床症状、肿瘤发生部位及转归等项目进行临床分析.所有病例移植前均排除肿瘤.肿瘤均经影像学和膀胱镜等检查方法诊断.22例患者行手术治疗,术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1/3并辅以局部灌注化疗.结果 本组25例患者中男4例,女21例;移植时患者平均年龄55.1岁;原发病为慢性间质性肾炎的患者19例;术后发生肿瘤的时间距肾移植时间平均26个月;临床表现为肉眼血尿或镜下血尿25例,反复泌尿系感染10例,肾盂输尿管积水者12例;肿瘤为多发者22例;移植肾同侧有上尿路肿瘤者16例;3例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5个月、6个月及8个月后死亡,22例手术治疗患者已随访2～7年,18例肿瘤复发,再行手术治疗;所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥,肾功能正常.结论 本组显示慢性间质性肾炎导致肾功能衰竭的肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤;血尿、泌尿系感染和肾盂积水是常见的症状,多发性和易复发性是另一临床特点;移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤.     

经尿道双极等离子电切镜在肾输尿管全切术中的应用

目的探讨经尿道双极等离子体电切镜行输尿管下段切除在肾盂输尿管癌根治中的应用价值。方法2003年6月～2005年3月，6例输尿管下段、同侧输尿管口及膀胱均未见肿瘤的肾盂输尿管癌，采用经尿道等离子电切镜联合腰部切口5例，后腹膜腹腔镜1例行肾输尿管全切术。结果6例手术顺利。手术时间120—210min，平均150min。术中尢一例发生闭孔神经反射。术后膀胱冲洗，未见出血。留置尿管7～9d。平均8d。1例术后5d拔尿管后出现患侧下腹疼痛、发热，证实少许尿外渗，再次留置尿管5d后，经尿道膀胱造影无渗漏，排尿恢复正常。术后病理结果输尿管残端均阴性。除1例术后3个月死于心肌梗死外，余5例术后随访7～21个月，平均16个月，未见肿瘤复发。结论输尿管下段切除术中应用经尿道双极等离子电切镜微创、无出血、并发症少，是辅助肾盂输尿管癌根治术中行之有效的方法。     

移植肾输尿管炎的诊治二例

我院在2006年9月至2007年9月间收治了2例移植肾输尿管炎的患者,现将诊治体会总结如下. 临床资料 例1 为女性,40岁.肾移植后4个月,血清肌酐(Cr)为170μmol/L,经B型超声波检查提爪移植肾积水,经皮肾镜顺行在移植肾输尿管内留置支架管,术中见输尿管轻度狭窄,留置支架管后移植肾积水减轻,血清cr降至150μmol/L,支架管留置1个月后自行脱落,再次出现移植肾积水.血清Cr升高至180 μmol/L,磁共振尿路造影(MRU)提示移植肾肾盂与输尿管连接部狭窄.再次手术探查,术中见移植肾输尿管与膀胱的吻合口无狭窄,狭窄段位于输尿管近肾盂处,局部输尿管僵硬瘢痕化,管腔狭窄仅能通过4F输尿管导管.移植肾肾盂内尿液压力高.     

肾移植术后一期后腹腔镜双侧原肾输尿管全长切除术

目的:探讨肾移植术后一期行后腹腔镜下双侧原肾输尿管全长切除术(RPLBNU)的安全性和可行性。方法:对15例临床拟诊为原肾盂、输尿管尿路上皮癌(UC)的肾移植患者行RPLBNU。早期采用传统RPLB-NU治疗11例,近期4例实施改良RPLBNU。结果:15例行RPLBNU均成功,未中转开放。平均手术时间340.3min;平均出血量173.3ml,1例患者输悬浮红细胞400ml;术后平均使用吗啡当量20.7mg;术后平均下地活动时间4.1d;平均住院时间11.1d。所有患者均在术后第1天口服免疫抑制剂,并且无胃肠道相关并发症发生。改良RPLBNU更安全,患者术后恢复更快。除1例在术后27个月时发生左卵巢局部复发而放弃治疗失随访,平均随访46.0(17.0～73.5)个月,1例因膀胱肿瘤复发相继行膀胱肿瘤电切及膀胱部分切除治疗,仍存活。结论:肾移植术后RPLBNU,尤其是改良RPLBNU,是一种安全、可行的治疗方式,对移植肾功能无明显影响。     

手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附9例报告)

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技术。方法：采用手助腹腔镜对9例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌5例,输尿管癌4例;男7例,女2例;年龄45～68岁,平均53．5岁。结果：9例手术均成功实施,术后病理检查证实为移行细胞癌。手术时问为150～210min,平均190min,出血量50～200ml,平均150ml。术后恢复快,7～21天后出院,无明显并发症。对所有患者随访2～24个月,无肿瘤复发。结论：采用手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有手术时间短、安全、出血少、损伤小、患者术后恢复快、痛苦小、并发症少等优点。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技巧。方法:用后腹腔镜辅助小切口为7例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌3例。结果:7例手术均获成功,手术时间90~120min,平均108min,术中出血50~150ml,平均80ml。术后平均住院10d,无严重并发症发生。随访4~33个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:采用后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有患者创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、切除更完全等优点。     

Fibrosis of a renal transplant ureter.

