Extended indications for decompression of the optic nerve: a differentiating analysis of restriction of the visual function, also in comatose patients

BACKGROUND: The care of indirect traumatic optic neuropathy is still treated differently. Special diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties exist in comatose patients without definable visual acuity and in patients with complex failure of the visual field with central visual acuity still receiving sufficiently. METHOD: The total collective of optic nerve decompressions within the period between January 1992 and August 2000 was comprised of 66 patients. 18 of these 66 patients (average age: 40.5 years) were comatose and required critical care. 3 of the 48 consciousness-clear patients showed post-traumatically different defects of the visual field with a visual acuity of 0.3, 0.4 and 1.0. The indication for surgical decompression in both groups was based on the ophthalmological findings and the CT-finding of traumatization of the optic nerve, or the orbit apex respectively. RESULTS: During the subsequent postoperative examinations (on average 12.3 months postoperatively) five patients within the group of the unconscious patients showed a normal visual acuity (0.9-1.0), 3 patients a visual acuity of 0.7, 0.4 and 0.3 and one a visual acuity of 0.1. Six patients remained amaurotic. Three patients died from the general consequences of injury. Improvement of visual field and correction of stereoscopic function occurred in all patients, operated on primarily because of the described visual defects. CONCLUSIONS: Due to these results the indication for the decompression of the optic nerve should find special consideration in comatose patients and in cases of severe restriction of the visual field.     

Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for the treatment of patients with nontraumatic optic neuropathy. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: Ten optic nerve decompressions were performed on 7 patients with nontraumatic optic neuropathy caused by various pathologic entities, including meningioma, lymphangioma, fibro-osseous lesions (fibrous dysplasia and osteoma), mucopyocele, and Graves orbitopathy. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic instrumentation was used in a transnasal fashion to decompress the optic nerve. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity and complication rates. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity improved from 20/300 preoperatively to 20/30 after surgery. Visual acuity improved by at least 2 lines on the Snellen chart following 7 of the 10 decompressions. Median operative time was 133 minutes, and median length of stay was less than 24 hours. Complications were limited to postoperative hyponatremia and corneal abrasions, both of which resolved with conservative therapy. Mean follow-up time was 6.1 months. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic optic nerve decompression appears to be an effective treatment for restoring visual acuity in select patients who present with compressive optic neuropathy.     

Endoscopic and transconjunctival orbital decompression for thyroid-related orbital apex compression

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combined endoscopic and transconjunctival orbital decompression in patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy with orbital apex compression. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: A sequential series of patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy presenting with orbital apex compressive myopathy with and without optic neuropathy who were undergoing combined endoscopic and transconjunctival decompression by the same surgeons from 1992 to 2001 was reviewed. Patients were regularly evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively over a 3- to 55-month period to record the effects of this approach on visual acuity, Hertel exophthalmometry, and diplopia. Complications and secondary ophthalmological procedures were reviewed. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2001, 72 combined endoscopic and transconjunctival decompressions were performed on 41 patients with orbital apex compression. Visual acuity improved in 89.3% of the patients with compressive optic neuropathy (P <.0005) and in 34.1% of those without neuropathy. Proptosis was reduced by 3.65 mm, on average. There was one case of transient intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid extravasation at the site of the optic nerve decompression, and one patient developed epistaxis. CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the treatment of thyroid-related orbital apex compression with and without compressive optic neuropathy by a combined transconjunctival and endoscopic approach. This approach offers short hospital stays, excellent visual recovery, and minimal complications in patients with thyroid-related orbital apex compressive myopathy and related compressive optic neuropathy. The beneficial effects observed in the patients with visual loss continued to improve over time and were significant (P <.001).     

