早期左心力衰竭的X线和CT诊断价值

目的 了解早期左心力表竭的X线及CT表现,探讨早期左心力衰竭的X线及CT诊断价值.方法 对26例左心力衰竭患者的临床影像学资料进行回顾性分析.结果 经X线发现,18例患者肺静脉高压,8例患者具有间质性肺水肿;经CT检查,5例患者有少量胸膜水肿渗液,X线检查下发现,本组病例均有肺部淤血,问质性肺水肿及其上肺静脉扩张等表现.结论 在没有出现肺泡性肺水肿前期,X线是早期左心力衰竭的首选诊断手段,具有重要的价值,而CT检查对疾病的进一步检查及鉴别有重要意义.     

高分辨率CT在肺间质纤维化中的诊断价值分析

目的:探讨与分析高分辨率CT在肺间质纤维化临床诊断中的应用价值。方法:从某院2017年3月～2018年3月期间内接收的肺间质纤维化患者中,随机抽取74例患者作为研究对象。对所有患者均行高分辨率CT检查与X线胸片检查,观察两种检查方法检查结果、检出率、诊断准确行、灵敏性、特异性情况。结果:高分辨率CT检查结果显示肺部异常患者67例,X线胸片检查结果显示肺部异常患者38例;高分辨率CT真阳性诊断率显著高于X线胸片;高分辨率CT诊断准确性、灵敏性、特异性均高于X线胸片,比较结果有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:高分辨率CT能够提高肺间质纤维化的临床诊断准确率,并且能够区分疾病的类型,临床价值较高,值得推广使用。     

CT在有害气体吸入性肺水肿的早期诊断价值

目的 分析有害气体吸入性肺水肿的影像改变,探讨其早期诊断价值.方法 回顾分析1997年10月至2006年12月经临床、X线、CT影像观察确诊为有害气体吸入性肺水肿22例,常规采用横断面CT平扫,详细分析了它们的CT影像改变.结果 有害气体吸入性肺水肿CT影像改变分为问质型肺水肿和肺泡型肺水肿两类,其早期诊断价值明显优越于常规X线胸部摄片.结论 根据CT影像改变,早期可作出有害气体吸入性肺水肿诊断,对临床采取及时、有效治疗有特别重要临床意义.     

类风湿性关节炎患者间质性肺疾病的临床概况

目的 了解类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变的发生情况、特征及相关因素分析,以便早期发现类风湿性关节炎的肺部病变.方法 类风湿性关节炎患者45例,免疫比浊法检测类风湿因子、C反应蛋白、免疫球蛋白及补体;间接免疫荧光法和免疫印迹法检测抗核抗体及亚类.血气分析测定氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压和肺泡-动脉血氧分压差.肺功能仪测定潮气容积、最大肺活量、用力肺活量、第1秒用力呼气容积、最大呼气中段流量、最大通气量和一氧化碳弥散功能.放射学检查包括胸部正侧位X线片、双手像和肺高分辨率CT扫描.结果 45例类风湿关节患者中,14例存在肺间质病变,其中10例有呼吸道症状.肺功能检测异常主要为弥散功能降低和限制性通气障碍.8例胸部X线片存在异常,14例高分辨率CT发现异常.肺高分辨率CT在发现类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变病变时优于普通胸部X线片.结论 类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变的发生与疾病活动性和严重性相关,肺弥散功能、高分辨率CT在早期发现病变时有诊断意义.     

类风湿性关节炎患者间质性肺疾病的临床概况

目的了解类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变的发生情况、特征及相关因素分析,以便早期发现类风湿性关节炎的肺部病变。方法类风湿性关节炎患者45例,免疫比浊法检测类风湿因子、C反应蛋白、免疫球蛋白及补体;间接免疫荧光法和免疫印迹法检测抗核抗体及亚类。血气分析测定氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压和肺泡-动脉血氧分压差。肺功能仪测定潮气容积、最大肺活量、用力肺活量、第1秒用力呼气容积、最大呼气中段流量、最大通气量和一氧化碳弥散功能。放射学检查包括胸部正侧位X线片、双手像和肺高分辨率CT扫描。结果45例类风湿关节患者中,14例存在肺间质病变,其中10例有呼吸道症状。肺功能检测异常主要为弥散功能降低和限制性通气障碍。8例胸部X线片存在异常,14例高分辨率CT发现异常。肺高分辨率CT在发现类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变病变时优于普通胸部X线片。结论类风湿性关节炎肺间质病变的发生与疾病活动性和严重性相关,肺弥散功能、高分辨率CT在早期发现病变时有诊断意义。     