Ureteral obstruction following renal transplantation, although not a common occurrence, is a serious complication because of the single functioning kidney. Obstruction may be caused by ureterovesical stenosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis or adhesions, clot formation, pelvic lymphoceles or kinking of the ureter. A case is presented in which there was progressive partial ureteral obstruction caused by fibrosis and stricture of the transplant ureter, which were probably owing to rejection episodes.     

Urological complications in renal transplantation from cadaveric donor grafts: a retrospective analysis of 20 years

INTRODUCTION: This study is a retrospective analysis of ureteral complications and their management from a monocenter series of 277 consecutive renal transplantations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 1979 to June 1999, 277 renal transplantations (cadaveric origin) were performed in 241 patients. The ureter from the kidney graft was inserted into the bladder according to the technique of extravesical implantation described by Lich-Gregoir and Campos-Freire. The study analyzed the time of occurrence and the type of complications observed. The different procedures to restore the transplanted urinary tract are presented. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 43/277 renal transplantations (15.5%). Anastomotic urine leakage or ureteral stricture were the most frequent. The time to appearance of these complications was either short (<1 month) or late (>1 month) in a similar number of cases. Most cases were managed surgically: 33/43 cases (76.7%). The most frequent surgical repair was ureterovesical reimplantation (n=13), followed by: ureteroureteral end-to-end anastomosis (native ureter-ureter transplant, n=5); pyeloureteral anastomosis (native ureter-renal pelvis transplant, n=5); simple revision of ureterovesical implantation (n=4); resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the transplant ureter (n=2); calico-vesicostomy (graft-bladder, n=1); implantation according to Boari (n=1); pyelovesicostomy with bipartition of bladder (n=1), and pyeloileocystoplasty with detubularized ileal graft (n=1). No deaths related to any of the urological complications were reported. However, 2 consecutive vesico-renal refluxes led to the loss of the kidney graft in the long-term. CONCLUSION: The rate of complications observed in this retrospective analysis is similar to the experience of other studies, ranging from 2 to 20%. If the classical extravesical ureteral bladder implantation is to remain an attractive technique due to its simplicity, the surgical team at the training center should be aware of all the means to prevent any ureteral complications, such as the choice of another implantation technique and/or insertion of a transient ureteral stent.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下行肾、输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除的体会。方法 经后腹腔镜施行肾输尿管全长及袖状膀胱切除术35例。男14例，女21例。年龄49～82岁，平均67岁。输尿管肿瘤20例，肾盂肿瘤15例。肿瘤位于右侧19例，左侧16例。其中输尿管肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤者2例，先后发生双侧输尿管肿瘤并膀胱肿瘤者1例。经尿道用针状电极距输尿管口约0．5am环行切透膀胱。采用腰部3个穿刺套管针入路，行根治性肾切除，输尿管尽量向下游离，下腹部行5～9cm切口，取出肾标本，然后行下段输尿管及部分膀胱袖状切除。结果 35例手术顺利，手术时间1．5～6．0h，平均3．1h。出血量20～1600ml，平均166ml。4例需输血。术后20～32h下床活动。术后病理报告为移行细胞癌30例，输尿管低分化腺癌2例，输尿管鳞状细胞癌1例，输尿管平滑肌肉瘤1例，黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎1例。1例术前为尿毒症透析患者，术后并发十二指肠漏，术后第3天放置引流管引流十二指肠漏出液，术后2个月死于心力衰竭。术后常规行膀胱灌注，预防肿瘤复发。平均住院时间11d。随访1～32个月，平均14个月，33例患者无瘤生存，1例术后3个月发生盆腔转移，目前带瘤存活。膀胱肿瘤均未见复发。结论 经后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂和输尿管肿瘤，切口明显小于开放手术，术后恢复快。用电切镜环状切除输尿管末端可完整切除输尿管。     

Results of pyeloureterostomy after ureterovesical anastomosis complications in renal transplantation