鼻内镜视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病与VEP的诊断价值

目的探索鼻内镜下视神经减压术的疗效及影响疗效的相关因素。方法外伤性视神经病37例,在外伤后3～30d内行鼻内镜下视神经减压术。13例病人术前和术后行FVEP检查。结果37例病人中21例术后视力获得改善,有效率为56.8%。13例术前和术后行FVEP监测中,能引出P100波的患眼术后疗效好于无P100波者(P<0.005)。结论外伤性视神经病应积极采用视神经减压术,手术后疗效与视神经的损伤程度密切相关,似并不完全取决于伤后时间。术前FVEP检测情况对预测预后有一定的帮助。     

鼻内镜下视神经管减压术治疗外伤性视力障碍14例报告

目的：探讨视神经管减压术治疗外伤性视力障碍的有效方法。方法：采用鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视力障碍患者14例。结果：随访3-18个月，其中8例有不同程度视力改善，6例无效。术后全部患者术腔上皮化，无并发症发生。结论：经鼻内镜筛蝶窦入路视神经减压术损伤较小，疗效确切，且不遗留面部瘢痕，容易为患者所接受。对伤后数天至1个月、大剂量激素治疗无效、视力损伤严重的患者，手术仍有可能挽救视力。     

外伤性视神经损伤经鼻内镜视神经减压手术时期选择及疗效观察

目的 观察鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经损伤的疗效和最佳手术时间.方法 对1998年4月至2007年3月90例头部和(或)颌面外伤后发生93眼外伤性视神经损伤的患者进行回顾性分析.所有患者接受鼻内镜视神经减压术前对药物治疗均无反应或效果不佳.受伤至手术时间1～97 d,中位手术时间5.5 d.术前无视力71眼,有视力22眼(1眼光感,5眼眼前手动,13眼眼前指数,1眼视力0.04,2眼视力0.1).随访时间6 d～2年,中位随访时间8 d.结果 视神经减压术后35例(36眼,38.7%)视力有改善,53例(55眼,59.1%)无变化,2例(2眼,2.2%)视力下降.术前有视力的患者中,视力改善者达68.2%(15/22眼),外伤后立即或逐渐失明的患者中视力改善分别只有22.9%(8/35眼,仅2眼视力恢复到大于0.02)和36.1%(13/36眼,5眼视力恢复到大于0.02),术前有视力和无视力两组视力术后恢复差异非常显著(X2=11.864,P<0.01).无视力的患者中,伤后3 d内手术视力改善为41.2%(7/17眼),3 d后手术视力改善下降到25.9%(14/54眼),但两者之间差异无统计学意义(X2=1.46,P>0.05).不同受伤部位比较,视神经管内外侧壁同时骨折手术效果最好(55.6%,10/18眼),其次为内侧壁骨折(45.7%,21/46眼),最差为没有骨折(20%,4/20眼)和单纯外侧壁骨折患者(11.1%,1/9眼).结论 为了挽救患者视力,应尽早行鼻内镜视神经减压手术,即使伤后立即丧失视力也不要放弃手术治疗.但手术后所获得的满意的视力恢复仍然需要进一步研究.     

影像导航下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病

目的探讨影像导航下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病（TON）的临床特点和预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析自2015年1月—2018年12月山西医科大学第二医院收治的20例TON患者的临床资料。通过单因素分析和非条件Logisitic回归分析评估不同因素对TON治疗效果的影响。结果术后随访3个月至1年,总有效率为60.0％（12/20）,其中术前有光感及以上者有效率为100.0％（6/6）,无光感者有效率为42.9％（6/14）。受伤1周内手术者,有效率75.0％（9/12）。术前CT显示视神经管骨折者,有效率为22.2％（2/9）。单因素与多因素结果均显示：术前视力、CT显示视神经管骨折是患者手术预后的影响因素。结论鼻内镜下视神经减压术是治疗TON的有效手段。术前有光感及以上是视力改善的保护性因素,术前CT显示视神经管骨折是视力无改善的危险性因素。对于伴有复杂颅面部外伤的患者,影像导航的应用可以达到精准定位,有效减压的目的,从而提高手术疗效,值得推广。     

Traumatic optic neuropathy: visual outcome following combined therapy protocol

OBJECTIVE: To assess the visual outcome in cases of traumatic optic neuropathy treated with a combined therapy protocol of methylprednisolone injections and endoscopic optic nerve decompression. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized study. SETTING: Academic tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: The study included 44 patients with posttraumatic indirect optic nerve injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity. RESULTS: Visual improvement was achieved in 31 patients (70%) when treatment was initiated within 7 days of injury, whereas only 10 patients (24%) showed improvement when the treatment was started after more than 7 days. The time lapse after injury and treatment, degree of visual loss, and computed tomographic evidence of canalicular and pericanalicular fractures were found to be significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic optic nerve decompression is a minimally invasive procedure that does not cause any adverse cosmetic effects. The risk-benefit ratio suggests that the combined therapy protocol of methylprednisolone injections and endoscopic optic nerve decompression results in a better visual outcome, without any major risks.     