急慢性心源性肺水肿的X线与CT对比研究分析

目的：研究并分析急慢性心源性肺水肿患者的肺部X线与CT影像学表现，进而提升心源性肺水肿患者诊断的准确率。方法100例发病24 h内心源性肺水肿患者分别行X线与CT检查。结果慢性心源性肺水肿主要表现为间质性肺水肿，在肺部X线和CT影像学下都表现为肺野透光度降低，小叶间隔线增厚如克氏线、胸膜下线出现和肺实质膜玻璃样变等间质性肺水肿改变，肺血重新分布，肺纹理增重、增多等现象，比较征象检查率结果显示肺部CT的征象分辨率高于X光的征象分辨率，二者的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。急性心源性肺水肿则主要表现为肺泡性水肿，在X线与CT影像学下均表现为腺泡斑片状、结节以及大片融合影。空气支气管像，病变边缘模糊的现象也时而可见。病变进展时除少数典型者出现“蝶翼征”现象，大多数均为双肺出现广泛的密度均匀实变阴影。二者在病变征象检出率方面结果接近，比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论慢性心源性肺水肿通过肺部CT检查的征象检出率较高，能更清晰地反映出更多诊断信息，从而提高临床诊断率；而急性心源性肺水肿通过对肺部进行X线与CT征象表现相似，临床诊断率相当，无特别区分意义。     

X线平片、CT、MRI在股骨头缺血性坏死诊断中的对比分析

目的评价X线、CT与MRI对股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）的诊断价值并分析对比。方法对65例临床疑诊为ANFH患者进行X线平片＼CT与MRI检查，并且做X线平片、CT与MRI的对照观察，并与同期临床症状比较。结果53例经X线检查诊断为ANFH35例；经CT扫描诊断为ANFH42例；所有病例均经磁共振扫描证实为ANFH53例，其中15例为早期病变。统计结果表明，MRI为最好，CT次之，X线平片最不敏感。结论X线平片难以显示ANFH的早期表现，MRI不仅能发现其早期病变，且能反应病变的确切范围和程度，对早期治疗和预后具有积极意义，但对骨质的细微结构改变及钙化不如CT明显，且费用较高，多用于临床高度怀疑ANFH而X线平片及CT检查阴性的患者。     

股骨头缺血性坏死的影像学检查诊断价值及早期征象分析

目的:评价X线、CT与MRI对股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)的诊断价值并分析其早期征象.方法:对45例临床疑诊为ANFH的患者进行X线平片、CT与MRI检查,并做对照观察,并与同期临床症状比较.结果:45例经X线检查诊断为ANFH 32例;经CT扫描诊断为ANFH 40例;均经磁共振扫描证实为ANFH 45例,其中10例为早期病变.统计结果表明,ANFH的X线、CT、MRI表现之间敏感性的差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论:X线平片难以显示ANFH的早期表现,MRI不仅能发现其早期病变,且能反应病变的确切范围和程度,对早期治疗和预后具有积极意义.     

食管癌的X线钡餐造影与CT影像诊断分析

目的探讨食管癌的X线及CT影像诊断价值。方法 111例经病理证实的食管癌患者,均行X线钡餐造影检查和CT扫描,44例为早期患者,67例为中、晚期患者,并得病理证实。结果早期食管癌44例中,X线钡餐造影的诊断阳性率为68.2%,CT影像诊断的阳性率为6.82%;中、晚期食管癌67例中,X线钡餐造影的诊断阳率为98.5%,CT影像诊断的阳性率为100%。结论 X线钡餐造影与CT在早、中晚期食管癌分期诊断有劣势和优势,早期食管癌的诊断应结合其他检查如食管镜、食管拉网脱落细胞等检查,有利于提高食管癌的临床诊断。     

探讨低剂量胸部CT扫描在常规体检中筛查早期肺癌的应用价值

目的探究在常规体检中筛查早期肺癌时,应用低剂量胸部CT扫描的价值。方法将2015年1月～2017年1月作为本次研究时间段,在该时间段内将低剂量胸部CT扫描应用于常规体检中,并将此时间段内我院400例患者作为研究对象,分析低剂量胸部CT对早期肺癌的诊断价值。结果低剂量胸部CT检查可见患者存在空洞和空腔病变、弥漫性肺间质性病变、胸膜病变等情况,CT发现81例患者存在异常,而实际确诊患者为84例,低剂量胸部CT诊断的准确率为96.42%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论在常规体检中筛查早期肺癌时,应用低剂量胸部CT扫描具有良好的价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.