OBJECTIVES: The most frequent urologic complications after renal transplantation involve the ureterovesical anastomosis (ie, leakage, stenosis, and reflux), with a frequency of 1% to 30% in different series. We present the results of pyeloureterostomy using the recipient's ureter. METHODS: From 1988 to 1996, 570 cadaveric renal grafts were performed at our institution. A Lich Gregoir ureterovesical anastomosis was used in every case. Complications involving the anastomosis occurred in 19 cases (3.3%), with 10 stenoses (1.7%), 6 cases of leakage (1.1%), and 3 of reflux (0.5%). The mean donor age was 36.2 years, and the mean duration of cold ischemia was 29.4 hours. The mean recipient age was 41.3 years. Corrective surgery was performed 0.09 years (range 0.01 to 0.22) after transplantation for leakage, 1.13 years (range 0.14 to 5.11) for stenosis, and 5.55 years (range 0.51 to 9.71) for reflux. The recipient's ureter was stented with a ureteral catheter before median laparotomy, except in 3 cases of early leakage (less than 3 days). The recipient's ureter was cut, without the need for ipsilateral nephrectomy, and sutured to the graft pelvis. A nephroureterostomia stent (Gil Vernet stent) (12 cases) or a double J ureteral stent (7 cases) was used for urinary drainage. RESULTS: One graft was lost on day 1 through renal vein thrombosis. Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed on day 2 to clear an obstruction of the double J ureteral stent in one case, and a double J ureteral stent was inserted on day 2 because the nephrouretrostomia stent was incorrectly positioned in another case. Pyelographic controls on day 15 were normal in every case. The mean follow-up was 2.25 years (range 0.24 to 6.1) (2.9 years for leakage, 2.08 years for stenosis, and 1.44 years for reflux). One patient died with a functional graft 3 years after surgery. One graft was lost 4 years after surgery through chronic rejection. There were no complications affecting the ipsilateral kidney. No further ureteral complications occurred after surgery. The mean creatinine level 3 years after surgery was 1.59 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Pyeloureterostomy is a safe and permanent treatment for complications of ureterovesical anastomosis and gives excellent results. The technique requires stenting of the recipient's ureter and graft drainage with a nephroureterostomia stent or a double J ureteral stent.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

肾移植术后上尿路梗阻14例临床诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后上尿路梗阻的诊断及处理。方法回顾总结2000—2006年我院1090例肾移植患者中的14例移植后上尿路梗阻患者，其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例，6例行膀胱输尿管二次吻合手术，1例移植肾周感染输尿管末段坏死采用移植肾近端新鲜存活输尿管与自体输尿管吻合，1例采用膀胱肌瓣代移植输尿管，1例采用输尿管镜下气囊扩张后放置双J管。出血相关性梗阻、输尿管扭曲和输尿管结石所致梗阻5例，均行开放手术。结果14例肾移植术后上尿路梗阻患者中2例切除移植肾，其余各例患者经开放手术及腔镜处理均成功挽救移植肾功能。再次手术后随访0．5—1年，血肌酐68-155μmol／L，B超未见移植肾扩张积水加重。结论新上尿路梗阻是肾移植术后常见亦是较为棘手的外科并发症，多数和外科手术操作有关，可以通过提高手术技巧避免。一旦发生上尿路梗阻，应根据梗阻原因采取相应的治疗方法及时处理。     

球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄12例体会

目的探讨球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院于2009~2012年收治的12例肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料,根据狭窄情况采用球囊扩张法治疗,术后留置2根双J管6月。结果 12例患者肾积水均明显减轻,肾功恢复正常。结论球囊扩张治疗肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄疗效确切,安全可靠。     

自体肾移植术治疗长段输尿管缺损10例报告

目的：总结采用自体肾移植术治疗长段输尿管缺损的临床疗效和体会。方法对10例输尿管中上段结石患者,在经输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石时出现长段输尿管黏膜袖套状剥脱或全层撕脱,内镜下放置双 J 管失败,无法行输尿管端端吻合或再植,于损伤发生2 h 至9 d 后行自体肾移植术。结果1例术前肾功能严重减退患者术后7 d 出现移植肾栓塞,其余9例随访5～75个月,移植肾血流灌注良好,肾功能维持正常水平;1例术后4个月出现膀胱吻合口狭窄致自体移植肾中度积水,给予微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流;尿路感染1例,经抗感染治疗后好转,未见复发。结论针对医源性长段输尿管撕脱伤患者,及时施行自体肾移植可以有效恢复尿路完整性并保持肾功能,且并发症发生率低。     

Silent urothelial cancer detected by sonography after renal transplantation

OBJECTIVES: Organ transplantation increases the incidence of cancer through unclear mechanisms. In our observation, urothelial cancer happens much more frequently in Chinese people. We reviewed the detection of urothelial cancer in our series after renal transplantation. METHODS: From July 1981 to June 2005, we performed 620 renal transplantations. We do graft and native kidney sonography survey annually even if the patient is asymptomatic. During this period, 10 urothelial tumors were detected. Herein we have reviewed the findings in these cases, along with their management and outcomes. RESULTS: Moderate to severe hydronephrosis of native kidneys was observed in 14 patients, including 9 (64.3%) who had cancer including eight asymptomatic and only one with flank pain and lymph nodes metastasis succumbing in 10 months with a functioning graft. Three patients showed similar degrees of graft hydronephrosis and graft ureteral cancer was diagnosed in one. Mean time from transplantation was 5.09 years. There was a female predominance (7:3). The bladder-to-renal pelvis-to-ureter ratio was 2:5:7, which was distinct from the usual 51:3:1 distribution. In native ureter cancer, we found the left ureter more prone to develop cancer than the right (8:1). CONCLUSION: The pattern of cancer in renal transplant patients is thoroughly different from the general population, namely female predominance, with a higher incidence of ureteral and renal pelvis versus bladder cancer. In our observation, routine periodic sonography survey even in asymptomatic patients is important for urothelial tumor detection, as the incidence of cancer is surprisingly high.