Optic nerve decompression via the lateral facial approach

Two cases of visual loss after lateral orbital wall fracture are presented: one with retrobulbar hematoma and evidence of optic nerve compression who failed to respond to lateral canthotomy and high-dose corticosteroid administration, and the second with immediate, total blindness associated with fracture of the bony optic canal. In both, extradural decompression of the orbit and optic nerve was achieved through the lateral facial approach with partial return of visual acuity and without surgical complications. The role of orbital and optic nerve decompression in the management of patients with blindness following orbital trauma is controversial. Orbital decompression may be of value for cases of post-traumatic visual loss unresponsive to medical management. If optic nerve injury is suspected as the cause, the additional step of decompression of the optic nerve is a logical but unproven procedure. The indications for optic nerve decompression are not established and should be considered only within the context of the specific needs of the individual patient.     

鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病72例

目的 探讨视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病的疗效。方法 对大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗无效的外伤性视神经病患者72例（73眼），采用鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗。外伤至手术时间1～57d，其中≤3d15例，4—7d37例，8—10d9例，11—15d5例，16～30d5例，〉30d1例。术前视力：光感以上18眼；无光感55眼。结果 术后随访3个月-5年。73眼中46眼视力有不同程度的提高，总有效率63．01％。原无光感的55眼中，31眼视力有提高，有效率56．36％。有光感以上视力的18眼中，15眼视力有提高，有效率83．33％。术后全部患者术腔上皮化，术中无并发症发生。结论 经鼻内镜筛蝶窦入路视神经减压术进路简捷，损伤较小、疗效确切，且不遗留面部瘢痕，容易为患者所接受。对伤后时间较长、大剂量激素治疗无效、视力损伤严重的患者，手术仍有挽救视力的可能。     

外伤性视神经损伤的手术时机与疗效的相关性研究

目的 :探讨外伤性视神经损伤的手术时机与疗效的关系。方法 :经鼻外眶筛蝶窦进路显微视神经管减压术 9例 ;经鼻内窥镜筛蝶窦进路行视神经管减压术 14例 ,辅以大剂量皮质类固醇激素、能量合剂和神经营养药物。结果 :2 3例中有效 13例 ,视力平均提高 0 .2 33,无效 10例 ,有效率为 5 6 .5 %。 13例有效患者 ,其外伤至手术时间平均为 (2 .91± 1.87) d;10例无效患者 ,其外伤至手术时间平均为 (12 .90± 16 .77) d,两者相比较 ,其差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。8例外伤后眼球活动受限的患者 ,其中 7例恢复正常。结论 :外伤性视神经损伤在经过大剂量类固醇激素等治疗 48h无效者 ,应立即进行视神经管减压术 ,手术时机最好在外伤后 7d内进行。     

鼻内镜下视神经减压治疗外伤性视神经病

目的 探讨鼻内镜下视神经减压治疗外伤性视神经病的疗效。方法 对外伤性视神经病患者应用大剂量皮质类固醇治疗,无效者15例行鼻内镜下视神经减压术。术前视力无光感者5例,光感者4例,眼前手动者3例,眼前数指者2例,视力0.1者1例。受伤至术前不足7d 4例,超过7d 11例。结果 术后随访3个月至4年, 9例视力有不同程度提高,总有效率为60%,术前无光感眼有效率为20%,有光感以上视力者术后有效率为80%。结论 鼻内镜视神经减压对外伤性视神经管内段神经病疗效确切、较其他径路创伤较小,尽管超过创伤7d,仍然是一种良好方法。     

鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视力完全丧失的预后相关因素分析

目的探讨鼻内镜下视神经减压术对外伤性视力完全丧失的疗效,并评估其预后相关因素。方法回顾性分析85例外伤性视力完全丧失患者的临床资料,通过单因素分析和Logistic回归分析来评估其潜在的预后相关因素。结果鼻内镜下视神经减压术后,患者总体视力提高44．7％（38J85）。单因素分析显示：筛窦和（或）蝶窦内积血是视力改善的负性因素。而Logistic回归分析显示：外伤到手术的时间超过3d、筛窦和（或）蝶窦内积血与外伤性视力丧失的预后呈负性相关。结论筛窦和（或）蝶窦内积血、外伤到手术的时间超过3d是外伤性视力丧失视力恢复的危险因素。视力完全丧失的患者伤后3d内如能实施手术,视力可能得以较好改善。     

上颌窦筛窦径路视神经管减压术的临床探讨

目的：抢救视神经因外伤、炎症所致的视力障碍。方法：经上唇龈扩大柯陆氏切口，上颌窦、筛窦径路显微镜下持视神经管减压术１２例。结果：术后视力不同程序恢复５例，７例地效。结论：一旦视神经管骨折，视力呈进行性减退，或失去光感经激素、脱水消炎等治疗无效，应尽快行减压术。     

Delayed optic nerve decompression for indirect optic nerve injury

OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of delayed optic nerve decompression in traumatic optic nerve injury. STUDY DESIGN: Critical analysis of Proforma-based, prospectively accrued data of all cases with injury to surgery interval of greater than 2 weeks. METHODS: Thirty-five cases with a median injury to surgery interval of 56 days (range, 16-374 d). Surgical decompression was undertaken only in cases that continued to have poor vision after treatment with steroids in conventional doses (1 mg/kg prednisolone). Pre- and postoperative visual acuity measurements were converted to the logMAR scale of visual acuity and the percentage of visual improvement was calculated. RESULTS: Surgery was universally unrewarding in all 9 cases with persistent and complete blindness of greater than 2 weeks and no response to steroid therapy. Of the cases with some residual vision, 20 of 26 cases improved (mean percentage improvement, 41.0 +/- 5.7%). Cases were categorized on the basis of the injury to surgery interval into groups of 2 weeks to 2 months, 2 months to 4 months, and greater than 4 months. No significant difference was demonstrated in the probability or quantum of improvement in these groups (P =.97). CONCLUSIONS: Optic nerve decompression remains useful as a salvage procedure for conventional dose steroid failed cases of traumatic optic neuropathy. In cases that are not completely blind, vision can be improved even when surgery is undertaken a few months after the injury.     

Course of proptosis in patients with Graves' disease after endoscopic orbital decompression.

AIM: To evaluate the results of follow-up and postoperative course of proptosis in patients with Graves' disease who underwent combined transconjunctival and transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression. METHODS: Charts of patients with Graves' disease who underwent orbital decompression using combined transconjunctival and transnasal endoscopic technique were reviewed. The surgical technique involved preservation of the strut of bone between the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid and floor of the orbit of the maxilla. Data pertaining to patient demographics, previous treatments for orbital manifestations of Graves' disease, and preoperative and postoperative otolaryngologic and ophthalmologic examination findings were obtained. Postoperative course of reduction in proptosis was evaluated based on Hertel exophthalmometry measurements obtained in four intervals: 1) 0 to 1 month, 2) 1 month to 3 months, 3) 3 to 6 months, 4) 6 to 12 months. RESULTS: Twenty-eight orbital decompressions were performed on 15 patients. All patients were unresponsive to corticosteroids and orbital irradiation. Ten orbits exhibited preoperative and postoperative visual acuity of 20/20. Vision improved in nine orbits and did not change in six orbits. Proptosis was reduced in 25 orbits. Postoperative course of reduction in proptosis varied within year 1, with the smallest proptosis measurements documented between 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Combined transconjunctival and transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression with preservation of the strut resulted in regression of proptosis, marked reduction in postoperative diplopia development, and improvement of visual acuity in patients with Graves' disease. Course of reduction in proptosis varied within postoperative 1 year, with the biggest reduction occurring between 6 and 12 months.     

鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经损伤临床观察

目的探讨鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经损伤的临床疗效,并分析其手术预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析广东省人民医院耳鼻咽喉科2004年11月～2016年3月期收治且具有完整随访资料的109例（110眼）外伤性视神经损伤患者的临床资料,其中男95例,女14例;年龄6~65岁,平均年龄27岁。所有患者均接受鼻内镜视神经减压术,评估手术的临床疗效及预后相关因素。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。结果所有患者均随访3个月以上,手术的总体视力改善率为55.5%（61/110）,其中有效率21.8%（24／110）,显效率33.7%（37／110）;术前视力有光感者视力改善率达100%（24/24）,无光感者为44.2%（38/86）;没有病例术后视力较术前变差。手术时间距离受伤时间＜3 d者视力改善率为59.5%（22/37）,3~7 d为53.3%（32/60）,＞7 d为53.9%(7/13);术中切开视神经鞘膜者视力改善率为50.0%（4/8）,不切开者为55.9%（57/102）。单因素分析结果显示,术前视力与患者的手术预后呈显著的正相关（P=0.001）。而Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、性别、术前视力、外伤到手术间隔的时间以及术中是否行视神经鞘膜切开均不是影响患者手术预后的显著因素。结论鼻内镜下视神经减压术是治疗外伤性视神经损伤的有效手段,且外伤至手术的时间及术中是否行鞘膜切开与手术预后无显著相关。     

Traumatische Optikusneuropathie

Background

Traumatic optic nerve neuropathy (TON) is defined as injury to the optic nerve with subsequent vision loss due to head or craniocerebral trauma. The treatment of this disease is the subject of controversial discussions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate pre- and immediate postoperative visual acuity in patients with unilateral TON and to compare the results with the time interval between trauma and surgical intervention.

Patients and Methods

A total of 20 patients with unilateral TON and considerable vision loss were examined. All were treated with high dose corticoids and underwent microsurgical optic nerve decompression. Visual acuity was determined pre- and postoperatively. In long-term follow-up visual acuity was determined 3?months postoperatively.

Results

Postoperatively, nine patients (45%) achieved an improvement in visual acuity of more than 0.4, and another three patients (15%) an improvement of ??0.2. At 3?months postoperatively another four patients achieved a further improvement of their visual acuity of >0.2. A decrease in visual acuity was not observed in any case, nor were major surgical complications.

Conclusions

Factors which predict good prognosis for vision recovery include a short time interval between trauma and intervention, edema, and/or hematoma of the optic nerve sheath. Factors which predict a worse prognosis are a fracture line directly through the nerve canal, a time period between trauma and intervention of more than 24?h, and initial complete amaurosis.     

视神经减压术治疗创伤性视神经病的疗效观察

目的 观察视神经减压术治疗创伤性视神经病的临床疗效.方法 30例创伤性视神经病患者,分别采用鼻外径路或经鼻内镜筛蝶窦径路施行视神经减压术,观察手术治疗的临床效果.结果 总有效率56.67%.术前无光感的16例中,6例术后视力显示一定程度的改善;术前有残余视力的14例中,11例的术后视力均有不同程度的提高.无1例发生严重并发症.结论 视神经减压术对创伤性视神经病导致的视力障碍,无论伤后时间长短和是否具有残余视力,均具有确切疗效.     

内镜下治疗鼻源性视觉障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨鼻源性视觉障碍性疾病的诊断与治疗模式.方法 回顾性分析23例(25眼)资料完整的鼻眼相关视功能障碍病例,23例均行内镜下鼻腔鼻窦探查+鼻窦开放术,其中9例行视神经管减压术.结果 双侧全组鼻窦炎4例,单侧后组筛窦、蝶窦炎6例,额窦、筛窦炎1例,孤立性蝶窦炎5例,单侧后组筛窦、蝶窦真菌病5例,单侧蝶窦、筛囊肿或脓囊肿2例,均经术后病理证实.术前视功能:2例(2眼)无光感;6例(7眼)眼前手动;7例(7眼)眼前指数(＜ 20 cm);8例(9眼)有不同程度视力下降.1例次(1眼)眼球突出、直接和间接瞳孔对光反射消失;3例次(3眼)复视;2例次(2眼)外展麻痹;3例次(3眼)视野缺损(1眼中央性,2眼颞侧);1例次(1眼)上睑下垂.全部病例术后鼻窦术腔上皮化.术后视功能:2眼无改善;10眼恢复到发病前水平;13眼由术前眼前手动、指数改善到眼前指数(30～60 cm).其他眼部症状消失.结论鼻源性视觉障碍患者出现视力障碍时,若药物保守治疗无效应及早行鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦探查术;对严重视力障碍、视力急剧下降患者及早实施视神经减压手术,可以有效改善患者的视功能.